The Influence of the Components of the Bimetallic Tubes for the Way of Deforming in the Hollow Drawing Process

2016 ◽  
Vol 246 ◽  
pp. 225-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dariusz Halaczek ◽  
Eugniusz Hadasik
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
True Strain ◽  
Cold Drawing ◽  
Drawing Process ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Bimetallic Tube ◽  
Plastic Properties ◽  
The Cross ◽  
The Individual

Processes for producing bimetallic tubes can be divided for: producing the bimetallic tubes in the cold process, with preheating or with the heat treatment after each pull. First method relates to the metal with high ductility (copper, copper alloys, aluminum, aluminum alloys, zinc, etc.), second to the metals or bi-metal components, in one of which has significantly different plastic properties from the second for example: low-carbon steel, high alloy steel, etc. One of the methods for the production of bimetallic tubes is hollow cold drawing process. In this process the wall thickness is changed, which means the wall becomes thicker, the wall becomes thinner or remains unchanged. The aim of the research was to determine the effect of the influence of the share of components of bimetallic cooper tube species M1E, and the copper tube - species M63 in the arrangement M1E - M63 and M63 - M1E in the tubes hollow drawing process for the distribution and size of deformation of the individual layers. The research program included:- production of the bimetallic tubes by hollow drawing with a different percentage of the cross-section components and with a variable arrangement of layers,- determination of the size and distribution of true strain of the individual layers on the cross-section of bimetallic tube,- determination of replacement/equivalent strain for the deformable wall of the bimetallic tube,- evaluation of the usability of the graph of changes in thickness of the tube wall in the hollow drawing process for the drawing process of the bimetallic tubes.

Influence of the Materials Combination for the Surface Temperature of the Bimetallic Wire Deformed in the Cold Drawing Process

2015 ◽  
Vol 226 ◽  
pp. 53-58
Author(s):  
Dariusz Halaczek ◽  
Eugeniusz Hadasik
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
True Strain ◽  
Cold Drawing ◽  
Longitudinal Section ◽  
Drawing Process ◽  
Drawing Die ◽  
Thermographic Camera ◽  
Mathematical Formulas ◽  
The Cross

The article discusses the mathematical and practical methodology for evaluating the temperature on the surface of bimetallic wire after deformation in the drawing die. The components of bimetallic wire on the cross-section are the following materials: - a core, brass M63 (CuZn37) - shell M1E copper (Cu – ETP), - a core, aluminum Al (A199, 5) - shell M1E copper (Cu – ETP). An outer layer (shell) in such combinations is always a copper with two different thicknesses of 1.5 mm and 0.5 mm, which means that the proportion of copper on the cross section of the bimetal was respectively 64% and 32%. The bimetallic wires samples used for measurements were obtained by mechanical cladding. In the first step of the process, the cooper tubes M1E were put on the aluminium and brass wires M63, and then in a second step, each set combination was subjected to a simultaneous deformation with a total true strain φlc~ 1. Thus obtained the bimetal wires were the blank material for determining the surface temperature. In the drawing process there were used two different drawing speeds, and for each was applied the two individual size of deformation of 15% and 30%. The temperature on the surface of the layered wire depending on the single deformation and drawing speed was determined using a thermographic camera and it was also calculated according to mathematical formulas. The article discusses the preliminary results necessary to conduct further deliberations on the temperature decomposition on the longitudinal section of the bimetallic wire deformed in the drawing die.

Determination of the cross section forTb159(n,2n)Tb158and the half-life ofTb158

1984 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 823-825 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Prestwood ◽  
D. B. Curtis ◽  
D. J. Rokop ◽  
D. R. Nethaway ◽  
N. L. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Half Life ◽  
The Cross

CHANGES IN THE MICROSTRUCTURE AND MICROHARDNESS OF 65G STEEL AFTER THERMAL HARDENING AND SURFACING WITH A LOW-CARBON ELECTRODE

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (142) ◽  
pp. 107-114
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Mikhal’chenkov ◽  
◽  
Sergey Fes’kov ◽  
Irina Kozarez ◽  
Elena Slezko
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Fusion Zone ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Surface Friction ◽  
Research Purpose ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Thermal Hardening ◽  
Microhardness Distribution ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Shock Zone

When reinforcing the surfaces of the working bodies of tillage tools, they are surfaced with electrodes with a low-carbon rod. The surface in contact with the soil is not subjected to heat treatment. Recently, thermal hardening of local parts has been used. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in studying the transformation of the microstructure of 65G heat-strengthened steel deposited by an electrode with a low-carbon rod, as well as the specifics of the microhardness distribution in this section. (Materials and methods) Investigated in the cross-section of the structure of the deposited area by the standard method, consisting in the preparation of microsections, etching and directly microanalysis. (Results and discussion) The transformation of the microstructure of heat-strengthened steel 65G deposited by an electrode with a low-carbon rod is complex due to the specificity and versatility of the phase transformations that occur during its formation. The microhardness distribution plot in the cross-section of the surfacing area has a complex configuration, determined by the variety of structural components, the presence of deformation processes during crystallization and solidification, and the presence of preliminary thermal hardening of the base metal. (Conclusions) Increased values of the hardness of individual areas contribute to an increase in the abrasive wear resistance of the part. The presence of the fusion zone ensures the resistance of the deposited area to cracking. The zone of thermal influence has four clearly distinguishable areas: the drop in microhardness; the stable values according to the Vickers method; the near-shock zone; the fusion zone. The microhardness of the weld surface of the cushion is 410 Vickers or 42 Rockwell, which creates conditions for increasing the wear resistance of the surface friction. The use of electrodes with a low-carbon rod is advisable when conducting surfacing reinforcement of heat-strengthened steels.

