Bioclimatic analyses for the distributions ofOnthophagus nuchicornis,Onthophagus taurus, andDigitonthophagus gazella(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in North America
AbstractOnthophagus nuchicornis(Linnaeus),Onthophagus taurus(Schreber), andDigitonthophagus gazella(Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Onthophagini) are species of dung beetles that have been used in relocation programmes to accelerate the degradation of cattle dung on pastures. Exotic in North America, all three species have expanded their distributions since their introduction onto the continent. Here we report development of CLIMEX®bioclimatic models using data collected before 2011 that predict the eventual North American distributions of these species. Data collected after 2010 is used to validate these models. Model outputs identify large regions of the central United States of America suitable for establishment ofO. nuchicornisandO. tauruswhere these species have not been reported. These results indicate that the latter two species may already be present in these regions and undetected, that they have yet to expand into these regions, and (or) that factors restricting migration or dispersal prevent these species from occupying these areas. Model outputs forD. gazellasuggest that the species has largely reached its predicted maximum distribution. These models can be used to aid the success of future relocation programmes elsewhere in the world and (or) to predict regions where these species are likely to spread without human intervention.
Book Reviews : THE GENESIS OF THE UNITED STATES.—A narrative of the move ment in England, I605-I6I6, which resulted in the plantation of North America by Englishmen, disclosing the contest between Eng land and Spain for the possession of the soil now occupied by the United States of America ; set forth through a series of historical manuscripts, now first printed, together with a re-issue of rare con temporaneous Tracts, accompanied by bibliographical memoranda, notes, and brief biographies, collected, arranged, and edited by ALEXANDER BROWN, with I00 portraits, maps, and plans. 2 vols. Pp. xxxviii, II57. Boston : Houghton, Miffiin & Co., I890