RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MICROBIAL NUMBERS AND DROPLET SIZE IN AERIAL SPRAY APPLICATIONS

1977 ◽  
Vol 109 (10) ◽  
pp. 1319-1323 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. N. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Inclusion Bodies ◽  
Drop Size ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Aerial Application ◽  
Plate Method ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Entomopathogenic Viruses

AbstractExperiments were designed to determine the actual number of spores and crystals of Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) and of nuclear polyhedral virus and entomopoxvirus deposited at ground level per unit area and to determine any change in spore:crystal ration following aerial application in forested plots.The results indicate that: (1) The estimation of B.t. aerial spray deposits by the commonly used agar plate method grossly underestimates the deposit rates of active ingredient. The tracer dye method more accurately estimates deposit rates for both B.t. and entomopathogenic viruses. As a dye 0.1% Erio Acid Red XB is recommended. (2) The relationship between drop size and the number of spores and crystals or virus inclusion bodies/drop is curvilinear. This relationship probably holds true regardless of spray volume rate. All visible spray deposits at ground level contained some active ingredient. (3) With B.t. sprays the sporexrystal ratio emitted from the aircraft is not changed upon target impact.

Radiation Damage, Contrast and Statistics in High Resolution Biological Electron Microscopy

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 260-261
Author(s):  
Robert M. Glaeser
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Particle Flux ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Resolution Image ◽  
High Resolution Image ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Counting Statistics ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Picture Element

It is well known that a large flux of electrons must pass through a specimen in order to obtain a high resolution image while a smaller particle flux is satisfactory for a low resolution image. The minimum particle flux that is required depends upon the contrast in the image and the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio at which the data are considered acceptable. For a given S/N associated with statistical fluxtuations, the relationship between contrast and “counting statistics” is s131_eqn1, where C = contrast; r2 is the area of a picture element corresponding to the resolution, r; N is the number of electrons incident per unit area of the specimen; f is the fraction of electrons that contribute to formation of the image, relative to the total number of electrons incident upon the object.

COMPARISON OF DROP SIZE DATA FROM GROUND AND AERIAL APPLICATION NOZZLES AT THREE TESTING LABORATORIES

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley K. Fritz ◽  
W. Clint Hoffmann ◽  
Greg R. Kruger ◽  
Ryan S. Henry ◽  
Andrew Hewitt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drop Size ◽  
Aerial Application ◽  
Testing Laboratories ◽  
Size Data

IMPROVEMENT OF SPRING DURUM WHEAT SELECTION METHODOLOGIES UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE CONDITIONS

1970 ◽  
pp. 33-36
Author(s):  
А. I. Grabovets ◽  
V. P. Kadushkina ◽  
S. А. Kovalenko
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Chemical Mutagenesis ◽  
Main Method ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Selection Of

With the growing aridity of the climate on the Don, it became necessary to improve the methodology for conducting the  breeding of spring durum wheat. The main method of obtaining the source material remains intraspecific step hybridization. Crossings were performed between genetically distant forms, differing in origin and required traits and properties. The use of chemical mutagenesis was a productive way to change the heredity of genotypes in terms of drought tolerance. When breeding for productivity, both in dry years of research and in favorable years, the most objective markers were identified — the size of the aerial mass, the mass of grain per plant, spike, and harvest index. The magnitude of the correlation coefficients between the yield per unit area and the elements of its structure is established. It was most closely associated with them in dry years, while in wet years it decreased. Power the correlation of the characteristics of the pair - the grain yield per square meter - the aboveground biomass averaged r = 0.73, and in dry years it was higher (0.91) than in favorable ones (0.61 - 0.70) , between the harvest and the harvest index - r = 0.81 (on average). In dry years, the correlation coefficient increased to 0.92. Research data confirms the greatest importance of the mass of grain from one ear and the plant in the formation of grain yield per unit area in both dry and wet years. In dry years, the correlation coefficient between yield and grain mass per plant was on average r = 0.80; in favorable years, r = 0.69. The relationship between yield and grain mass from the ear was greater — r = 0.84 and r = 0.82, respectively. Consequently, the breeding significance of the aboveground mass and the productivity of the ear, as a criterion for the selection of the crop, especially increases in the dry years. They were basic in the selection.

scholarly journals Antibiotic-agar Plate Method for Establishment of Axenic Primary Cultures in Porphyra (Bangiales, Rhodophyta).

1997 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 179-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayano YAMAZAKI ◽  
Koichi NAKANISHI ◽  
Naotsune SAGA
Keyword(s):  
Primary Cultures ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Plate Method

The relationship between crop yield (or mean plant weight) of lettuce and plant density, length of growing period, and initial plant weight

1976 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Scaife ◽  
D. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Lettuce Growth ◽  
Log Linear ◽  
The Relationship

