Influence of Herbicide Active Ingredient, Nozzle Type, Orifice Size, Spray Pressure, and Carrier Volume Rate on Spray Droplet Size Characteristics

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 298-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cody F. Creech ◽  
Ryan S. Henry ◽  
Bradley K. Fritz ◽  
Greg R. Kruger
Keyword(s):  
Droplet Size ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Target Movement ◽  
Spray Droplet ◽  
Nozzle Orifice ◽  
Multiple Variables ◽  
Carrier Volume ◽  
Nozzle Type ◽  
Orifice Size

Recent concerns regarding herbicide spray drift, its subsequent effect on the surrounding environment, and herbicide efficacy have prompted applicators to focus on methods to reduce off-target movement of herbicides. Herbicide applications are complex processes, and as such, few studies have been conducted that consider multiple variables that affect the droplet spectrum of herbicide sprays. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of nozzle type, orifice size, herbicide active ingredient, pressure, and carrier volume on the droplet spectra of the herbicide spray. Droplet spectrum data were collected on 720 combinations of spray-application variables, which included six spray solutions (five herbicides and water alone), four carrier volumes, five nozzles, two orifice sizes, and three operating pressures. The laboratory study was conducted using a Sympatec laser diffraction instrument to determine the droplet spectrum characteristics of each treatment combination. When averaged over each main effect, nozzle type had the greatest effect on droplet size. Droplet size rankings for nozzles, ranked smallest to largest using volume median diameter (Dv0.5) values, were the XR, TT, AIXR, AI, and TTI nozzle with 176% change in Dv0.5 values from the XR to the TTI nozzle. On average, increasing the nozzle orifice size from a 11003 orifice to a 11005 increased the Dv0.5 values 8%. When compared with the water treatment, cloransulam (FirstRate) did not change the Dv0.5 value. Clethodim (Select Max), glyphosate (Roundup PowerMax), lactofen (Cobra), and glufosinate (Ignite) all reduced the Dv0.5 value 5, 11, 11, and 18%, respectively, when compared with water averaged over the other variables. Increasing the pressure of AIXR, TT, TTI, and XR nozzles from 138 to 276 kPa and the AI nozzle from 276 to 414 kPa decreased the Dv0.5 value 25%. Increasing the pressure from 276 to 414 kPa and from 414 to 552 kPa for the same nozzle group and AI nozzle decreased the Dv0.5 value 14%. Carrier volume had the least effect on the Dv0.5 value. Increasing the carrier volume from 47 to 187 L ha−1 increased the Dv0.5 value 5%, indicating that droplet size of the herbicides tested were not highly dependent on delivery volume. The effect on droplet size of the variables examined in this study from greatest effect to least effect were nozzle, operating pressure, herbicide, nozzle orifice size, and carrier volume.

Droplet size impact on lactofen and acifluorfen efficacy for Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) control

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 416-423
Author(s):  
Lucas X. Franca ◽  
Darrin M. Dodds ◽  
Thomas R. Butts ◽  
Greg R. Kruger ◽  
Daniel B. Reynolds ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Droplet Size ◽  
Pulse Width Modulation ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Target Movement ◽  
Spray Droplet ◽  
Spray Droplets ◽  
Droplet Sizes ◽  
Biomass Reduction

