Evolution of Landscape Architecture

2018 ◽  
Vol 931 ◽  
pp. 856-861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra M. Vorobyeva
Keyword(s):  
State Policy ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Landscape Architecture ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Open Spaces ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
Special Direction ◽  
Architecture Development

The article considers the historical process of landscape architecture development as a special direction of architectural activity, engaged in creating the open spaces environment of the urban areas. The methods and principles of landscape objects creating throughout the considered historical period, including the present stage, are investigated. The connection between architecture and landscape architecture in urban open spaces construction, as well as the influence of state policy on the formation of a school of landscape architects are showed.

SOME MEASURES OF LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR CORRUPTION OFFENSES IN THE LAW OF THE MOSCOW STATE OF THE XV-XVI CENTURIES

2020 ◽  
pp. 67-71
Author(s):  
Любовь Евгеньевна Логунова
Keyword(s):  
Corporal Punishment ◽  
Criminal Responsibility ◽  
Legal Liability ◽  
Legal Responsibility ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Legal Interpretation ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Russian Law

В статье автором проводится анализ законодательных памятников права Московского государства XV-XVI вв. и публично-правовых грамот. Выявляется проблема отсутствия законодательного закрепления таких понятий, как «коррупция», «коррупционное правонарушение». Предпринимается попытка определения данных понятий. Сравнивается понимание указанных явлений в XV-XVI вв. с современной правовой интерпретацией. Анализируются и раскрываются основные аспекты и особенности коррупционных правонарушений, характерные для периода Московского государства. Перечисляются меры противодействия коррупции на современном этапе и в рассматриваемом временном периоде. Изучаются не только такие известные памятники российского права, как судебники, но также и иные источники права периода XV-XVI вв. Перечисляются и раскрываются меры юридической ответственности за совершение коррупционных правонарушений. Дается краткая характеристика видам юридической ответственности, применяемым за совершение коррупционных правонарушений. Подчеркивается тяжесть уголовной ответственности, которую несли низшие судебные чиновники за совершение коррупционных правонарушений. Автор обращает внимание на то, что законодатель рассматриваемого периода придавал большое значение борьбе с чиновничьим произволом на местах. В ходе исследования автор приходит к выводу о том, что расширение видов мер юридической ответственности за коррупционные правонарушения, назначение тяжких телесных наказаний за совершение такого рода деяний не привело к искоренению коррупции в рассматриваемом историческом периоде. In the article, the author analyzes the legal monuments of the Moscow state of the XV-XVI centuries and public legal documents. The problem of the lack of legislative consolidation of such concepts as «corruption», «corruption offense» is revealed. An attempt is made to define these concepts. The understanding of these phenomena in the XV-XVI centuries is compared with the modern legal interpretation. The main aspects and features of corruption offenses typical for the period of the Moscow state are analyzed and disclosed. Measures to counteract corruption at the present stage and in the considered time period are listed. We study not only such well-known monuments of Russian law as sudebniki, but also other sources of law from the XV-XVI centuries the measures of legal responsibility for committing corruption offenses are Listed and disclosed. A brief description of the types of legal liability applied for corruption offenses is given. The author emphasizes the severity of the criminal responsibility that was borne by lower judicial officials for committing corruption offenses. The author draws attention to the importance that the legislator of the period under review attached to the fight against official arbitrariness on the ground. In the course of the study, the author comes to the conclusion that the expansion of the types of measures of legal responsibility for corruption offenses, the appointment of heavy corporal punishment for committing such acts did not lead to the eradication of corruption in the considered historical period.

scholarly journals Returning home to die: Circular labour migration and mortality in South Africa 1

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (69_suppl) ◽  
pp. 35-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel J. Clark ◽  
Mark A. Collinson ◽  
Kathleen Kahn ◽  
Kyle Drullinger ◽  
Stephen M. Tollman
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Terminal Illness ◽  
Event History Analysis ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Short Term ◽  
History Analysis ◽  
Working Age

