Spray Droplet Size for Water and Paraffinic Oil Applied at Ultralow Volume

1993 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 799-807 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Hanks ◽  
Chester G. McWhorter
Keyword(s):  
Droplet Size ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Liquid Flow ◽  
Liquid Flow Rate ◽  
Air Pressure ◽  
Water Droplets ◽  
Spray Droplet ◽  
Paraffinic Oil ◽  
Pressure Nozzle ◽  
Nozzle Type

Spray droplet size of water and paraffinic oil was affected by air pressure, nozzle type, and liquid flow rate when applied with an ultralow volume (ULV), air-assist sprayer. Volume median diameters of water were generally larger than oil at constant air pressure and liquid flow rate. Droplet size decreased as air pressure increased, but increased as liquid flow rate increased. Volume median diameters of water droplets ranged from 41 to 838μm and from 16 to 457μm with oil when atomized at air pressures ranging from 14 to 84 kPa. Relative spans ranged from 1.2 to 18.0 and 2.0 to 7.2 for water and oil, respectively.

Effect of Drift Retardant Adjuvants on Spray Droplet Size of Water and Paraffinic Oil Applied at Ultralow Volume

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 380-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E Hanks
Keyword(s):  
Droplet Size ◽  
Liquid Flow ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Air Pressure ◽  
Spray Droplet ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Pressure Water ◽  
Paraffinic Oil

Adjuvants were evaluated to determine the effect on increasing spray droplet size and reducing the amount of spray dispensed in small driftable size particles when applying water and paraffinic oil at ultralow volume. Spray solutions were applied with an air-assist system at liquid flow rates of 28 and 56 ml/min and atomized with 14, 28, 42, 56, and 84 kPa of air pressure. Water and paraffinic oil were applied alone and with two drift retardant adjuvants mixed individually in each. The two water soluble adjuvants were mixed at concentrations of 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0, and 2.0%; oil soluble adjuvants were applied at 0.125, 0.25, and 0.50%. Adjuvants used in water and oil were effective at increasing droplet size and reducing the amount of liquid dispensed in small driftable size particles. Effectiveness of the adjuvants decreased as air pressures increased, with water soluble adjuvants being more susceptible to air pressure. Volume median diameters > 200 μm with water could be achieved without adjuvants; whereas with oil, an adjuvant was required.

scholarly journals A twin-fluid injector for FCC feed injection

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 109-115
Author(s):  
Deepak Kumar ◽  
Tushar Sikroria ◽  
Kushari A ◽  
Pramod Kumar ◽  
Sriganesh G
Keyword(s):  
Droplet Size ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Liquid Flow ◽  
Liquid Flow Rate ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Product Yield ◽  
Droplet Velocity ◽  
Injection System ◽  
Airflow Rate ◽  
Air Flow Rate

In Fluidized Bed Catalytic Cracking (FCC) process, hydrocarbon feed undergoes vapour phase cracking in presence of hot regenerated catalyst to produce valuable products like LPG, Gasoline and Diesel. FCC feed injection system is most critical hardware component of FCC unit in order to get desired product yield by minimizing the undesirable dry gas and coke yield. Typically, twin-fluid nozzles (hydrocarbon and stream) are used to atomize the feed. In the present study, a twin-fluid injector, with an internal impactor to minimize the droplet size and velocity, is designed, developed and characterized. The performance of the feeding injector was evaluated using water and air as operating fluids and the droplet size and velocity were measured 150 mm downstream of the injector tip using a PDPA system for different water and air flow rates. The average droplet size (D32) showed an increase while the droplet velocity remained almost constant with the increase in the liquid flow rate for a given flow rate of air, consistent with the increase in droplet size with decreasing air-liquid ratio for twin–fluid atomizers. But, for a given liquid flow rate, the droplet SMD decreased and the droplet velocity increased with increasing airflow rate, which can be attributed to the increase in overall kinetic energy due to the increase in air flow rate. The flow rate of liquid was seen to be independent of air flow rate unlike conventional twin-fluid atomizers. The droplet size was found to be a function of ALR and the local volume flux of the droplets was found to be a function of the liquid flow rate.

