WEIGHT AND DEVELOPMENT TIME OF DIFFERENT STADIA OF MOSQUITOES REARED AT VARIOUS CONSTANT TEMPERATURES

1967 ◽  
Vol 99 (9) ◽  
pp. 986-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Brust
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Specific Weight ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Rearing Temperature ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Culiseta Inornata

AbstractDevelopment time decreased with each increase in rearing temperature in Aedes vexans, A. nigromaculis, and Culiseta inornata until the optimum survival temperature was reached. The optimum survival temperature for A. vexans was 26.5 °C, for A. nigromaculis 21 °C, and for C. inornata 21 °C. Dry weight gain per hour in female larvae was greater than in male larvae in all three species, at all temperatures. There was a significant reduction in weight in each larval instar, pupal, and adult stage, with each 5.5 °C increase in rearing temperature. Times to larval–pupal ecdysis and pupal–adult ecdysis were the same for males and females of A. nigromaculis at all developmental temperatures tested. Time to larval–pupal ecdysis and pupal–adult ecdysis in A. vexans and C. inornata occurred 1 to several days later in females, depending upon the developmental temperature. In all three species the duration of the fourth instar was longest and the specific weight gain greatest.

Development and larval diapause in the southern African dung beetle Onitis caffer Boheman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

1986 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penelope B. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Adult Development ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dung Beetle ◽  
Cattle Dung ◽  
Winter Rainfall ◽  
The Third ◽  
Larval Diapause

AbstractThe development of Onitis caffer Boheman in cattle dung was studied in the laboratory. The larvae feed on the dung in which the eggs are laid. Egg to adult development at 25°C was completed in 24·7 weeks by a strain from a winter rainfall (WR) area of South Africa and 29·4 weeks by a strain from a summer rainfall (SR) area, and occurred without diapause. Maximum larval dry weight was achieved mid-way through the third larval instar, after which the larva emptied much of its gut to form a protective faecal shell, in which pupation occurred. At 20°C, 20% of WR larvae developed without diapause and the adults emerged after 33·5 weeks, whereas the remaining 80% of adults emerged after 80·1 weeks. In the SR strain, 70% emerged after 37·1 weeks without having entered diapause, while the remaining 30% emerged after 83·8 weeks. Thus, the period of diapause for both strains was 47 weeks and occurred in the third larval instar. At 15°C, 74% of WR larvae had pupated by 153 weeks, with a mean development time of 121·8 weeks. Zero development temperatures were 10·4°C (WR) and 10·1°C (SR), and day-degree requirements for development without diapause at 20°C were 2251 (WR) and 2571 (SR).

scholarly journals Reproduction, development and habits of the large turkey louse Chelopistes meleagridis (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) under laboratory conditions

2014 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 712-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Maturano ◽  
E Daemon
Keyword(s):  
Development Time ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Meleagris Gallopavo ◽  
Stage Versus ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Adult Phase ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Determining Factor

The bionomy of Chelopistes meleagridis off the host was observed with the aim of better understanding the aspects of this species' life cycle. For this purpose, C. meleagridisadults were collected and maintained under controlled conditions to reproduce (35°C and RH > 80%), with turkey feathers as the food source. From the offspring of these lice, the development of 150 individuals was observed from the egg to the adult phase. These eggs were divided into two groups of 75 each. After hatching, one group was given a diet composed of feathers while the other received feathers plus skin of the host turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). The “feather + skin” diet resulted in the greatest number of adults, so this diet was given to the next generation of lice reared in vitro, starting from the first instar, to observe their fertility, fecundity and longevity. High reproduction rates were found in relation to other lice of the Ischnocera sub-order, particularly the number of eggs per day and number of eggs produced per female over the lifetime (means of 2.54 and 26.61 eggs, respectively, for wild females and 2.11 and 29.33 eggs for laboratory-reared females). The inclusion of skin in the diet was a determining factor for development to the adult stage, since 48% of the lice fed this diet reached that stage, versus 1.3% that reached maturity fed only with feathers. The development time of the males and females was similar (mean of 29.38 days), without any difference in the sexual proportion of the adults.