SUMMARYLettuce obeys the Shinozaki–Kira relationship in which the reciprocal of plant weight is linearly related to plant density. The intercept (a) represents the reciprocal of the weight of an isolated plant and the slope (b) represents the reciprocal of yield/unit area at high densities (the ‘ceiling yield’). This work examines the time course of (a) and (b) in an ‘ideal environment’ in which water and nutrients are non-limiting, and the light/temperature regime is constant.Two pot experiments are described: the first showed that the growth of isolated lettuces follows a logistic expression, which can therefore be substituted for a–1 in the Shinozaki-Kira equation. It was then hypothesized that b–1, the ‘ceiling yield’ would be constant over time. This was confirmed by the second experiment, giving the equationw–1t = w–10 e1–kt × w–1max × bd,in which wt is mean plant weight at time t, w0 and wmax are the initial and final weights of isolated plants, k is the early relative growth rate of such plants, b–1 is the constant ceiling yield, and d is the plant density.Two examples of the use of the equation are given: one shows how it predicts the interaction between seed size and plant density within a species (subterranean clover): the other illustrates how it can be used to explain why lettuce growth appears to be log-linear against time whereas cereal growth is more nearly just linear.

scholarly journals Exploring the relation between aerosol optical depth and PM<sub>2.5</sub> at Cabauw, the Netherlands

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 17939-17986 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Schaap ◽  
A. Apituley ◽  
R. M. A. Timmermans ◽  
R. B. A. Koelemeijer ◽  
G. de Leeuw
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Fair Weather ◽  
Modis Aod ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Lidar Observations ◽  
Pm2.5 Concentration

Abstract. To acquire daily estimates of PM2.5 distributions based on satellite data one depends critically on an established relation between AOD and ground level PM2.5. In this study we aimed to experimentally establish the AOD-PM2.5 relationship for the Netherlands. For that purpose an experiment was set-up at the AERONET site Cabauw. The average PM2.5 concentration during this ten month study was 18 μg/m3, which confirms that the Netherlands are characterised by a high PM burden. A first inspection of the AERONET level 1.5 (L1.5) AOD and PM2.5 data at Cabauw showed a low correlation between the two properties. However, after screening for cloud contamination in the AERONET L1.5 data, the correlation improved substantially. When also constraining the dataset to data points acquired around noon, the correlation between AOD and PM2.5 amounted to R2=0.6 for situations with fair weather. This indicates that AOD data contain information about the temporal evolution of PM2.5. We had used LIDAR observations to detect residual cloud contamination in the AERONET L1.5 data. Comparison of our cloud-screed L1.5 with AERONET L2 data that became available near the end of the study showed favorable agreement. The final relation found for Cabauw is PM2.5=124.5*AOD–0.34 (with PM2.5 in μg/m3) and is valid for fair weather conditions. The relationship determined between MODIS AOD and ground level PM2.5 at Cabauw is very similar to that based on the much larger dataset from the sun photometer data, after correcting for a systematic overestimation of the MODIS data of 0.05. We applied the relationship to a MODIS composite map to assess the PM2.5 distribution over the Netherlands. Spatial dependent systematic errors in the MODIS AOD, probably related to variability in surface reflectance, hamper a meaningful analysis of the spatial distribution of PM2.5 using AOD data at the scale of the Netherlands.

scholarly journals Agar Plate Method for Detecting Microorganisms Which Produce Equilin and Other Estrogens from Various Steroids

1969 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 270-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude Vezina ◽  
Kartar Singh ◽  
S. N. Sehgal
Keyword(s):  
Agar Plate ◽  
Plate Method

scholarly journals Archiving Metaxourgio

2021 ◽  
pp. 167-184
Author(s):  
Thomais Kordonouri
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
The Way

‘Archive’ is a totality of records, layers and memories that are collected. A city is the archive that consists of the conscious selection of these layers and traces of the past and the present, looking towards the future. Metaxourgio is an area in the wider historic urban area of Keramikos in Athens that includes traces of various eras, beginning in the Antiquity and continuing all the way into the 21st century. Its archaeological space ‘Demosion Sema’ is mostly concealed under the ground level, waiting to be revealed. In this proposal, Metaxourgio is redesigned in light of archiving. Significant traces of the Antiquity, other ruins and buildings are studied, selected and incorporated in the new interventions. The area becomes the ‘open archive’ that leads towards its lost identity. The proposal aims not only to intensify the relationship of architecture with archaeology, but also to imbue the area’s identity with meanings that refer to the past, present and future.

scholarly journals SERUM AND URINARY LYSOZYME (MURAMIDASE) IN MONOCYTIC AND MONOMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA

1966 ◽  
Vol 124 (5) ◽  
pp. 921-952 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elliott F. Osserman ◽  
Dolores P. Lawlor
Keyword(s):  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Egg White ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Plate Method ◽  
Egg White Lysozyme ◽  
Human Enzyme ◽  
Hen’S Egg ◽  
Sole Product ◽  
Serum And Urine

Markedly increased quantities of lysozyme have been found in the serum and urine (ranging to 2.6 g per day) of ten consecutive cases of monocytic and monomyelocytic leukemia. The enzyme has been isolated from the urine of several cases and physicochemically and immunochemically characterized. It is apparently identical to the lysozyme of normal tears, saliva, leukocytes, and serum, but structurally different from the lysozyme of hen's egg white. The activity of the human enzyme assayed with M. lysodeikticus organisms is 3 to 12 times greater than egg white lysozyme at equivalent concentrations. An agar plate method has been developed for quantitating lysozyme activity in small samples (approximately 25 µl) of serum, urine, or other biological fluids. The range and reproducibility of this method were found to be superior to previously available lysozyme assay procedures. Present evidence indicates that lysozyme is the principal, if not the sole, product of the proliferating monocytes in monocytic and monomyelocytic leukemia, and quantitation of serum and urine lysozyme should be a useful diagnostic procedure for these leukemias.

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