Characteristics of Mean Droplet Size Produced by Spinning Disk Atomizers

2012 ◽  
Vol 134 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Ahmed ◽  
M. S. Youssef
Keyword(s):  
Droplet Size ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Liquid Flow ◽  
Liquid Flow Rate ◽  
Sauter Mean Diameter ◽  
Disk Diameter ◽  
Downstream Distance ◽  
Spinning Disk ◽  
Mean Diameter ◽  
The Mean

Characteristics of mean droplet size of spray produced by spinning disk atomizers were experimentally investigated. The phase-doppler particle analyzer (PDPA) was used to measure the droplet size of water spray in the downstream distance along the spray trajectory. Effects of various operating conditions on the mean diameter had been studied. The studied variables were: the rotational speed in the range of 838 to 1677 rad/s (8,000–16,000 rpm), the liquid flow rate in the range of 0.56 to 2.8 × 10−6 m3/s (2–10 L/h), the disk diameter in the range of 0.04 to 0.12 m, and the downstream tangential distance along the spray trajectory of up to 0. 24 m. The Sauter mean diameter (d32) was used to represent the mean of generated spray droplet sizes. The results indicated that the Sauter mean diameter can be correlated with dimensionless groups, such as the Reynolds number, Weber number, flow coefficient, and the ratio of downstream distance to disk diameter. Based on this correlation, it was found that the Sauter mean diameter (d32) increases as the downstream tangential distance, and liquid flow rate increase. Similarly, a decrease of rotational speed and disk diameter results in an increase in the Sauter mean diameter (d32). A comparison between the developed correlation and correlations obtained by other researchers has been presented and discussed in detail.

Effects of Operating Conditions on Thin Film Deposition Performance in Air Atomizing Spray Pyrolysis

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changxue Xu ◽  
Yong Huang ◽  
Yafu Lin
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Liquid Flow ◽  
Liquid Flow Rate ◽  
Thin Film Deposition ◽  
Air Gap ◽  
Film Deposition ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Air Pressure

Thin films have been finding more and more applications in electronics, optical devices, and energy conversion and storage devices, to name a few. As one of the most promising thin film deposition techniques, air atomizing spray pyrolysis, which uses compressed air to disrupt the liquid stream into droplets, has been favored in scientific and engineering communities. However, the effects of operating conditions such as liquid flow rate, atomizing air pressure, fan air pressure, and air gap on the geometric properties of deposited thin film are still not systematically studied. The objective of this study is to experimentally investigate the effects of air spraying operating conditions on the surface roughness and thickness of deposited zinc oxide (ZnO) thin film. It is found 1) The surface roughness increases with the liquid flow rate, but decreases with the atomizing air pressure, fan air pressure, and air gap; 2) The surface roughness decreases along both the X and Y directions under any given operating condition; 3) The thickness increases with the liquid flow rate and the atomizing air pressure, but decreases with the fan air pressure and the air gap; and 4) The thickness generally changes differently along the X and Y directions. Along the X direction, it decreases monotonically; however, along the Y direction, it increases first then decreases as in a saddle shape. While ZnO film deposition is studied, it is expected that the above conclusions may be applicable in air spraying other materials.

Assessing the influence of air speed and liquid flow rate on the droplet size and homogeneity in pneumatic spraying

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 366-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Balsari ◽  
Marco Grella ◽  
Paolo Marucco ◽  
Fabio Matta ◽  
Antonio Miranda-Fuentes
Keyword(s):  
Droplet Size ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Liquid Flow ◽  
Liquid Flow Rate ◽  
Air Speed

A laboratory study of recovery boiler smelt shattering

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 19-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANTON TARANENKO ◽  
MARKUS BUSSMANN ◽  
HONGHI TRAN
Keyword(s):  
Droplet Size ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Liquid Flow ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Liquid Flow Rate ◽  
Liquid Viscosity ◽  
Experimental Apparatus ◽  
Nozzle Position ◽  
Jet Velocity ◽  
Recovery Boiler

A scaled-down experimental apparatus was built to examine smelt shattering during typical recovery boiler operations. Water-glycerine solutions and air were used in place of smelt and steam. A high-speed camera and image processing software were used to record and quantify liquid shattering in terms of droplet number and size distributions, as a function of air velocity, air nozzle position, liquid flow rate, and liquid viscosity. The results showed that increasing shatter jet velocity reduced average droplet size, increasing the liquid flow rate increased droplet size, and placing the shatter jet nozzle closer to the liquid stream decreased droplet size. These results were all as expected. The effect of liquid viscosity (1-50 cP) depended on the shatter jet velocity. At high air velocities, even the viscous liquid was well shattered, but at lower velocities, the effect of viscosity on shattering was significant.

