Thermal Joining with Zinc Based Solder – New Potentials for Structural Lightweight Design

2014 ◽  
Vol 783-786 ◽  
pp. 2741-2746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Angerhausen ◽  
C. Geffers ◽  
Uwe Reisgen ◽  
Konrad Willms ◽  
S. Hof ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lightweight Design ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Proper Position ◽  
Vehicle Performance ◽  
Vehicle Weight ◽  
Exhaust Fumes ◽  
Digitally Controlled ◽  
Environmental Requirements ◽  
Proper Material ◽  
Good Vehicle

The enhanced demands made to safety and comfort for vehicle occupants have, in recent years, resulted in a steady increase of the vehicle weight. The achievement of a good vehicle performance has been accompanied by the development of more effective combustion motors. However, all this entailed the increased out-put of detrimental exhaust fumes. More restrictive environmental requirements demand the future reduction of the vehicle weight. In order to follow those requirements, different lightweight concepts are currently being followed. The application of higher-strength steel materials allows the reduction of the vehicle weight with, at the same time, increase of the part strength. A further possibility is composite construction which, depending on local demands on the material, means the application of the proper material at the proper position in the vehicle. The highest importance is attached to the combination of steel and aluminium. The development of modern, digitally controlled arc processes has rendered the process-reliable reproducible joining of steel to aluminium possible. Within the framework of a publicly sponsored project, the joining of vehicle-relevant materials with different short-arc processes using low-melting zinc-based brazing solders is currently investigated.

Design of a 2 x 160 MWel CFB Boiler Utilizing High Sulfur Turkish Lignite

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guenter Scheffknecht ◽  
Nevin Selc¸uk
Keyword(s):  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Fluidized Bed Combustion ◽  
Retention Efficiency ◽  
Cfb Boiler ◽  
Gas Treatment ◽  
Combustion Technology ◽  
Environmental Requirements ◽  
Emission Limits ◽  
Under Construction

Advantages of fluidized bed combustion technology such as the ability to burn wide variety of fuels efficiently and to control pollutant emissions without flue gas treatment systems have led to a steady increase in its commercial use over the past decades. There exist widely spread lignite reserves in Turkey with an estimated total quantity of 8 billion tons. A major proportion of this indigenous lignite is characterized by high sulfur, moisture and ash contents. CFBC is the fastest growing and still developing technology especially for such indigenous fuels. Meeting the environmental requirements needs high desulfurization efficiency. Special emphasis must therefore be given to the optimum use of the desulfurization agents, normally limestone, to achieve economical operation and to minimize solid by-product generation. This paper deals with a 2 × 160 MWel CFB plant, currently under construction in C¸an, Turkey. Indigenous lignite with a sulfur content of more than 8% (daf) will be utilized. In order to test the performance of Turkish lignites from C¸an mines, firing tests were performed at the 1.2 MW CFBC test rig at the Niederaussem power plant of RWE Rheinbraun in Germany. Main objective of the tests was to evaluate the sulfur retention efficiency to comply with Turkish emission limits.

Second Paper: Recent Developments in Exhaust Manifold Reactor Systems

1969 ◽  
Vol 184 (1) ◽  
pp. 268-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. N. Cantwell ◽  
I. T. Rosenlund ◽  
W. J. Barth ◽  
S. W. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Exhaust Manifold ◽  
Commercial Development ◽  
Vehicle Performance ◽  
Low Emission ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Alloy Steels ◽  
Specialty Steel ◽  
Good Vehicle ◽  
Iron Chromium

Exhaust emission control systems employing air injection and exhaust manifold reactors in place of conventional exhaust manifolds have been developed to control vehicle emissions to 0·25 gram (20 p.p.m.) of hydrocarbons and 5·0 grams (0·22 per cent) of carbon monoxide per mile. These low emission levels have been achieved with good driveability, good vehicle performance and very little loss in fuel economy. Durability tests of a number of exhaust manifold reactor systems indicate that acceptable life in consumer service can be attained. Non-nickel alloy steels developed by specialty steel manufacturers, and based on the iron-chromium- aluminium system, appear to be useful materials of construction for reactors. These alloys coupled with the now demonstrated simplifications in reactor design offer one route to lower ultimate costs of these units. The commercial development and application of exhaust manifold reactor systems seems entirely feasible.

