Derivation and Application for Calculation of Carbon Content in Austenitizing of Cast Iron

2011 ◽  
Vol 704-705 ◽  
pp. 11-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Bang Gong ◽  
Li Luo ◽  
Guo Dong Chen ◽  
Gang Yu Xiang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Cast Iron ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Ductile Iron ◽  
Silicon Content ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Austempered Ductile Iron ◽  
The Relationship

In this paper, a formula for the calculation of carbon content during austenitizing of cast iron was deduced, considering the effect of silicon content. According to this formula, carbon content of austenite at a certain austenization temperature for a cast iron with given composition can be easily calculated, and the austenization temperature for getting the expected carbon content in the austenite can also be determined. Besides, according to the relationship between austenization temperature Tx and the according carbon content Cax, and considering the effect of silicon content, the carbon content of the austenite in the commonly used cast iron during heat treatment was calculated. The formula can be as a theoretical basis for determined austenization temperature and carbon content in austenite during heat treatment of cast iron, in particular, can play an important role in heat treatment of austempered ductile iron. Keywords: cast iron heat treatment; diffusion of carbon; carbon content in austenite

Formula Derivation and Application for Carbon Content versus Heating Temperature in Austenitizing of Cast Iron

2009 ◽  
Vol 294 ◽  
pp. 105-111
Author(s):  
Wen Bang Gong ◽  
Gang Yu Xiang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Cast Iron ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Silicon Content ◽  
Heating Temperature ◽  
Heat Treatment Parameter ◽  
Treatment Parameter ◽  
Formula Derivation ◽  
The Relationship

In this paper, a formula for the calculation of the carbon content during the austenitizing of cast iron was deduced, considering the effect of silicon content upon the heat-treatment parameter. According to this formula, the carbon content of the austenite at a certain austenization temperature for a cast iron with given components can be easily calculated, and the austenization temperature required to give the expected carbon content in the austenite can also be determined. Moreover, according to the relationship between the austenization temperature Tx and the associated carbon content Cax,, and considering the effect of the silicon content, a diagram showing Cax, Tx and the silicon content during the austenitizing of cast iron was prepared.

Analysis and Calculation of Carbon Content in Austenitizing of Cast Iron

2013 ◽  
Vol 772 ◽  
pp. 52-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Bang Gong ◽  
Yun Zhang ◽  
Gang Yu Xiang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Cast Iron ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Silicon Content ◽  
Heat Treatment Parameter ◽  
Treatment Parameter ◽  
The Relationship

In this paper, a formula for the calculation of carbon content during austenitizing of cast iron was deduced, considering the effect of silicon content on the heat treatment parameter. According to this formula, the carbon content of the austenite in a certain austenization temperature for a cast iron with given components can be easily calculated, and the austenization temperature for getting the expected carbon content in the austenite can also be determined. Besides, according to the relationship between austenization temperature Tx and the according carbon content Cax, and considering the effect of silicon content, the diagram of Cax, Tx and silicon content during the austenitizing process of cast iron was made.

Advances in Carbidic Austempered Ductile Iron (CADI) – a wear resistant material

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lakshmiprasad Maddi ◽  
Ajay Likhite
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Cast Iron ◽  
Ductile Iron ◽  
Viable Alternative ◽  
Austempered Ductile Iron ◽  
Resistant Material ◽  
Fine Carbide ◽  
Matrix Graphite ◽  
Malleable Cast

Background: Ductile irons provide a more viable alternative for malleable cast iron in areas that do not demand extreme wear resistance. Austempering of ductile irons was a well researched area in the last two decades. Attempts to further improve the wear resistance led to the development of Carbidic austempered ductile iron (CADI), wherein the carbides contribute to wear resistance. Combination of ausferritic matrix, graphite nodules, and carbides (eutectic and alloy) symbolizes the microstructure of CADI. Methods: Two principal approaches adopted by the researchers to change the microstructure are (i) addition of carbide forming elements (ii) heat treatment (s). Results: Both the above methods result in the refinement of graphite nodules, carbide precipitations, along with fine ausferrite. Conclusion: Improvement in hardness, toughness and wear resistance was observed largely as a consequence of fine carbide precipitations and formation of martensite.