BOTANICAL COMPOSITION AND PRODUCTIVITY OF PERENNIAL GRASSES AGROPHYTOCENOSES WITH TETRAPLOID MEADOW CLOVER

1970 ◽  
pp. 59-62
Author(s):  
N. I. Kasatkina ◽  
Zh. S. Nelyubina
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Lotus Corniculatus ◽  
Specific Weight ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
The Third

The biological properties of plants, their mutual relations under different growth conditions and at different periods of their life, must be known for obtaining highly productive agrophytocenoses with participation of a meadow clover (Trifolium pratense L.). Botanical composition and fodder productivity of perennial grasses in agrocenoses with participation of meadow tetraploid clover Kudesnik were studied in 2014-2017. It was revealed that in the first and second years of use the agrophytocenosis, the yield of green mass was formed due to meadow tetraploid clover, the share of its participation in the first mowing was at level of 71-87% and 64-97% respectively. Specific weight of clover in multispecies agrocenoses considerably decreased by the third year of use: in the first mowing up to 32-68%, in the second - up to 8-52%. At the same time, the percentage of long-term herbaceous grasses increased: meadow timothy (Phleum pratense L.) - up to 34-54%, eastern galega (Galéga orientális Lam.) - up to 33%, changeable alfalfa (Medicago x varia Martyn) - up to 22-54%, lotus corniculatus (Lotus corniculatus L.) - up to 14-19%. The proportion of weed admixture in single-species clover planting was 12%, in agrocenoses - 2-14%. The grass mixtures clover + timothy and clover + alfalfa + timothy were less infested by weeds. High yield of dry weight of single-species sowing of meadow tetraploid clover was obtained in the first two years of use - 7.8 and 6.5 tons / ha, respectively. By the third year of use, the productivity of clover has decreased to 2.9 t / ha. On average, for three years of use, the highest yield (6.2-6.3 t / ha) was formed by agrocenoses meadow tetraploid clover + meadow timothy and meadow tetraploid clover + changeable alfalfa + meadow timothy.

Rat-dietary fructose and the intestinal distribution and growth of Moniliformis (Acanthocephala)

Parasitology ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. T. Crompton ◽  
Anne Keymer ◽  
A. Singhvi ◽  
M. C. Nesheim
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Sexual Development ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Infection Period ◽  
Dietary Fructose ◽  
Growth Differences ◽  
Maize Oil

SUMMARYThe numbers, distribution in the small intestine, sexual development and growth (dry weight) of 5-week-old Moniliformis dubius (Acanthocephala) were investigated experimentally in adult, female CFHB rats fed on theoretically isoenergetic diets containing known amounts of fructose in combination with either maize-oil fatty acids or maize oil and two concentrations of casein. There was no obvious development of M. dubius when there was no fructose in the host's diet. In contrast, estimated consumption by the host of as little as about 2 g of fructose during the 5-week infection period was accompanied by marked sexual dimorphism and weight gain in most of the M. dubius present. The dry weights of M. dubius of both sexes were positively correlated with fructose concentrations ranging from 0 to 2·5 % (w/w) in the diets containing fatty acids. Significant, but not substantial, increases in M. dubius dry weight were observed as the dietary fructose concentration was raised to 12 % (w/w). Similar trends were observed when the fructose was offered to the infected rats with maize oil, but in general, fructose added to the fatty-acid based diets supported most M. dubius growth. Differences in the distribution pattern of the worms in rats fed on the fatty-acid or maize-oil based diets were observed and their possible significance is discussed.

The Life History and Habits of Chrysomela crotchi Brown (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Northwestern Ontario

1965 ◽  
Vol 97 (5) ◽  
pp. 541-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. P. Smereka
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Predator Species ◽  
Control Factors ◽  
Northwestern Ontario ◽  
History Of ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Overwintering Mortality ◽  
Larval Parasites

AbstractThe life history of Chrysomela crotchi, a univoltine species commonly found on trembling aspen, was studied in northwestern Ontario from 1959 to 1962. The most striking feature of its life history was the longevity of adults, which were capable of overwintering two successive years. Overwintered adults became active and began feeding in late May, and oviposition occurred from early June to late July. The incubation period was approximately 10 days and the three larval instars required approximately one month for development to the adult stage.Females laid more eggs during their second season and the highest number laid was 326. The number of eggs in an egg mass averaged 37.6, and the average interval between the deposition of egg masses was 4 days. Males and females mated more than once, but only one mating was necessary for a female to produce viable eggs throughout the season. Males were capable of fertilizing more than one female and remained potent for more than one season.Parasitism was low, and only two species of larval parasites were reared. Several predator species were observed preying on the immature stages. Predation and overwintering mortality appeared to be the most important control factors.

