Influence of Heat Treatment and Grinding Conditions on Surface Residual Stresses in the Production of Rollers

2006 ◽  
Vol 524-525 ◽  
pp. 317-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Volkan Güley ◽  
A. Erman Tekkaya ◽  
Turhan Savaş ◽  
Feridun Özhan
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Cutting Speed ◽  
Diffraction Method ◽  
Axial Direction ◽  
Bearing Steel ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Taguchi Design Of Experiments ◽  
Surface Residual Stresses

The aim of this study is to investigate surface residual stresses after heat treatment and grinding processes in the production of rollers. The residual stresses were measured using the X-ray diffraction method utilizing chromium radiation, which has an average penetration depth of 5 μm incident on AISI-E52100 (100Cr6) ball bearing steel. Taguchi design of experiments (DOE) is applied to define the set of experiments for grinding, which facilitates evaluation of the individual influences of process parameters on residual stresses and also eliminates unnecessary experiments. Response of residual stresses to each parameter is evaluated with the help of the results of residual stress measurements by X-ray diffraction. In grinding with aluminum oxide wheels, it was concluded that the lower the cutting speed and the higher the workpiece speed the higher the magnitude of surface compressive residual stresses. Higher compressive stresses were measured in axial direction compared to the circumferential direction after the grinding process.

Experimental Investigations on Surface Residual Stresses in the As-Sprayed and Ground Nanostructured WC/12Co Coatings

2007 ◽  
Vol 359-360 ◽  
pp. 229-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhao Hui Deng ◽  
Zhong Wei Hu ◽  
Qi Jing ◽  
Ya Dong Gong
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Diffraction Method ◽  
Surface Grinding ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Depth Of Cut ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Precision Grinding ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Surface Residual Stresses ◽  
Grinding Machine

In this study, a number of experiments on surface grinding of nanostructured WC/12Co (n-WC/12Co) coatings were conducted on a precision surface grinding machine with a horizontal axis and rectangular worktable. The residual stresses in the as-sprayed and ground n-WC/12Co coatings were measured with the X-ray diffraction method. According to the experimental study and theoretical analysis, this paper investigates the influences of grinding parameters, such as depth of cut, feedrate of workpiece, abrasive grit size and wheel bond type on residual stresses precision grinding of n-WC/12Co coatings.

scholarly journals X-ray Determination of Compressive Residual Stresses in Spring Steel Generated by High-Speed Water Quenching

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1154
Author(s):  
Diego E. Lozano ◽  
George E. Totten ◽  
Yaneth Bedolla-Gil ◽  
Martha Guerrero-Mata ◽  
Marcel Carpio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Spring Steel ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Laboratory Equipment ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Water Chamber ◽  
Hardened Case ◽  
Compressive Residual Stresses

Automotive components manufacturers use the 5160 steel in leaf and coil springs. The industrial heat treatment process consists in austenitizing followed by the oil quenching and tempering process. Typically, compressive residual stresses are induced by shot peening on the surface of automotive springs to bestow compressive residual stresses that improve the fatigue resistance and increase the service life of the parts after heat treatment. In this work, a high-speed quenching was used to achieve compressive residual stresses on the surface of AISI/SAE 5160 steel samples by producing high thermal gradients and interrupting the cooling in order to generate a case-core microstructure. A special laboratory equipment was designed and built, which uses water as the quenching media in a high-speed water chamber. The severity of the cooling was characterized with embedded thermocouples to obtain the cooling curves at different depths from the surface. Samples were cooled for various times to produce different hardened case depths. The microstructure of specimens was observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to estimate the magnitude of residual stresses on the surface of the specimens. Compressive residual stresses at the surface and sub-surface of about −700 MPa were obtained.

Influence of Milling Parameters on Surface Residual Stresses of 7050-T7451 Aluminum Alloy

2012 ◽  
Vol 723 ◽  
pp. 208-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Wan ◽  
Chen Li ◽  
Zhan Qiang Liu ◽  
Shu Feng Sun
Keyword(s):  
Aluminum Alloy ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Cutting Speed ◽  
Cutting Parameters ◽  
Milling Process ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Orthogonal Direction ◽  
Mechanical Coupling ◽  
Surface Residual Stresses ◽  
Compressive Residual Stresses

Residual stresses generated in milling process affect the performance of machined components. Milling residual stresses correlate closely with the cutting parameters. In this paper, the generation and distribution of surface residual stresses in milling of aluminum alloy 7050-T7451 was investigated. The cutting speed changes from 300m/min to 3000m/min. In the experiments, the residual stresses on the surface of specimen are detected by X-ray diffraction technique. The result shows that compressive residual stresses are generated when cutting speed is under 500 m/min. In feed and its orthogonal direction, the effect of cutting speed and feed rate on residual stresses is similar. The formation of the residual stresses can be explained by thermo-mechanical coupling effects.