Discussion for the Calculation of Carbon Content and Heating Temperature in Austenitizing of Cast Iron

2014 ◽  
Vol 1028 ◽  
pp. 62-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Bang Gong ◽  
Yun Zhang ◽  
Huan Liu ◽  
Hua Fang Wang ◽  
Yu Qin Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cast Iron ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Silicon Content ◽  
Heating Temperature ◽  
The Relationship

In this paper, a formula for calculation of carbon content during austenitizing of cast iron was developed with consideration of the effect of silicon content. According to this formula, carbon content of austenite at a certain austenization temperature for a cast iron with given composition can be easily calculated, and the austenization temperature for getting the expected carbon content in the austenite can also be determined. Besides, according to the relationship between austenization temperature Tx and the according carbon content Cax, and considering the effect of silicon content, the diagram of Cax, Tx and silicon content during the austenitizing process of cast iron was made.

scholarly journals Structure Homogeneity and Thermal Stability of Austempered Ductile Iron

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Górny ◽  
Ł. Gondek ◽  
E. Tyrała ◽  
G. Angella ◽  
M. Kawalec
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Cast Iron ◽  
Ductile Iron ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Austempered Ductile Iron ◽  
State Transformation ◽  
Solid State Transformation ◽  
Homogeneous Microstructure ◽  
Thermal Stability Of

AbstractSolid-state transformation during heat treatment is of great practical importance because it significantly affects the final structure, properties, and thermal stability of cast components. The present study highlights the issue of structure formation and its effect on the thermal stability of high-quality cast iron, namely, austempered ductile iron (ADI). In this study, experiments were carried out for castings with a 25-mm-walled thickness and under variable heat treatment conditions, i.e., austenitization and austempering within ranges of 850 °C to 925 °C and 250 °C to 380 °C, respectively. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) investigations were carried out within a range of − 260 °C to + 450 °C to study the structure parameters related to the XRD tests, which provided information related to the phase participation, lattice parameters, and stresses in the microstructure as well as with an expansion of the crystal lattice. The results also provide insight into the role of the structure and its homogeneity on the thermal stability of ADI cast iron. The present work also aims to develop strategies to suppress the formation of blocky-shaped austenite in the ADI structure to maintain a homogeneous microstructure and high thermal stability.

scholarly journals AUSTEMPERING HEAT TREATMENT STUDY OF CAST DUCTILE IRON: ANALYSIS OF MECHANICAL AND MICROSTRUCTURAL PROPERTIES, ACCORDING TO THE A897M STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR AUSTEMPERED DUCTILE IRON CASTINGS

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (29) ◽  
pp. 64-74
Author(s):  
A. R. M. SCHIFINO ◽  
F. R. SANTANNA ◽  
A. P. TRINDADE
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Cast Iron ◽  
Ductile Iron ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Metallic Matrix ◽  
Nodular Cast Iron ◽  
Austempered Ductile Iron ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
Spring Support

The objective of this work was to develop heat treatment parameters of an austempered cast iron alloy ASTM 897 / A 897M - 1400/1100/1, aiming at the production of a truck spring support. The austempered nodular cast iron, known by the acronym ADI - Austempered Ductile Iron - is a class of nodular cast iron that, after austempered thermal treatment, increases significantly its mechanical properties and tenacity (Machado, 2007). Mechanical and metallographic tests demonstrated the great influence that the level of microshrinkage has on the elongation and mechanical resistance of the material. Generally, tensile tests demonstrate high elongation due to minimal presence of microshrinkage and segregations in the metallic matrix of the material, as well as to the presence of austenite with high carbon retained in the ADI matrix. Analyzes were performed to determine if the mechanical properties required by ASTM 897 / A897M were achieved. Within this standard, four degrees can be obtained. The degree of interest in this study was 1400/1100/1, which is the grade requested by the company, so that the truck spring support can be put into service. Tensile, Charpy and optical microscopy tests were carried out.

scholarly journals The Selection of Heat Treatment Parameters to Obtain Austempered Ductile Iron with the Required Impact Strength