Angular speed estimation and fault diagnosis based on an adaptive high-order sliding-mode observer

2016 ◽  
Vol 231 (5) ◽  
pp. 573-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Wang ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
Jingjie Chen ◽  
Chenchen Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Sliding Mode ◽  
Angular Speed ◽  
High Order ◽  
Sliding Mode Observer ◽  
Adaptive Observer ◽  
Installation Space ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Vehicle Performance ◽  
Electromechanical Actuators ◽  
Digitally Controlled

Digitally controlled electromechanical actuators with d.c. motors have been installed on a growing number of luxury vehicles, improving the vehicle performance significantly. However, the installation space and the cost issues of speed sensors in d.c. motors have limited the application of electromechanical actuators on medium-size and compact vehicles. In this paper, a novel adaptive high-order sliding-mode observer, which is based on the hybrid sliding-mode method and adaptive theory, is proposed. By integration of two adaptive gains with a high-order sliding-mode observer, the proposed observer facilitates application without the use of a filter, reduces the estimation oscillations and strengthens the system’s robustness. The effectiveness of the proposed adaptive observer was validated by simulations and experimental data.

The Finite Element Analysis and Optimization of the Hood Based on Hyperworks

2015 ◽  
Vol 733 ◽  
pp. 548-553
Author(s):  
Yu Xiang ◽  
Jia Tong Li ◽  
Zhao Zhao Tian
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Lightweight Design ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Size Optimization ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Vehicle Performance ◽  
The Finite Element Analysis

Hood is an important part of the automobile, which directly affects the vehicle performance. This paper takes the hood as an example, first of all the three-dimensional model in CATIA was imported into Hypermesh, then it was simplified and meshed, the constrained mode and the stiffness of several conditions were calculated by Optistruct. By using the Size Optimization based on sensitivity analysis, the minimum hood mass is defined as the objective function; each component’s thickness was optimized under the prerequisite of ensuing stiffness and the first modal of hood. The results show that: the optimized hood meets stiffness requirements, the whole vehicle performance can be improved, therefore, the lightweight design in this paper is effective.

Normalized Evaluation of Fuel Economy for Electric Oriented Commercial Vehicles

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xubin Song ◽  
Jason Liu
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Economy ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Commercial Vehicles ◽  
Vehicle Performance ◽  
Vehicle Weight ◽  
Gross Vehicle Weight ◽  
The Government

The fuel economy regulation has been applied to cars and light trucks with a gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of 8,500 pounds or less for decades. For the first time, the government is also beginning to work on national mileage standards beyond the existing emission regulation for big rigs and work trucks (i.e., commercial vehicles). This effort will lead to limiting the disproportionate share of pollutions from these large vehicles. The same technology trend for both currently regulated vehicles and those unregulated big trucks is electrification for better energy efficiency. Vehicle electrification will be widely employed to improve energy utilization efficiency, and reduce or even eliminate GHG emissions. Overall the fundamental objective is to reduce the total amount of energy used by vehicles while minimizing the negative environmental impacts overall. Thus, it is critically important to find out an effective and implementable matrix that can be acceptable and recognizable for both industry and public. In this paper, the weight ratio between payload and unloaded vehicle weight is introduced to normalize the conventional mpg to evaluate vehicle performance per duty cycles. This methodology is especially suited to new energy vehicles by using both endogenous fuel and exogenous electricity (if applicable).

Matching strategy of electric power steering assistant characters based on the vehicle inherent road feel

2011 ◽  
Vol 225 (11) ◽  
pp. 1481-1491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y H Liu ◽  
X W Ji
Keyword(s):  
Electric Power ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Steering System ◽  
Lateral Acceleration ◽  
Electric Power Steering ◽  
Vehicle Performance ◽  
Power Steering ◽  
Matching Strategy ◽  
Steering Torque ◽  
Good Vehicle

Matching the assistant characters of an electric power steering (EPS) system so that the vehicle achieves a high performance is one of the key technologies in EPS design. A study on the matching strategy of EPS assistant characters is conducive to obtaining a good ‘vehicle performance’ earlier in the design process. This paper describes a method for designing the assistant characters of an EPS system based on the vehicle’s inherent ‘road feel’ denoted here as the steering torque gradient at a 0 g or 0.1 g lateral acceleration under the condition that the steering system is not a power-assisted system. With the aim of obtaining the vehicle’s inherent road feel, the relations between the steering resistant torque and the vehicle’s travel states are analysed on the basis of a two-wheel vehicle model with a uniform normal tyre force distribution in steady state circle cornering. It is found that the vehicle’s inherent road feel decreases with increasing speed especially in the low-speed regions. The matching strategy of EPS assistant characters based on the vehicle’s inherent road feel is presented and illustrated by designing the assistant characters of a sample EPS system utilized in a passenger car. It is found that the EPS system designed by this strategy can supply a good steering feel to the driver.