AbstractHerbicide applications performed with pulse width modulation (PWM) sprayers to deliver specific spray droplet sizes could maintain product efficacy, minimize potential off-target movement, and increase flexibility in field operations. Given the continuous expansion of herbicide-resistant Palmer amaranth populations across the southern and midwestern United States, efficacious and cost-effective means of application are needed to maximize Palmer amaranth control. Experiments were conducted in two locations in Mississippi (2016, 2017, and 2018) and one location in Nebraska (2016 and 2017) for a total of 7 site-years. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of a range of spray droplet sizes [150 (Fine) to 900 μm (Ultra Coarse)] on lactofen and acifluorfen efficacy for Palmer amaranth control. The results of this research indicated that spray droplet size did not influence lactofen efficacy on Palmer amaranth. Palmer amaranth control and percent dry-biomass reduction remained consistent with lactofen applied within the aforementioned droplet size range. Therefore, larger spray droplets should be used as part of a drift mitigation approach. In contrast, acifluorfen application with 300-μm (Medium) spray droplets provided the greatest Palmer amaranth control. Although percent biomass reduction was numerically greater with 300-μm (Medium) droplets, results did not differ with respect to spray droplet size, possibly as a result of initial plant injury, causing weight loss, followed by regrowth. Overall, 900-μm (Ultra Coarse) droplets could be used effectively without compromising lactofen efficacy on Palmer amaranth, and 300-μm (Medium) droplets should be used to achieve maximum Palmer amaranth control with acifluorfen.

Effect of Formulation and Nozzle Type on Droplet Size with Isopropylamine and Trimesium Salts of Glyphosate

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 639-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas C. Mueller ◽  
Alvin R. Womac
Keyword(s):  
Nonionic Surfactant ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Droplet Size ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Spray Droplet ◽  
Droplet Distribution ◽  
Extended Range ◽  
Glyphosate Formulation ◽  
Nozzle Type ◽  
Flat Fan Nozzle

When spray mixtures were examined using a laser spray droplet analyzer, the new isopropylamine glyphosate formulation produced more small droplets than a previous isopropylamine salt of glyphosate formulation or glyphosate–trimesium plus nonionic surfactant. The use of a pre-orifice flat-fan nozzle and an impact type flat-fan nozzle reduced the amount of small droplets produced compared to an existing extended range flat-fan nozzle, while maintaining a spray droplet distribution that could still provide good weed control. The new nozzle technologies could provide a useful management tool to manage potential drift situations.

Herbicide Formulation, Spray Nozzle Design, and Operating Pressure Affects the Droplet Size Spectra of Agricultural Sprays

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua A. McGinty ◽  
Gaylon D. Morgan ◽  
Peter A. Dotray ◽  
Paul A. Baumann
Keyword(s):  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Droplet Size ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spray Drift ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Spray Nozzle ◽  
Spray Droplet ◽  
Size Spectra ◽  
Drift Potential ◽  
Spray Droplets

Aims: Determine the droplet size spectra of agricultural sprays as affected by herbicide formulations, spray nozzle designs, and operating pressures. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in April 2014 at the United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Aerial Application Technology Research Unit Facility in College Station, Texas. Methodology: The spray droplet size spectra of six herbicide formulations as well as water alone and water with nonionic surfactant were evaluated in a low-speed wind tunnel. These spray solutions were conducted with five different flat-fan spray nozzle designs, producing a wide range of spray droplet sizes. The wind tunnel was equipped with a laser diffraction sensor to analyze spray droplet size. All combinations of spray solution and nozzle were operated at 207 and 414 kPa and replicated three times. Results: Many differences in droplet size spectra were detected among the spray solutions, nozzle designs, and pressures tested. Solutions of Liberty 280 SL exhibited the smallest median droplet size and the greatest proportion of spray volume contained in droplets 100 µm or less in size.  Solutions of Enlist Duo resulted in smaller median droplet size than many of the solutions tested, but also exhibited some of the smallest production of fine spray droplets. Median droplet size was found to vary greatly among nozzle designs, with the greatest droplet size and smallest drift-prone fine droplet production observed with air-inclusion designs utilizing a pre-orifice. Increasing the operating pressure from 207 to 414 kPa resulted in a decrease in median droplet size and an increase in the production of droplets 100 µm or less in size. Conclusion: Herbicide formulations and spray nozzle designs tested varied widely in droplet size spectra and thus the potential for spray drift. Increasing operating pressure resulted in decreased droplet size and an increase in the production of drift-prone droplets. Additionally, median droplet size alone should not be used to compare spray drift potential among spray solutions but should include relative span and V100 values to better predict the potential for spray drift due to drift-prone spray droplets.