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 5865-5878 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorota Wilk-Kołodziejczyk ◽  
Krzysztof Regulski ◽  
Tomasz Giętka ◽  
Grzegorz Gumienny ◽  
Krzysztof Jaśkowiec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Impact Strength ◽  
Ductile Iron ◽  
Austempered Ductile Iron ◽  
Selection Of

scholarly journals Machinability and related properties of austempered ductile iron: A review

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 4180-4190
Author(s):  
Ananda Hegde ◽  
Sathyashankara Sharma ◽  
Gowri Shankar M. C
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Ductile Iron ◽  
High Hardness ◽  
Austempered Ductile Iron ◽  
Spheroidal Graphite ◽  
Light Weight ◽  
Sg Iron

When the ductile iron which is also known as Spheroidal Graphite (SG) iron, is subjected to austempering heat treatment, the material is known as austempered ductile iron (ADI). This material has good mechanical properties and has various applications in different fields. This revolutionary material with its excellent combination of strength, ductility, toughness and wear resistance has the potential to replace some of the commonly used conventional materials such as steel, aluminium and other light weight alloys as it offers production advantage as well. One of the problems encountered during manufacturing is machining of ADI parts owing to its high hardness and wear resistance. Many researchers over a period of time have reported the machinability aspects of the ADI. This paper presents a review on the developments made on the machinability aspects of ADI along with other mechanical properties.

scholarly journals Austenitization of FerriticDuctile Iron

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 49-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Krzyńska ◽  
A. Kochański
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Ductile Iron ◽  
Starting Material ◽  
Austempered Ductile Iron ◽  
Isothermal Quenching ◽  
Micro Hardness ◽  
Hardness Testing ◽  
Ferritic Matrix ◽  
Rate Of Dissolution ◽  
Nodular Graphite

Abstract Austenitization is the first step of heat treatment preceding the isothermal quenching of ductile iron in austempered ductile iron (ADI) manufacturing. Usually, the starting material for the ADI production is ductile iron with more convenient pearlitic matrix. In this paper we present the results of research concerning the austenitizing of ductile iron with ferritic matrix, where all carbon dissolved in austenite must come from graphite nodules. The scope of research includedcarrying out the process of austenitization at 900° Cusing a variable times ranging from 5 to 240minutes,and then observations of the microstructure of the samples after different austenitizing times. These were supplemented with micro-hardness testing. The research showed that the process of saturating austenite with carbon is limited by the rate of dissolution of carbon from nodular graphite precipitates

scholarly journals Phase Transition Kinetics in Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) with Regard to Mo Content

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 5266
Author(s):  
Martin Landesberger ◽  
Robert Koos ◽  
Michael Hofmann ◽  
Xiaohu Li ◽  
Torben Boll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Phase Transformation ◽  
Neutron Diffraction ◽  
Ductile Iron ◽  
Retained Austenite ◽  
Length Change ◽  
Atom Probe ◽  
Carbon Accumulation ◽  
Austempered Ductile Iron ◽  
Mo Content

The phase transformation to ausferrite during austempered ductile iron (ADI) heat treatment can be significantly influenced by the alloying element Mo. Utilizing neutron diffraction, the phase transformation from austenite to ausferrite was monitored in-situ during the heat treatment. In addition to the phase volume fractions, the carbon enrichment of retained austenite was investigated. The results from neutron diffraction were compared to the macroscopic length change from dilatometer measurements. They show that the dilatometer data are only of limited use for the investigation of ausferrite formation. However, they allow deriving the time of maximum carbon accumulation in the retained austenite. In addition, the transformation of austenite during ausferritization was investigated using metallographic methods. Finally, the distribution of the alloying elements in the vicinity of the austenite/ferrite interface zone was shown by atom probe tomography (APT) measurements. C and Mn were enriched within the interface, while Si concentration was reduced. The Mo concentration in ferrite, interface and austentite stayed at the same level. The delay of austenite decay during Stage II reaction caused by Mo was studied in detail at 400 °C for the initial material as well as for 0.25 mass % and 0.50 mass % Mo additions.

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