Effect of nozzle type and pressure on spray droplet characteristics

When spray mixtures were examined using a laser spray droplet analyzer, the new isopropylamine glyphosate formulation produced more small droplets than a previous isopropylamine salt of glyphosate formulation or glyphosate–trimesium plus nonionic surfactant. The use of a pre-orifice flat-fan nozzle and an impact type flat-fan nozzle reduced the amount of small droplets produced compared to an existing extended range flat-fan nozzle, while maintaining a spray droplet distribution that could still provide good weed control. The new nozzle technologies could provide a useful management tool to manage potential drift situations.

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Spray Droplet Size for Water and Paraffinic Oil Applied at Ultralow Volume

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/s0890037x00037787 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 799-807 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

James E. Hanks ◽

Chester G. McWhorter

Keyword(s):

Droplet Size ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Liquid Flow ◽

Liquid Flow Rate ◽

Air Pressure ◽

Water Droplets ◽

Spray Droplet ◽

Paraffinic Oil ◽

Pressure Nozzle ◽

Nozzle Type

Spray droplet size of water and paraffinic oil was affected by air pressure, nozzle type, and liquid flow rate when applied with an ultralow volume (ULV), air-assist sprayer. Volume median diameters of water were generally larger than oil at constant air pressure and liquid flow rate. Droplet size decreased as air pressure increased, but increased as liquid flow rate increased. Volume median diameters of water droplets ranged from 41 to 838μm and from 16 to 457μm with oil when atomized at air pressures ranging from 14 to 84 kPa. Relative spans ranged from 1.2 to 18.0 and 2.0 to 7.2 for water and oil, respectively.

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Effect of Nozzle Type and Operation on Spray Droplet Size

Transactions of the ASAE ◽

10.13031/2013.28219 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 37 (5) ◽

pp. 1389-1400 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

L. F. Bouse

Keyword(s):

Droplet Size ◽

Spray Droplet ◽

Nozzle Type

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Spray Penetration into a Strawberry Canopy as Affected by Canopy Structure, Nozzle Type, and Application Volume

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/wet.2017.86 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 80-84 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Shaun M. Sharpe ◽

Nathan S. Boyd ◽

Peter J. Dittmar ◽

Greg E. MacDonald ◽

Rebecca L. Darnell ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Field Experiments ◽

Canopy Structure ◽

Good Control ◽

Weed Species ◽

Plastic Mulch ◽

Spray Droplet ◽

Spray Penetration ◽

Cultivar Selection ◽

Application Volume ◽

Nozzle Type

Strawberries, an important Florida crop, are grown on raised beds covered with plastic mulch. The plastic mulch provides good control of many weeds, but some problem species can emerge from the transplant hole during crop establishment. POST herbicide options for broadleaf weed control within the strawberry bed is limited to clopyralid, which only provides suppression. Strawberry canopy shielding may be responsible for the observed incomplete control with clopyralid application for problematic broadleaf weed species such as black medic and Carolina geranium. Two field experiments were established on mature strawberries to evaluate spray penetration through the canopy. The first examined spray penetration through the canopy of multiple strawberry cultivars at various distances from the crown. The second examined the effects of application volumes and nozzle selection on spray penetration. Cultivar selection had no effect on spray penetration through the canopy. In the first study, when applying at 281 L ha−1, the area around the planting hole (0 to 5 cm from the crown) had 8% coverage below the canopy while the area below the canopy edge (10 to 15 cm from the crown) had 27% coverage. In the second study, increasing the application volume from 187 to 375 L ha−1increased coverage by 81%. Increasing the application volume from 375 to 740 L ha−1increased coverage 33% with maximal coverage of 53% at 740 L ha−1. Nozzle type (standard even flat spray tip, Drift Guard, or TwinJet nozzles) did not affect coverage or deposition volume below the canopy. Overall, mature strawberry canopies demonstrated similar spray droplet penetration across cultivars with increased penetration with increased distance from the crown. Penetration increased with increasing application volume, but the nozzle types used in this experiment did not affect penetration. Additional research is needed to better define the effect of application volume on herbicide efficacy.

