scholarly journals La genesi del nuovo nella storia della chirurgia tra desiderio di conoscenza e conflitti etici

2012 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona Giardina ◽  
Antonio G. Spagnolo
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Ethical Dilemmas ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
The Other ◽  
History Of Surgery ◽  
The Past ◽  
Salient Points ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Ideological Resistance

L’articolo delinea i momenti salienti nella storia della chirurgia, quali la scoperta dell’anestesia, dell’asepsi e antisepsi che ne hanno consentito l’ascesa dopo secoli di oscurità. Il desiderio di conoscenza appagato da tali scoperte si è spesso accompagnato a dilemmi etici da un lato e a resistenze ideologiche, da parte della comunità scientifica (spesso ostile alla genesi del nuovo nella medicina) dall’altro. È questo uno dei più forti ostacoli che i grandi del passato, coloro che hanno avuto il coraggio di andare controcorrente (rompendo i paradigmi esistenti), hanno dovuto superare. Questi uomini rappresentano uno stimolo per ricondurre il sapere scientifico ad un confronto attivo con l’etica al fine di sanare una dicotomia che ha radici antiche. L’antico, dunque, non è semplicemente passato ma rivive attraverso la narrazione storica di vite esemplari di medici. ---------- This article traces salient points in the history of surgery, such as the discovery of anesthesia, asepsis and antisepsis, which permitted surgery’s ascendancy after centuries of unimportance. Encouraged by such breakthroughs, the yearning to learn was often accompanied by ethical dilemmas on the one hand and on the other by ideological resistance on the part of the scientific community, which was often hostile to new medical findings. This was one of the greatest obstacles of the past for the distinguished individuals who had the courage to go against the tide, to break with existing paradigms, to overcome opposition to innovation. These men functioned as a stimulus to bring scientific knowledge head to head with ethics with the goal of healing ancient irreconcilable differences. The past is not simply the past; it lives on through the historical narrative of exemplary lives of certain physicians.

Camus's Absurd and the World of Melville's Confidence-Man

PMLA ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-27
Author(s):  
Leon F. Seltzer
Keyword(s):  
Careful Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Critical Attention ◽  
Confidence Man ◽  
Ugly Duckling ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

In recent years, The Confidence-Man: His Masquerade, a difficult work and for long an unjustly neglected one, has begun to command increasingly greater critical attention and esteem. As more than one contemporary writer has noted, the verdict of the late Richard Chase in 1949, that the novel represents Melville's “second best achievement,” has served to prompt many to undertake a second reading (or at least a first) of the book. Before this time, the novel had traditionally been the one Melville readers have shied away from—as overly discursive, too rambling altogether, on the one hand, or as an unfortunate outgrowth of the author's morbidity on the other. Elizabeth Foster, in the admirably comprehensive introduction to her valuable edition of The Confidence-Man (1954), systematically traces the history of the book's reputation and observes that even with the Melville renaissance of the twenties, the work stands as the last piece of the author's fiction to be redeemed. Only lately, she comments, has it ceased to be regarded as “the ugly duckling” of Melville's creations. But recognition does not imply agreement, and it should not be thought that in the past fifteen years critics have reached any sort of unanimity on the novel's content. Since Mr. Chase's study, which approached the puzzling work as a satire on the American spirit—or, more specifically, as an attack on the liberalism of the day—and which speculated upon the novel's controlling folk and mythic figures, other critics, by now ready to assume that the book repaid careful analysis, have read the work in a variety of ways. It has been treated, among other things, as a religious allegory, as a philosophic satire on optimism, and as a Shandian comedy. One critic has conveniently summarized the prevailing situation by remarking that “the literary, philosophical, and cultural materials in this book are fused in so enigmatic a fashion that its interpreters have differed as to what the book is really about.”

scholarly journals Memory and Alterity in Zar: Religious Contact and Change in the Sudan

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan M Kenyon
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Life History Data ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Ninteenth Century ◽  
Dynamic Interplay

Drawing on long-term ethnographic research in the Blue Nile town of Sennar, supported by archival and historical documentation, this article explores the history of Zar spirit possession in Sudan, and the light this throws on the interplay of religions over the past 150 years. Life history data supports the argument that contemporary Zar is grounded in forms and rituals derived from the ranks of the ninteenth-century Ottoman army, and these remain the basis of ritual events, even as they accommodate ongoing changes in this part of Africa. Many of these changes are linked to the dynamic interplay of Zar with forms of Islam, on the one hand, and Christianity, on the other. In the former colonial periods, political power resided with the British, and Khawaja (European) Christian Zar spirits are remembered as far more important. Today that authority in Zar has shifted to spirits of foreign Muslims and local holy men, on the one hand, and to subaltern Blacks, on the other. These speak to concerns of new generations of adepts even as changes in the larger political and religious landscapes continue to transform the context of Zar.