scholarly journals Optimization of Intraperitoneal Aerosolized Drug Delivery: A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Experimental Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Rahimi-Gorji ◽  
Charlotte Debbaut ◽  
Ghader Ghorbaniasl ◽  
Sarah Cosyns ◽  
Wouter Willaert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Droplet Size ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Liquid Flow ◽  
Liquid Flow Rate ◽  
Aerosol Distribution ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics Cfd

Abstract Intraperitoneal (IP) aerosolized anticancer drug delivery was recently introduced in the treatment of patients with peritoneal metastases. However, little is known on the effect of treatment parameters on the spatial distribution of the aerosol droplets in the peritoneal cavity. Here, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling was used in conjunction with experimental validation in order to investigate the effect of droplet size, liquid flow rate and viscosity, and the addition of an electrostatic field on the homogeneity of IP aerosol. We found that spatial distribution is optimal with small droplet sizes (1-5 µm). Using the current clinically used technology (droplet size of 30 µm), the optimal spatial distribution of aerosol is obtained with a liquid flow rate of 0.6 mL s-1. Compared to saline, nebulization of higher viscosity liquids results in less homogeneous aerosol distribution. The addition of electrostatic precipitation significantly improves homogeneity of aerosol distribution, but no further improvement is obtained with voltages higher than 6.5 kV. The results of the current study will allow to choose treatment parameters and settings in order to optimize spatial distribution of IP aerosolized drug, with a potential to enhance its anticancer effect.

Absorption of oxygen into solutions of polymers

1986 ◽  
Vol 51 (10) ◽  
pp. 2127-2134 ◽  
Author(s):  
František Potůček ◽  
Jiří Stejskal
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Transfer Coefficient ◽  
Mass Transfer Coefficient ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Liquid Flow ◽  
Flow Curve ◽  
Liquid Flow Rate ◽  
Polymer Concentration ◽  
Newtonian Liquids

Absorption of oxygen into water and aqueous solutions of poly(acrylamides) was studied in an absorber with a wetted sphere. The effects of changes in the liquid flow rate and the polymer concentration on the liquid side mass transfer coefficient were examined. The results are expressed by correlations between dimensionless criteria modified for non-Newtonian liquids whose flow curve can be described by the Ostwald-de Waele model.

scholarly journals Effects of water salinity on the foam dynamics for EOR application

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana Rudyk ◽  
Sami Al-Khamisi ◽  
Yahya Al-Wahaibi
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Liquid Flow ◽  
Apparent Viscosity ◽  
Liquid Flow Rate ◽  
Salinity Range ◽  
Porous System ◽  
Foam Formation ◽  
Total Flow ◽  
Total Flow Rate ◽  
Foam Flow

AbstractFactors limiting foam injection for EOR application are exceptionally low rock permeability and exceedingly high salinity of the formation water. In this regard, foam formation using internal olefin sulfonate is investigated over a wide salinity range (1, 5, 8, 10, and 12% NaCl) through 10 mD limestone. The relationships between pressure drop (dP), apparent viscosity, liquid flow rate, total flow rate, salinity, foam texture, and length of foam drops at the outlet used as an indicator of viscosity are studied. Foaming is observed up to 12% NaCl, compared to a maximum of 8% NaCl in similar core-flooding experiments with 50 mD limestone and 255 mD sandstone. Thus, the salinity limit of foam formation has increased significantly due to the low permeability, which can be explained by the fact that the narrow porous system acts like a membrane with smaller holes. Compared to the increasing dP reported for highly permeable rocks, dP linearly decreases in almost the entire range of gas fraction (fg) at 1–10% NaCl. As fg increases, dP at higher total flow rate is higher at all salinities, but the magnitude of dP controls the dependence of apparent viscosity on total flow rate. Low dP is measured at 1% and 10% NaCl, and high dP is measured at 5, 8, and 12% NaCl. In the case of low dP, the apparent viscosity is higher at higher total flow rate with increasing gas fraction, but similar at two total flow rates with increasing liquid flow rate. In the case of high dP, the apparent viscosity is higher at lower total flow rate, both with an increase in the gas fraction and with an increase in the liquid flow rate. A linear correlation is found between dP or apparent viscosity and liquid flow rate, which defines it as a governing factor of foam flow and can be considered when modeling foam flow.

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