Particle drift potential of glyphosate plus 2,4-D choline pre-mixture formulation in a low-speed wind tunnel

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 520-527
Author(s):  
Bruno C. Vieira ◽  
Thomas R. Butts ◽  
Andre O. Rodrigues ◽  
Jerome J. Schleier ◽  
Bradley K. Fritz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Droplet Size ◽  
Droplet Velocity ◽  
Target Movement ◽  
Spray Droplet ◽  
Low Speed ◽  
Particle Drift ◽  
Drift Potential ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Low Speed Wind Tunnel

AbstractThe introduction of 2,4-D–resistant soybean and cotton provided growers a new POST active ingredient to include in weed management programs. The technology raises concerns regarding potential 2,4-D off-target movement to sensitive vegetation, and spray droplet size is the primary management factor focused on to reduce spray particle drift. The objective of this study was to investigate the droplet size distribution, droplet velocity, and particle drift potential of glyphosate plus 2,4-D choline pre-mixture (Enlist Duo®) applications with two commonly used venturi nozzles in a low-speed wind tunnel. Applications with the TDXL11004 nozzle had larger DV0.1 (291 µm), DV0.5 (544 µm), and DV0.9 (825 µm) values compared with the AIXR11004 nozzle (250, 464, and 709 µm, respectively), and slower average droplet velocity (8.1 m s−1) compared with the AIXR11004 nozzle (9.1 m s−1). Nozzle type had no influence on drift deposition (P = 0.65), drift coverage (P = 0.84), and soybean biomass reduction (P = 0.76). Although the TDXL11004 nozzle had larger spray droplet size, the slower spray droplet velocity could have influenced the nozzle particle drift potential. As a result, both TDXL11004 and AIXR11004 nozzles had similar spray drift potential. Further studies are necessary to understand the impact of droplet velocity on drift potential at field scale and test how different tank solutions, sprayer configurations, and environmental conditions could influence the droplet size and velocity dynamics and consequent drift potential in pesticide applications.

Spray Droplet Size for Water and Paraffinic Oil Applied at Ultralow Volume

1993 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 799-807 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Hanks ◽  
Chester G. McWhorter
Keyword(s):  
Droplet Size ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Liquid Flow ◽  
Liquid Flow Rate ◽  
Air Pressure ◽  
Water Droplets ◽  
Spray Droplet ◽  
Paraffinic Oil ◽  
Pressure Nozzle ◽  
Nozzle Type

Spray droplet size of water and paraffinic oil was affected by air pressure, nozzle type, and liquid flow rate when applied with an ultralow volume (ULV), air-assist sprayer. Volume median diameters of water were generally larger than oil at constant air pressure and liquid flow rate. Droplet size decreased as air pressure increased, but increased as liquid flow rate increased. Volume median diameters of water droplets ranged from 41 to 838μm and from 16 to 457μm with oil when atomized at air pressures ranging from 14 to 84 kPa. Relative spans ranged from 1.2 to 18.0 and 2.0 to 7.2 for water and oil, respectively.

Spray droplet size and carrier volume effect on dicamba and glufosinate efficacy

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (9) ◽  
pp. 2020-2029 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas R Butts ◽  
Chase A Samples ◽  
Lucas X Franca ◽  
Darrin M Dodds ◽  
Daniel B Reynolds ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Droplet Size ◽  
Volume Effect ◽  
Spray Droplet ◽  
Carrier Volume

scholarly journals On-Farm Evaluation of Nozzle Types for Peanut Pest Management Using Commercial Sprayers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simerjeet Virk ◽  
Eric Prostko ◽  
Robert Kemerait ◽  
Mark Abney ◽  
Glen Rains ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Spray Deposition ◽  
Insect Control ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Target Movement ◽  
Trial Test ◽  
Rotational Crop ◽  
Carrier Volume ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Nozzle Type