scholarly journals Potential impact of additive manufacturing and topology optimization inspired lightweight design on vehicle track performance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan A. Tschorn ◽  
Daniel Fuchs ◽  
Thomas Vietor
Keyword(s):  
Topology Optimization ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Lightweight Design ◽  
Interactive Approach ◽  
Vehicle Performance ◽  
Weight Saving ◽  
Time Simulation ◽  
Reference Vehicle ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Design Freedom

AbstractThis paper describes an interactive approach for analyzing the impact of the enhanced design freedom in additive manufacturing (AM) combined with topology optimization. The main goal is to identify weight saving potentials on a holistic vehicle level and evaluate the influence on vehicle performance by means of lap time savings. Therefore lightweight use cases enabled by AM are gathered in a database. Projecting the weight reduction rates of this database to a sports car as reference vehicle by means of a weight list, CAD data and a part relation analysis leads to an overall weight saving potential. This analysis shows significant weight saving potentials for each technical section of an already lightweight design focused sports car, namely the Bugatti Chiron. The improvement in track performance considering the weight savings is put into perspective by means of lap time simulation on the Nürburgring Nordschleife and corroborate the identified weight saving potentials.

Multidisciplinary Evidence to Treat Bilingual Individuals with Aphasia

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 66-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
José G. Centeno
Keyword(s):  
Stroke Rehabilitation ◽  
Culturally Diverse ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Clinical Procedures ◽  
Bilingual Speakers ◽  
Aphasic Clients

Abstract The steady increase in linguistic and cultural diversity in the country, including the number of bilingual speakers, has been predicted to continue. Minorities are expected to be the majority by 2042. Strokes, the third leading cause of death and the leading cause of long-term disability in the U.S., are quite prevalent in racial and ethnic minorities, so population estimates underscore the imperative need to develop valid clinical procedures to serve the predicted increase in linguistically and culturally diverse bilingual adults with aphasia in post-stroke rehabilitation. Bilingualism is a complex phenomenon that interconnects culture, cognition, and language; thus, as aphasia is a social phenomenon, treatment of bilingual aphasic persons would benefit from conceptual frameworks that exploit the culture-cognition-language interaction in ways that maximize both linguistic and communicative improvement leading to social re-adaptation. This paper discusses a multidisciplinary evidence-based approach to develop ecologically-valid treatment strategies for bilingual aphasic individuals. Content aims to spark practitioners' interest to explore conceptually broad intervention strategies beyond strictly linguistic domains that would facilitate linguistic gains, communicative interactions, and social functioning. This paper largely emphasizes Spanish-English individuals in the United States. Practitioners, however, are advised to adapt the proposed principles to the unique backgrounds of other bilingual aphasic clients.

The “dividend puzzle” and the Russian stock market. Part 1

2020 ◽  
pp. 66-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Abramov ◽  
A. D. Radygin ◽  
M. I. Chernova ◽  
R. M. Entov
Keyword(s):  
Stock Market ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Dividend Policy ◽  
General Context ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Main Research ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Dividend Payments ◽  
Stock Market Performance ◽  
Dividend Irrelevance

This article analyzes the key patterns of the dividend policy and the problem of the “dividend puzzle” in the general context of the development of the stock market in Russia. The article consists of two parts.In the first part we summarize main research trends of dividend policy in modern economic theory (the classical Modigliani—Miller theory of dividend irrelevance, agent and signal hypotheses, the smoothing model, the catering theory, etc.). We emphasize the theoretical analysis of motivation of the largest Russian companies for profit allocation and dividend payout, based on a sample of 236 joint stock companies. Since 2012, a steady increase in dividend payments has been revealed in both private and state-owned enterprises (SOEs). The bulk of dividend payments from SOEs accounts for only 12 major companies. Along with an increase in the market value, dividends have become an important factor in the total return on shares. Under current conditions, the probability of paying dividends depends not only on the size of the company and indicators of its’ financial stability, but also on the presence of the state in the capital of companies. However, the relationship between the probability of paying dividends and state participation in the ownership structure is not universal and can be explained by specific factors that go beyond the classical dividend theories.In the second part we will analyze the patterns of stock market performance and dividend policy of the largest Russian companies, motivation for dividend payouts and special aspects of SOEs policy.

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