Aim: To examine the hypothesis that circular labour migrants who become seriously ill while living away from home return to their rural homes to convalesce and possibly to die. Methods: Drawing on longitudinal data collected by the Agincourt health and demographic surveillance system in rural northeastern South Africa between 1995 and 2004, discrete time event history analysis is used to estimate the likelihood of dying for residents, short-term returning migrants, and long-term returning migrants controlling for sex, age, and historical period. Results: The annual odds of dying for short-term returning migrants are generally 1.1 to 1.9 times (depending on period, sex, and age) higher than those of residents and long-term returning migrants, and these differences are generally highly statistically significant. Further supporting the hypothesis is the fact that the proportion of HIV/TB deaths among short-term returning migrants increases dramatically as time progresses, and short-term returning migrants account for an increasing proportion of all HIV/TB deaths. Conclusions: This evidence strongly suggests that increasing numbers of circular labour migrants of prime working age are becoming ill in the urban areas where they work and coming home to be cared for and eventually to die in the rural areas where their families live. This shifts the burden of caring for them in their terminal illness to their families and the rural healthcare system with significant consequences for the distribution and allocation of health care resources.

Design of a cable-stayed footbridge adaptable to various urban areas

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franco Clerici ◽  
Silvia Mirabella
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Open Spaces ◽  
Limited Space ◽  
Reduced Mobility

<p>The present paper relates to the design of a cable-stayed footbridge, composed by ready made elements and with span suitable to various urban and building areas. At present, in order to find a solution to traffic problems, local governments look for many ways to alleviate city’s main roads, increasing public transportation and designing dedicated underground pedestrian routes. Although this subways already built are not really used by pedestrians, which prefer wide-open spaces, such as skyways also designed for people with reduced mobility. In this context the described footbridge, with access ramps designed in accordance with accessibility standards, represents not only a good solution for cycle and pedestrian mobility problems, but it is also easy to transport and to be installed, due to its modular elements. The access ramps are suspended to pilons with inclination depending by the required bridge lengths and they can be assembled in different configurations in order to be well integrated also in limited space areas. Finally a particular focus is dedicated to cables, with dismountable end terminations designed to reduce transportation space and costs</p>

scholarly journals Confessional conversions on the territory of Belarus in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century: overview of historiography

2021 ◽  
pp. 82-89
Author(s):  
Marharyta M. Karol
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
State Policy ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
General State ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Religious Issues ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article examines the stages of the formation of historiography devoted to the problems of confessional conversions in the second half of the 19th century on the territory of the Belarusian provinces. The historiographic trends that formed from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 21st century were identified and analysed. The authour studies the peculiarities of Belarusian and foreign historiography at the present stage, when a large number of works on religious issues has appeared, including confessional conversions. It is argued that in Soviet times, the issue of transitions from Catholicism to Orthodoxy was practically not touched upon. In their approaches and assessments, some researchers continue the traditions of pre-revolutionary historiography, but the majority of modern scientists strive to give an objective picture of religious processes on the Belarusian lands, to show them in the context of general state policy. The relevance of the article is due to the coverage of various points of view on the problem of confessional conversions. It is noted that pre-revolutionary researchers, first of all, sought to prove the voluntariness of conversions to Orthodoxy, but during this period, works were also created in which this thesis was questioned.

scholarly journals BUILT ENVIRONMENT: MODELLING THE URBAN SPACE

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-2/W11 ◽  
pp. 595-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Guzzetti ◽  
K. L. N. Anyabolu ◽  
L. D’Ambrosio ◽  
G. Marchetti
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Facility Management ◽  
Complex Environment ◽  
Open Spaces ◽  
Urban Open Space ◽  
Historical Significance ◽  
Green Areas ◽  
Environment Modelling