Residual Stresses Resulting from the Forming of High Strength Aluminium Alloys

1959 ◽  
Vol 63 (578) ◽  
pp. 90-94
Author(s):  
G. A. Hawkes
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Residual Strain ◽  
Aluminium Alloys ◽  
Solution Treatment ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Hot Forming ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Back Reflection ◽  
Surface Residual Stresses

Summary:An X-ray back reflection technique has been used to measure the surface residual stresses resulting from the cold and hot forming of certain high strength aluminium alloys. The alloys examined were to specifications DTD 683, DTD 687 and B.S.S. L65, and the residual stresses have been related to the residual strain in bending of these alloys. The results show that, apart from the degree of straining, the residual stresses are affected by the heat treatment (cold or hot quench) and the amount (if any) of controlled stretching that the alloy has had between solution treatment and precipitation.

Determination of Surface Residual Stresses in Machined Ceramics Using Indentation Fracture

1996 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Ahn ◽  
S. Chandrasekar ◽  
T. N. Farris
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Soda Lime Glass ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Reliable Technique ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Indentation Technique ◽  
Vickers Indenter ◽  
Surface Residual Stresses ◽  
Zn Ferrite

Machining produces surface residual stresses which significantly influence the strength and wear resistance of ceramic components. As new methods are developed for machining ceramics, a quick and reliable technique for measurement of residual stresses would be valuable in assessing the viability of these methods from a residual stress perspective. The residual stresses on ground and polished (i.e. machined) surfaces of soda-lime glass, Ni-Zn ferrite, and silicon nitride have been measured using an indentation technique with a Vickers indenter. In this technique, the surface extent of the median/radial cracks produced by the Vickers indenter in machined and in annealed ceramics are measured. These are then combined with a fracture mechanics analysis to estimate the surface residual stresses produced by machining. In order to determine the validity of the indentation technique for estimating machining residual stresses, these stresses were also measured using an X-ray diffraction and a deflection method. The residual stress values determined using the indentation technique in the machined ceramics were found to be reasonably close to those obtained from the X-ray diffraction and deflection methods. Since the indentation technique is relatively simple and easily applied, it offers a promising method for evaluating surface residual stresses in machined ceramics.

scholarly journals Material Removal, Correction and Laboratory X-Ray Diffraction

2014 ◽  
Vol 996 ◽  
pp. 181-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Wasniewski ◽  
Baptiste Honnart ◽  
Fabien Lefebvre ◽  
Eric Usmial
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Stress Relaxation ◽  
Stress Field ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Material Removal ◽  
Stress Gradient ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Surface Residual Stresses ◽  
Residual Stress Gradient

Laboratory X-ray diffraction is commonly used for surface residual stresses determination. Nevertheless, the in-depth residual stress gradient also needs to be known. Chemical or electro-polishing method is generally used for material removal. However, material removal may seek a new equilibrium and stress field may change in such a way that experimental residual stress values must be corrected. Different methods exist to account for the residual stress relaxation associated with the material removal operation and will be discussed in this paper.

Shakedown During Fatigue of Residual Stresses Introduced by Different Mechanical Surface Treatments

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher M. Gill ◽  
Philip J. Withers ◽  
Alex Evans ◽  
Neil Fox ◽  
Koichi Akita
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Glass Bead ◽  
Compressive Residual Stress ◽  
Cold Work ◽  
Diffraction Method ◽  
Hole Drilling ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cold Worked

A layer of compressive residual stress extending from the surface of a component can help to extend fatigue life, but it must remain stable during applied service loading. Metal shot and glass bead peening are traditionally used; introducing a shallow (100–300μm) layer of compressive residual stress and a highly cold worked surface. Laser peening and deep rolling are capable of introducing much deeper compressive residual stresses combined with lower levels of cold work. In this paper we report on the level of shakedown of residual stress brought about by constant strain amplitude fatigue. Glass and metal shot peened, laser peened and deep rolled Ti-6Al-4V samples have been studied. The residual stress profiles as a function of depth have been measured using neutron diffraction, laboratory x-ray diffraction and a hybrid hole-drilling/laboratory x-ray diffraction method. The magnitude and depth of cold work determined for each of the treatment methods. The extent of subsequent residual stress shakedown under different strain amplitudes and load ratios, in deep rolled, glass bead and metal shot peened samples is also assessed.

Morphology of Carbon Micro-Coils

2004 ◽  
Vol 449-452 ◽  
pp. 205-208
Author(s):  
M. Fujii ◽  
S. Motojima
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Lattice Structure ◽  
Diffraction Method ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Amorphous Structure ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Higher Temperature

The double helical carbon micro-coils were obtained by chemical vapor deposition. As-grown carbon micro-coils with amorphous structure were heat-treated at various temperatures up to 3000°C . By heat treatment, the shape of the coils was not changed. The morphology of these coils was observed in detail using electron microscope. The lattice structure was analyzed by X-ray diffraction method. Heat treatment temperature dependence of the magnetoresistance and the measurement of Raman spectra suggest that the coils heattreated at higher temperature are more highly graphitized.

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