scholarly journals Berbagai Pembacaan al-Qur’an Kontemporer

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Andy Hadiyanto
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The Past ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

The different interpretations of the holy texts of the Qur'an further broaden the horizon of Muslim understanding of the content of God's messages on the one hand. But on the other hand, the greater the interpretation if not accompanied by an attitude of openness will lead to idiologization (talwiin) to certain understandings arising from that interpretation. Such an idiologisation will elicit a blind and faithless fanatic attitude in religion. Violence in the name of religion and the various conflicts among fellow Muslims recorded in the history of Islam from the past until now is concrete evidence of the negative effects of an interpretation. Therefore this paper is present to provide a comprehensive picture of the recitation of the Qur'an.  Keywords: Al-Qur'an, Contemporary Tafsir, Interpretation  Abstrak Perbedaan penafsiran terhadap teks suci al-Qur’an semakin memperluas horizon pemahaman umat Islam tentang kandungan pesan-pesan Tuhan di satu sisi. Namun di sisi lain, semakin banyaknya penafsiran tersebut apabila tidak dibarengi dengan sikap keterbukaan akan menimbulkan idiologisasi (talwiin) terhadap pemahaman-pemahaman tertentu yang muncul akibat penafsiran itu. Idiologisasi tersebut akan memunculkan sikap fanatik buta dan ketertutupan dalam beragama. Kekerasan atas nama agama dan berbagai konflik antar sesama pemeluk Islam yang tercatat dalam sejarah Islam dari dulu hingga sekarang adalah bukti kongkrit efek negatif sebuah penafsiran. Oleh karena itu tulisan ini hadir untuk memeberikan gambaran yang komprehensif terhadap pembacaan al-Qur’an.  Kata Kunci: Al-Qur’an, Tafsir Kontemporer, Penafsiran

Problems in global history

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Washbrook
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Historical Understanding ◽  
Global History ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

The long periodization of global history puts notions of the modern under scrutiny. Global history challenges us to convert our understanding of Europe from a ‘knowing subject’ into much more of an object of that history. If the global history of the ‘British’ Industrial Revolution takes us to China, on the one side, and the Americas, on the other, by what rights does it deserve, any longer, to be described as ‘British’? How successful has global history been, thus far, at finding or erecting signposts to a new, and significantly different historical understanding of the past?

Prediction and Accommodation: The Acceptance of Mendeleev’s Periodic System

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Scerri
Keyword(s):  
Periodic System ◽  
Periodic Table ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
The Other ◽  
Periodic Systems ◽  
Scientific Theories ◽  
Scientific Culture ◽  
System P ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

Although periodic systems were produced independently by six codiscoverers in the space of a decade, Dmitri Mendeleev’s system is the one that has had the greatest impact by far. Not only was Mendeleev’s system more complete than the others, but he also worked much harder and longer for its acceptance. He also went much further than the other codiscoverers in publicly demonstrating the validity of his system by using it to predict the existence of a number of hitherto unknown elements. According to the popular story, it was Mendeleev’s many successful predictions that were directly responsible for the widespread acceptance of the periodic system, while his competitors either failed to make predictions or did so in a rather feeble manner. Several of his predictions were indeed widely celebrated, especially those of the elements germanium, gallium, and scandium, and many historians have argued that it was such spectacular feats that assured the acceptance of Mendeleev’s periodic system by the scientific community. The notion that scientific theories are accepted primarily if they make successful predictions seems to be rather well ingrained into scientific culture, and the history of the periodic table has been one of the episodes through which this notion has been propagated. However, philosophers and some scientists have long debated the extent to which predictions influence the acceptance of scientific theories, and it is by no means a foregone conclusion that successful predictions are more telling than other factors. In looking closely at the bulk of Mendeleev’s predictions in this chapter, it becomes clear that, at best, only half of them proved to be correct. This raises a number of questions. First of all, why is it that history has been so kind to Mendeleev as a maker of predictions? As historian of chemistry William Brock has pointed out, “Not all of Mendeleev’s predictions had such a happy outcome; like astrologers’ failures, they are commonly forgotten.”

scholarly journals Progress and Historical Reflection in Philosophy

2018 ◽  
pp. 51-68
Author(s):  
Thomas Grundmann
Keyword(s):  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Past ◽  
Systematic Philosophy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
The One ◽  
Historical Reflection ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Over Time

What is the epistemic significance of reflecting on a discipline’s past for making progress in that discipline? The author assumes that the answer to this question negatively correlates with that discipline’s degree of progress over time. If and only if a science is progressive, then what people have thought and argued in the past in that discipline ceases to be up to date. This chapter distinguishes different dimensions of disciplinary progress and subsequently argue that veritic progress, that is, collective convergence to truth, is the most important dimension for disciplines with scientific ambitions. It then argues that, on the one hand, veritic progress in philosophy is more significant than many current philosophers believe, but that, on the other hand, it also has severe limitations. The author offers an explanation of these limitations that suggests that the history of philosophy should play some role, though only a minor one, in systematic philosophy.