Some Remarks on the Density of Interplanetary Dust Grains

1985 ◽  
Vol 85 ◽  
pp. 137-140
Author(s):  
P.L. Lamy
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Optical Sensors ◽  
Interplanetary Dust ◽  
Relevant Parameter ◽  
Dust Grains ◽  
Gravitational Forces ◽  
The Cross

AbstractThe relevance of the bulk density as a physical parameter characterizing interplanetary dust grains is discussed. The various measurements which lead to a determination of this parameter are reviewed. The specific case of the collected interplanetary dust grains is considered.The bulk density of interplanetary dust grains has been and is still a matter of controversy. This quantity cannot, in general, be directly measured; it is used to relate the mass and the size of a grain. This duality stems from physics itself as there are interactions sensitive to the mass (e.g., gravitational forces) while others are sensitive to the size or the cross-section (e.g., light scattering, radiation pressure, gas and plasma interactions). The measuring technics of the grains reflect this duality as, for instance, impact sensors are generally sensitive to the kinetic energy and thus to the mass, while optical sensors are sensitive to the cross-section. One sees that the density is not strictly speaking the relevant parameter, but what is needed is a relationship between mass and average cross-section.

The determination of the cross sections for the reactions 27 Al( n , α ) and 56 Fe( n , p ) for 14 MeV neutrons by an absolute method

1966 ◽  
Vol 292 (1429) ◽  
pp. 180-192 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Particle Method ◽  
Systematic Errors ◽  
Aluminium Foil ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Experimental Values

Measurements of the cross sections for the reactions 27 Al( n , α ) 24 Na and 56 Fe( n, p ) 56 Mn for neutrons of energy 13.5 ± 0.1 MeV have been made by a radioactivation method. The neutron flux was determined by a variant of the 'associated particle’ method, in which the α -particles produced concurrently with the neutrons from the D + T reaction were estimated in terms of the volume of helium which accumulated when they were brought to rest in an aluminium foil. Cross section values obtained at 13.5 MeV were: for 27 Al( n , α ): 118.1 ± 6.0 mb : for 56 Fe( n, p ): 106.7 ± 4.7 mb. The errors quoted include both the standard error on the mean of the experimental values and an estimate of possible residual systematic errors. The excitation functions for both reactions in the energy region 13.5 to 14.8 MeV have also been investigated, in order to provide secondary cross section values over this range of energies. At 14.8 MeV the values found were: 27 Al( n , α )103.6 ± 5.5 mb; 56 Fe( n, p )96.7 ± 4.5 mb.

scholarly journals Impact of the cross section library on 93mNb activity in VVER-1000 reactor dosimetry

2020 ◽  
Vol 225 ◽  
pp. 03009
Author(s):  
P. Haroková ◽  
M. Lovecký
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Neutron Transport ◽  
Nuclear Data ◽  
Nuclear Data Library ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Data Library ◽  
Reactor Dosimetry

One of the objectives of reactor dosimetry is determination of activity of irradiated dosimeters, which are placed on reactor pressure vessel surface, and calculation of neutron flux in their position. The uncertainty of calculation depends mainly on the choice of nuclear data library, especially cross section used for neutron transport and cross section used as the response function for neutron activation. Nowadays, number of libraries already exists and can be still used in some applications. In addition, new nuclear data library was recently released. In this paper, we have investigated the impact of the cross section libraries on activity of niobium, one of the popular materials used as neutron fluence monitor. For this purpose, a MCNP6 model of VVER-1000 was made and we have compared the results between 14 commonly used cross section libraries. A possibility of using IRDFF library in activation calculations was also considered. The results show good agreement between the new libraries, with the exception of the most recent ENDF/B-VIII.0, which should be further validated.

scholarly journals Improved accuracy in the determination of the thermal cross section of ${}^{14}{\rm N}({\rm n},{\rm p}){}^{14}{\rm C}$ for neutron lifetime measurement

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
R Kitahara ◽  
K Hirota ◽  
S Ieki ◽  
T Ino ◽  
Y Iwashita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Lifetime Measurement ◽  
Reaction Cross ◽  
Proton Accelerator ◽  
Incident Neutron ◽  
Neutron Lifetime ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Thermal Cross Section ◽  
Improved Accuracy

Abstract In a neutron lifetime measurement at the Japan Proton Accelerator Complex, the neutron lifetime is calculated from the neutron decay rate and the incident neutron flux. The flux is obtained by counting the protons emitted from the neutron absorption reaction of ${}^{3}{\rm He}$ gas, which is diluted in a mixture of working gas in a detector. Hence, it is crucial to determine the amount of ${}^{3}{\rm He}$ in the mixture. In order to improve the accuracy of the number density of the ${}^{3}{\rm He}$ nuclei, we have suggested using the ${}^{14}{\rm N}({\rm n},{\rm p}){}^{14}{\rm C}$ reaction as a reference because this reaction involves similar kinetic energy to the $^3$He(n,p)$^3$H reaction and a smaller reaction cross section to introduce reasonable large partial pressure. The uncertainty of the recommended value of the cross section, however, is not satisfied with our requirement. In this paper we report the most accurate experimental value of the cross section of the $^{14}$N(n,p)$^{14}$C reaction at a neutron velocity of 2200 m s$^{-1}$, measured relative to the $^3$He(n,p)$^3$H reaction. The result was 1.868 $\pm$ 0.003 (stat.) $\pm$ 0.006 (sys.) b. Additionally, the cross section of the $^{17}$O(n,$\alpha$)$^{14}$C reaction at the neutron velocity is also redetermined as 249 $\pm$ 6 mb.

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