THE IMMATURE STAGES OF PTYCHOPTERA LENIS LENIS (DIPTERA: PTYCHOPTERIDAE) WITH NOTES ON THEIR BIOLOGY

1973 ◽  
Vol 105 (8) ◽  
pp. 1091-1099 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. D. Hodkinson
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Water Depth ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Atmospheric Oxygen ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Marginal Areas ◽  
Pharate Adult

AbstractThe four larval instars and the pupa of Ptychoptera lenis lenis Osten Sacken are described. Instars 2 to 4 are very similar morphologically but instar 1 is markedly different. Both a pharate pupal and a pharate adult stage were observed. Larvae are found in stagnant marginal areas of ponds where water depth does not exceed 4 cm and where benthic deposits of plant detritus exceed 8 cm. Fourth instar larvae, under experimental conditions, survived up to 45 days without contact with atmospheric oxygen but development was arrested. P. lenis has a 1 year life cycle with an extended adult emergence season from late May to the end of July.

The Relation of Oxygen Consumption to Body Size and to Temperature in the Larvae of Chironomus Riparius Meigen

1958 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-395
Author(s):  
R. W. EDWARDS
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Chironomus Riparius ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Wet Weight

1. The oxygen consumption rates of 3rd- and 4th-instar larvae of Chironomus riparius have been measured at 10 and 20° C. using a constant-volume respirometer. 2. The oxygen consumption is approximately proportional to the 0.7 power of the dry weight: it is not proportional to the estimated surface area. 3. This relationship between oxygen consumption and dry weight is the same at 10 and at 20° C.. 4. The rate of oxygen consumption at 20° C. is greater than at 10° C. by a factor of 2.6. 5. During growth the percentage of dry matter of 4th-instar larvae increases from 10 to 16 and the specific gravity from 1.030 to 1.043. 6. The change in the dry weight/wet weight ratio during the 4 larval instar supports the theory of heterauxesis. 7. At 20° C., ‘summer’ larvae respire faster than ‘winter’ larvae.

The Post-embryonic Development of the Tracheal System in Drosophila melanogaster

1957 ◽  
Vol s3-98 (41) ◽  
pp. 123-150
Author(s):  
JOAN M. WHITTEN
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Tracheal System ◽  
True Nature ◽  
The Third ◽  
Air Sacs ◽  
Abdominal Region ◽  
Pupal Cuticle

The fate of the tracheal system is traced from the first larval instar to the adult stage. The basic larval pattern conforms to that shown for other Diptera Cyclorrhapha (Whitten, 1955), and is identical in all three instars. According to previous accounts the adult system directly replaces the larval: the larval system is partly shed, partly histolysed, and the adult system arises from imaginal cell clusters independently of the preceding larval system. In contrast, it is shown here that in the cephalic, thoracic, and anterior abdominal region there is a definite continuity in the tracheal system, from larval, through pupal to the adult stage, whereas in the posterior abdominal region the larval system is histolysed, and the adult system is independent of it in origin. Moreover, in the pupal stage this region is tracheated by tracheae arising from the anterior abdominal region and belonging to a distinct pupal system. Moulting of the tracheal linings is complete at the first and second larval ecdyses, but incomplete at the third larval-pupal and pupal-adult ecdyses. In consequence, in both pupal and adult systems there are tracheae which are secreted around preexisting tracheae, others formed as new ‘branch’ tracheae, and those which have been carried over from the previous instar. In the adult the newly formed tracheae of the posterior abdominal region fall into a fourth category. Most of the adult thoracic air sacs correspond to new ‘branch’ tracheae of other instars. The pre-pupal moult and instar are discussed with reference to the tracheal system and tentative suggestions are made concerning the true nature of the pre-pupal cuticle. There is no pre-pupal tracheal system. Events traced for Drosophila would seem to be general for Cyclorrhapha, both Acalypterae and Calypterae. The separate fates of the anterior and posterior abdom inal systems, in contrast with the straightforward development in Dipterc Nematocera, would appear to mark a distinct step in the evolution of the system in Diptera.