E. A. Freeman and His History of the Norman Conquest

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith A. Green
Keyword(s):  
Index Volume ◽  
The Other ◽  
Constitutional History ◽  
Norman Conquest ◽  
The Past ◽  
Academic Standing ◽  
Narrow Focus ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Printed Sources

E. A. Freeman’s History of the Norman Conquest was the work which he hoped would cement his academic standing and, at the time it was begun, finally secure a chair at Oxford. The work was initially conceived as a single volume which grew to five and an index volume. It exhibits both Freeman’s strengths and weaknesses: on the one hand his knowledge of the printed sources and topography of the sites discussed and, on the other, his stress on the Teutonic descent of the English, his over-readiness to see the present in the past, his narrow focus on political and constitutional history, and his overblown language. This essay explores the work in the context in which it was written, and its place in the historiography of the Norman Conquest.

scholarly journals The ethos of emigrant and Ferenc Puskás compared to other participants in the Olympic Games

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 41-54
Author(s):  
Mateusz Rozmiarek ◽  
Adam Szabelski
Keyword(s):  
Olympic Games ◽  
The Other ◽  
Physical Culture ◽  
Decision To Leave ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
The Olympic Games

The emigrants ethos may be related to physical culture. On the pages of the history of sport or Olympism we can find examples of many athletes who, motivated by different goals, chose their native countries. One of them was the desire to succeed and win the sports championship. It turns out that during the first Olympic Games such a trend was noticeable, although the subsequent games also confirm it. The topic, which has caused many problems in the past, should be considered from the perspective of two levels, emigration before gaining the planned achievement, as well as the decision to leave after achieving major victories. Examples confirming both variants in this article might be on the one hand the numerous cases of participants of the first Olympic Games (what was shown on the example of athletes participating in the I, the II and the III Olympics), and on the other the biography of the outstandingHungarian footballer Ferenc Puskás, who decided to emigrate for many years because of the internal situation in his country, and not the desire to profit or gain greater fame.

scholarly journals Teorías analíticas de las emociones: el debate actual y sus precedentes históricos

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Íngrid Vendrell Ferran
Keyword(s):  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Analytical Philosophy ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Historical Developments

RESUMENDurante los últimos años, la filosofía analítica ha centrado su interés en la temática de las emociones y se han elaborado las más diversas teorías. En este artículo me propongo, por un lado, exponer las principales líneas de investigación actuales sobre las emociones y desarrollar los argumentos en favor y en contra cada una de ellas con el fin de perfilar mi propia posición; por otro lado, voy a presentar los desarrollos históricos precedentes a las teorías analíticas mostrando que la historia de la filosofía no ha relegado las emociones al olvido.PALABRAS CLAVEEMOCIÓN, FILOSOFÍA ANALÍTICA, TEORÍAS DEL SENTIR, TEORÍAS COGNITIVISTAS.ABSTRACTEmotions are one of the topics that have caught the attention of analytical philosophy during the past years, and philosophers have developed different theories in this field. In this article, I shall present the main lines of investigation in the current debate on emotions and explain the arguments in favour and against each of them in order to build up my own position on the one hand, and, present the historical developments previous to the analytical theories, showing that the history of philosophy has always had an interest in emotions as a topic on the other hand.KEY WORDSEMOTION, ANALYTICAL PHILOSOPHY, FEELING THEORIES, COGNITIVISTIC THEORIES

scholarly journals Caesura of History: Performing Greek Tragedy after Brecht

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 241
Author(s):  
Matthias Dreyer
Keyword(s):  
Greek Tragedy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
A Site ◽  
Established Order ◽  
The Way

Taking into account the intertwining of the theory of tragedy on the one hand and theatrical work on ancient tragic texts on the other, the paper explores the way in which tragedy poses the question of history. This is especially the case in conceptions of tragedy as an interruption in a continuum. Hölderlin’s idea of caesura, its reflection in Benjamin’s understanding of tragedy as a revision of myth are in the center of a critical dramaturgy of this kind. By analysing Brecht’s work on Antigone as well as the stagings of critical theatre makers that came after Brecht (Einar Schleef, Dimiter Gotscheff), the paper shows the consequences of the concept ‘tragedy as caesura‘ on the level of the aesthetics of the theatre, unclosing in a radical way the temporality of the tragic process. From this point of view, tragedy is understood as a site of encounter with the persisting powers of the past; as reflexive rupture in the transition between times, that undermines the established order, but without, however, arriving at a new one. Although in the history of theatre and thought tragedy has been too often associated with the universal and timeless, how is it possible to think of historicity in a way negating submission under the universal without losing the genre of tragedy itself?

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