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> In urban areas, the “built” is defined by many different elements. Not only buildings but also open spaces containing green areas, viability, urban furniture, underground facilities. While the H-BIM sector focuses, rightly, on buildings of great historical significance, in our case it is been consider a part of the built that it usually not analyse: the urban open space. One of the interesting themes is the possibility of having a single tool that integrates the different objects present in a complex environment such as the urban area. The process with BIM model could allow a huge saving in terms of time and costs considering public tender, maintenance or construction phase of a project. Facility management operating through BIM is another relevant theme considering the whole life of a construction. Finally, another important theme is the connections between elements above the ground (visible elements) and subsoil (not visible elements), not only for the administrations but also if related to the HBIM environment.</p><p>The paper reports the analysis of the experience performed, particularly related to questions about detail and accuracy of the BIM model.</p><p>A methodology for modelling open spaces is been assuming, it is described possible improvements and considerations on the result.</p>

Understanding the Role of Urban Morphology and Green Areas Configuration During Heat Waves

2020 ◽  
pp. 502-517
Author(s):  
Marialuce Stanganelli ◽  
Carlo Gerundo
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Statistical Correlation ◽  
Urban Morphology ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Open Spaces ◽  
Green Areas ◽  
Planning Strategies

This paper focuses on urban planning strategies to adapt cities to the increasing rising of temperatures during summer heat waves. The main target is to investigate which configuration and distribution pattern of green spaces could effectively improve natural cooling of urban environments. Although the benefit that green areas give to natural cooling is well known, this kind of studies has hardly been carried out, especially at an urban scale where it is crucial to define quantities and density of green areas to address open spaces design. To reach this goal, a methodology based on the interpretation of the statistical correlation among temperature, urban parameters and green areas configurational indicators was implemented and applied to the case study of the Municipality of Naples, performing all the analysis in a GIS. Results provide guidelines to improve natural cooling in urban areas adopting the most effective configuration and distribution of green areas within a densely-built context.

scholarly journals Revitalization of urban areas on the basis of industrial parks

2018 ◽  
Vol 170 ◽  
pp. 01130
Author(s):  
Vladimir Filatov ◽  
Grigory Yazev ◽  
Oksana Sagina
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Service Industry ◽  
Territorial Development ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Industrial Parks ◽  
The World ◽  
Industrial Zones

The issues of revitalization of urban areas on the basis of industrial parks at the present stage are considered in this paper. The development of a new service industry of territorial development - industrial parks – has started in Russia less than 10 years ago and gradually acquires a systemic character. The issues of revitalization of urban areas are extremely relevant for many Russian cities. In the conditions of the necessity to search for new drivers for the economic growth of cities, to improve the quality of the urban environment, to increase the efficiency of the use of urban areas, an important task of finding and elaborating of innovation models for the development of industrial zones arises. A rich experience of reforming such areas has been accumulated in the world practice.

scholarly journals Exploring urban agriculture as a component of multifunctional green infrastructure: Application of figure-ground plans as a spatial analysis tool

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 208-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Attila Tóth ◽  
Axel Timpe
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Urban Agriculture ◽  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Open Spaces ◽  
Metropolitan Regions

Abstract Using ‘Urban Atlas’ as a data source, the authors present and critically discuss in this paper the application of figure-ground plans in combination with complex land-use maps as a tool for spatial analysis of urban agriculture in European cities and their multifunctional green infrastructure. The selected cities and metropolitan areas (including Dublin, Ruhr Metropolis, Geneva and Sofia) represent different regions in Europe from the Northwest to the Southeast. Urban fabric, agriculture and non-agricultural open spaces have been analysed and compared as the main land-use components. Agricultural open spaces include arable land with annual crops and permanent crops, such as vineyards, fruit trees and olive groves; pastures; as well as complex and mixed cultivation patterns. The results reveal the scale and land-use diversity of metropolitan regions and different spatial patterns of urban agriculture at the regional level and in central urban areas.

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