Growers have rapidly adopted auxin-resistant cotton and soybean technologies. In Georgia, growers who plant auxin-resistant cotton/soybean are required to utilize nozzles that produce larger (coarser) droplets when spraying auxin herbicides to minimize potential off-target movement of pesticides. Consequently, these nozzles are also used in peanut (an important rotational crop with cotton) since changing nozzles between crops is uncommon for growers. However, larger droplets can result in reduced spray coverage which may lead to less effective pest control. Therefore, seven on-farm trials were conducted in commercial peanut fields using commercial sprayers from 2018 to 2020 across four different locations in Georgia to compare the spray performance of air-induction (AI) nozzles that produce very coarse to ultra coarse droplets (VMD50 ≥ 404 microns) with non-AI (conventional flat fan) nozzles that produce medium to coarse droplets (403≥VMD50≥236 microns) for pest management in peanuts. For each trial, test treatments were implemented in large replicated strips where each strip represented a nozzle type. For nozzle comparison, XR and XRC represented non-AI nozzles while TADF, TDXL, TTI, and TTI60 represented the commonly used AI nozzles in these trials. Spray deposition data for each nozzle along with disease ratings, weed and insect control ratings were collected in all on-farm trials. Peanut yield was collected at harvest. Results indicated that the AI nozzles produced larger droplets than the non-AI nozzles in all nozzle tests; however, the spray coverage varied among the nozzle types. Nozzle type did not influence pest (weed, disease and insect) control, or peanut yield (p≤0.10) in any of the on-farm trials. These results suggested that peanut growers can utilize these coarser droplet nozzles for pest management in fields with low to average pest pressure during the season. Future research on nozzle evaluation needs to investigate the influence of droplet size, carrier volume, and pressure on coverage and canopy penetration.

scholarly journals Investigation of Oil Droplet Breakup during Atomization of Emulsions: Comparison of Pressure Swirl and Twin-Fluid Atomizers

Fluids ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 219
Author(s):  
Martha L. Taboada ◽  
Esteban Zapata ◽  
Heike P. Karbstein ◽  
Volker Gaukel
Keyword(s):  
Droplet Size ◽  
Volume Flow ◽  
Droplet Breakup ◽  
Spray Droplet ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Oil Droplet ◽  
Droplet Sizes ◽  
Pressure Swirl ◽  
Oil Droplet Size ◽  
Nozzle Type

The goal of this study was to investigate oil droplet breakup in food emulsions during atomization with pressure swirl (PS), internal mixing (IM), and external mixing (EM) twin-fluid atomizers. By this, new knowledge is provided that facilitates the design of atomization processes, taking into account atomization performance as well as product characteristics (oil droplet size). Atomization experiments were performed in pilot plant scale at liquid volume flow rates of 21.8, 28.0, and 33.3 L/h. Corresponding liquid pressures in the range of 50–200 bar and air-to-liquid ratios in the range of 0.03–0.5 were applied. Two approaches were followed: oil droplet breakup was initially compared for conditions by which the same spray droplet sizes were achieved at constant liquid throughput. For all volume flow rates, the strongest oil droplet breakup was obtained with the PS nozzle, followed by the IM and the EM twin-fluid atomizer. In a second approach, the concept of energy density EV was used to characterize the sizes of resulting spray droplets and of the dispersed oil droplets in the spray. For all nozzles, Sauter mean diameters of spray and oil droplets showed a power-law dependency on EV. PS nozzles achieved the smallest spray droplet sizes and the strongest oil droplet breakup for a constant EV. In twin-fluid atomizers, the nozzle type (IM or EM) has a significant influence on the resulting oil droplet size, even when the resulting spray droplet size is independent of this nozzle type. Overall, it was shown that the proposed concept of EV allows formulating process functions that simplify the design of atomization processes regarding both spray and oil droplet sizes.

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