MO843PREVALENCE AND MANAGEMENT OF HYPERTENSION IN HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali AlSahow ◽  
Anas Alyousef ◽  
Bassam Alhelal ◽  
Heba AlRajab ◽  
Yousif Bahbahani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weekly Schedule ◽  
Interdialytic Weight Gain ◽  
High Salt Intake ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
High Calcium

Abstract Background and Aims Hypertension (HTN) is common in hemodialysis (HD) patients & diagnosed by pre-dialysis BP >140/90 mmHg. Causes include high salt intake, volume overload, & loss of residual kidney function. Therapy includes achieving correct dry weight with each session, restricting interdialytic sodium & fluid intake & medications. We review its prevalence, factors associated with it & its management in our patients. Method Demographics, HD prescription & medications data collected for patients from 5 dialysis centers. Results A total of 1585 files reviewed. Males were 51.8% & mean age was 59. Mean age significantly higher for females (61 vs 57). ESKD cause was DM in 51% & HTN in 35%. However, of files reviewed, adequate data on comorbidities in 1390 patients (table 1), 69% had DM, 92% had HTN, 47% had CVD & 31% had BMI > 25 (which was significantly more frequent in females). HTN was more likely in older patients, diabetics & females with odds of HTN in females nearly twice the odds of HTN in males & odds of HTN with DM is 2.27 times odds of HTN without DM & one-year increase in age would increase odds of HTN by nearly 4%. Mean pre-HD BP for those with HTN was 143/76 mmHg & for those without HTN was 136/75 mmHg. HD frequency was thrice weekly in 94% & HD duration was > 3.5 hours in only 77% of patients. HDF used in 81.5%. Mean interdialytic weight gain (IDWG) was 2.8 kg, with no difference according to gender or presence of DM or HTN (Table 2). Higher IDWG associated with age < 65, Calcium bath of 1.75 & Sodium bath > 138 with 0.638 kg higher IDWG with calcium of 1.75 compared to calcium of 1.25. Higher IDWG was associated with higher BP. Mean volume of fluid removed per session was 2.74, which was less than mean IDWG, with no difference according to gender or DM, however, it was higher in the higher dialysate sodium group, & lower in the shorter session group (with trend towards statistical significance). CCB used to treat HTN in 62% followed by βB in 52%. Number of patients with HTN on 1 drug 21%, 2 drugs 27%, 3 drugs 23%, ≥ 4 drugs 20% & 9% missing data. Number of antihypertensives did not correlate with IDWG. Conclusion Interdialytic weight gain in our HD patients is excessive & contributing to HTN. Patients must restrict salt & fluid intake & dialysis centers must regularly & frequently assess dry weight, ensure thrice weekly schedule & 4 hours per session are met, so excess fluid is completely removed. Also, high sodium & high calcium baths need to be avoided.

scholarly journals Influence of gender on carcass yield of twin lambs Blackbelly x Pelibuey at 56 days of age

2016 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 1077-1084
Author(s):  
I. del C. García-Osorio ◽  
J. Oliva-Hernández ◽  
M.M. Osorio-Arce ◽  
G. Torres-Hernández ◽  
J. A. Hinojosa-Cuéllar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi ◽  
Average Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Carcass Yield ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi Muscle ◽  
Dorsi Muscle ◽  
Males And Females

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine the influence of gender on pre-weaning growth, yield and weight of primal cuts of the carcass of Blackbelly x Pelibuey lambs. 16 twin lambs were used. The lamb gender was the fixed factor. The variables evaluated were: body weight at birth and at weaning, average daily weight gain, weight and yield of carcass and primal cuts: neck, arm, thorax, abdomen and leg. Gender did not affect (P>0.05) body weight at birth. However, the pre-weaning average daily weight gain and body weight at weaning were affected (P<0.05) by the gender. Hot carcass yield and weight and primal cuts were not affected (P>0.05) by the gender of the lamb. Nevertheless, the area of the Longissimus dorsi muscle and cavity fat were different between males and females (P<0.05) 11.5±0.73cm2 and 198±0.05 g vs 9.3±0.73cm2 and 282±0.05g, respectively. In conclusion, in twin lambs Blackbelly x Pelibuey males had greater average daily weight gain and body weight at weaning than females. Carcass yield and weight and primal cuts were not affected by the gender of the lamb. However, males had greater area of the L. dorsi muscle than females and these in turn had a greater amount of cavity fat than males.

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