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Investigation of Oil Droplet Breakup during Atomization of Emulsions: Comparison of Pressure Swirl and Twin-Fluid Atomizers

Fluids ◽

10.3390/fluids6060219 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (6) ◽

pp. 219

Author(s):

Martha L. Taboada ◽

Esteban Zapata ◽

Heike P. Karbstein ◽

Volker Gaukel

Keyword(s):

Droplet Size ◽

Volume Flow ◽

Droplet Breakup ◽

Spray Droplet ◽

Flow Rates ◽

Oil Droplet ◽

Droplet Sizes ◽

Pressure Swirl ◽

Oil Droplet Size ◽

Nozzle Type

The goal of this study was to investigate oil droplet breakup in food emulsions during atomization with pressure swirl (PS), internal mixing (IM), and external mixing (EM) twin-fluid atomizers. By this, new knowledge is provided that facilitates the design of atomization processes, taking into account atomization performance as well as product characteristics (oil droplet size). Atomization experiments were performed in pilot plant scale at liquid volume flow rates of 21.8, 28.0, and 33.3 L/h. Corresponding liquid pressures in the range of 50–200 bar and air-to-liquid ratios in the range of 0.03–0.5 were applied. Two approaches were followed: oil droplet breakup was initially compared for conditions by which the same spray droplet sizes were achieved at constant liquid throughput. For all volume flow rates, the strongest oil droplet breakup was obtained with the PS nozzle, followed by the IM and the EM twin-fluid atomizer. In a second approach, the concept of energy density EV was used to characterize the sizes of resulting spray droplets and of the dispersed oil droplets in the spray. For all nozzles, Sauter mean diameters of spray and oil droplets showed a power-law dependency on EV. PS nozzles achieved the smallest spray droplet sizes and the strongest oil droplet breakup for a constant EV. In twin-fluid atomizers, the nozzle type (IM or EM) has a significant influence on the resulting oil droplet size, even when the resulting spray droplet size is independent of this nozzle type. Overall, it was shown that the proposed concept of EV allows formulating process functions that simplify the design of atomization processes regarding both spray and oil droplet sizes.

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Influence of Herbicide Active Ingredient, Nozzle Type, Orifice Size, Spray Pressure, and Carrier Volume Rate on Spray Droplet Size Characteristics

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-d-14-00049.1 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 298-310 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Cody F. Creech ◽

Ryan S. Henry ◽

Bradley K. Fritz ◽

Greg R. Kruger

Keyword(s):

Droplet Size ◽

Active Ingredient ◽

Operating Pressure ◽

Target Movement ◽

Spray Droplet ◽

Nozzle Orifice ◽

Multiple Variables ◽

Carrier Volume ◽

Nozzle Type ◽

Orifice Size

Recent concerns regarding herbicide spray drift, its subsequent effect on the surrounding environment, and herbicide efficacy have prompted applicators to focus on methods to reduce off-target movement of herbicides. Herbicide applications are complex processes, and as such, few studies have been conducted that consider multiple variables that affect the droplet spectrum of herbicide sprays. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of nozzle type, orifice size, herbicide active ingredient, pressure, and carrier volume on the droplet spectra of the herbicide spray. Droplet spectrum data were collected on 720 combinations of spray-application variables, which included six spray solutions (five herbicides and water alone), four carrier volumes, five nozzles, two orifice sizes, and three operating pressures. The laboratory study was conducted using a Sympatec laser diffraction instrument to determine the droplet spectrum characteristics of each treatment combination. When averaged over each main effect, nozzle type had the greatest effect on droplet size. Droplet size rankings for nozzles, ranked smallest to largest using volume median diameter (Dv0.5) values, were the XR, TT, AIXR, AI, and TTI nozzle with 176% change in Dv0.5 values from the XR to the TTI nozzle. On average, increasing the nozzle orifice size from a 11003 orifice to a 11005 increased the Dv0.5 values 8%. When compared with the water treatment, cloransulam (FirstRate) did not change the Dv0.5 value. Clethodim (Select Max), glyphosate (Roundup PowerMax), lactofen (Cobra), and glufosinate (Ignite) all reduced the Dv0.5 value 5, 11, 11, and 18%, respectively, when compared with water averaged over the other variables. Increasing the pressure of AIXR, TT, TTI, and XR nozzles from 138 to 276 kPa and the AI nozzle from 276 to 414 kPa decreased the Dv0.5 value 25%. Increasing the pressure from 276 to 414 kPa and from 414 to 552 kPa for the same nozzle group and AI nozzle decreased the Dv0.5 value 14%. Carrier volume had the least effect on the Dv0.5 value. Increasing the carrier volume from 47 to 187 L ha−1 increased the Dv0.5 value 5%, indicating that droplet size of the herbicides tested were not highly dependent on delivery volume. The effect on droplet size of the variables examined in this study from greatest effect to least effect were nozzle, operating pressure, herbicide, nozzle orifice size, and carrier volume.

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