scholarly journals Problemas en la relación médico-enfermo y ética de las virtudes como propuesta de solución

2014 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime Vilarroig Martín

L’articolo si compone di due parti. La prima si occupa di alcune importanti questioni concernenti la relazione medico-paziente, quali il diritto all’informazione, il consenso informato, le direttive anticipate, il diritto alla riservatezza, l’obiezione di coscienza e così via. Tutti questi argomenti vengono discussi alla luce della relazione medico-paziente e viene mostrato come siano tutti accomunati da mancanza di fiducia. La seconda parte mette in evidenza come recuperare questa fiducia attraverso l’etica della virtù (in contrapposizione all’etica dei doveri di Kant o l’utilitarismo etico di Stuart Mill). A titolo esemplificativo, viene proposta la soluzione dei problemi delineati nella prima parte, mostrando alcune particolari virtù mediche. Come esempio, viene proposta la soluzione dei problemi delineati nella prima parte, mostrando alcune particolari virtù mediche. Viene poi proposto un adattamento delle virtù cardinali della Organizzazione della Sanità (prudenza, giustizia, fortezza, temperanza) e si discutono le virtù cardinali del medico proposte da Beauchamp e Childress (compassione, intuizione, affidabilità e integrità) con una proposta di approfondimento. Infine, si tenta una lettura antropologica delle virtù teologiche (fede, speranza e carità) applicate al mondo medico. ---------- This article has two parts. The first deals with some important issues about the doctor-patient relationship, such as the right to information, informed consent, advance directives, the right to confidentiality, conscientious objection, and so on. It shows how they all appear in the doctor-patient relationship, and how they all indicate a lack of confidence as a common origin. The second part deals with how to recover this lost confidence through ethics of virtue (versus Kant’s ethics of duties, or Stuart Mill’s utilitarian ethics). As an example, we propose the solution of the problems outlined in the first part, showing some particular medical virtues. We propose an adaptation of the World Health cardinal virtues (prudence, justice, fortitude, temperance), and we discuss the physician’s cardinal virtues proposed by Beauchamp and Childress (compassion, insight, trustworthiness and integrity) adding a proposal to investigate in this way. Finally, it attempts an anthropological reading of the theological virtues (faith, hope and charity) applied to the medical world.

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (7) ◽  
pp. 356-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Silverston

Choosing the right treatment for the patient requires that the right diagnosis is made first. In primary and ambulatory care, however, diagnostic errors are both common and commonly preventable. The World Health Organization has recommended that all health professionals should receive formal training in the principles of diagnostic reasoning and the causes of diagnostic error, and that strategies and interventions to reduce the risk of diagnostic error should be used in clinical practice. This article describes a mnemonic checklist, SAFER PRACTICES, which can be used in an integrated approach to the prevention and detection of diagnostic errors that starts in the classroom and continues through to the consulting room.


2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerome Bickenbach

Argumentation theory has much to offer our understanding of the doctor-patient relationship as it plays out in the context of seeking and obtaining consent to treatment. In order to harness the power of argumentation theory in this regard, I argue, it is necessary to take into account insights from the legal and bioethical dimensions of informed consent, and in particular to account for features of the interaction that make it psychologically complex: that there is a fundamental asymmetry of authority, power and expertise between doctor and patient; that, given the potential for coercion, it is a challenge to preserve the interactive balance presumed by the requirement of informed consent; and finally that the necessary condition that patients be ‘competent to consent’ may undermine the requirement of respecting patient autonomy. I argue argumentation theory has the resources to deal with these challenges and expand our knowledge, and appreciation, of the informed consent interaction in health care.


2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mette Hartlev

AbstractIn this article, the author explores the nature of confidentiality in the doctor-patient relationship and discusses the extent to which patient's rights to confidentiality, privacy and autonomy are balanced by a professional interest in good care and the organizational interest in administrative efficiency.


2021 ◽  
Vol 126 ◽  
pp. 06007
Author(s):  
Oleg Tkach ◽  
Оleh Batrymenko ◽  
Dmytro Nelipa ◽  
Mykola Khylko

The article considers topical issues of the threat of collapse of democracy. Examples of the democracy collapse have shown the lack of free and fair elections in the world, which threatens the independence of the judiciary, restrictions on the right to freedom of speech, which limits the ability of the political opposition to challenge the government, to prosecute, to offer alternatives to the regime. The collapse of democracy in connection with the spread of COVID-19 is being considered, as the democratic spectrum has repeatedly resorted to excessive control, discriminatory restrictions on freedoms such as movement and assembly, and arbitrary or coercive coercion. Attention is drawn to the fact that the outbreak of coronavirus COVID-19 has led to the introduction in all countries of restrictions on the rights and freedoms of the individual in order to prevent the spread of this infectious disease, declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization. Thus, the unusual nature of the COVID - 19 coronavirus pandemic poses numerous dilemmas to the public, governments, parliaments, the judiciary, law enforcement and many other actors when it comes to the need for effective protection of health and, ultimately, human life, as well as adherence to and ensuring the fundamental democratic principles of man and society.


2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-40
Author(s):  
Budiana Setiawan

The percentage of green open space (RTH) in Jakarta is only 9.6%. It is very lower than the minimum limit which be set by the World Health Organization (WHO), which is 30% of total area of a city. One cause of the least of remaining green open space in Jakarta is the fast growing of settlements. To prevent green open space in Jakarta is not diminished, Jakarta Provincial Government needs to change the strategy of development of settlements from horizontal to vertical. Vertical settlement is shaped in flats or apartments. Flats or apartments are the right alternative to answer the high demand of land for settlement on one side and still be able to maintain the integrity of the vast green open space on the other side. Despite this effort to realize the vertical settlements are blocked by three factors, i.e.: society, developer, and the Provincial Government of Jakarta. To overcome these problems, there are three factors to consider in determining government policy, namely: discourse / narratives, politic interest, and actors / network.


1991 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-278
Author(s):  
Maniza S. Zaman ◽  
Sandro Calvani

AbstractThe World Health Organization, Panafrican Centre for Emergency Preparedness and Response (WHO/EPR) was established in 1988, and officially opened in March 1989, as a practical and functional response to the identified need for a regional institution to deal effectively with the health and related consequences of both natural and man-made disasters. The principal objective of the Centre is to aid member countries in the prevention and/or reduction of the adverse health effects of disasters, be they direct or indirect, by strengthening national capacities for disaster preparedness and response. The WHO has reoriented its disaster operations unit to incorporate preparedness activities, particularly within an overall developmental framework which is crucial for reducing losses, both human and material, in the event of a disaster. In keeping with this focus, the Centre has defined its goals and activities: development of national disaster preparedness programs; training of national and international personnel in health emergency preparedness and response; production and dissemination of technical publications on disaster preparedness and management; undertaking risk assessment missions; and executing relevant research projects.


Author(s):  
John M. Quinn ◽  
Christian Haggenmiller ◽  
James M. Wilson ◽  
Tracey McNamara ◽  
Stefan Goebbels ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT Over the past decade, the World Health Summit (WHS) has provided a global platform for policy-makers and decision-makers to interact with academics and practitioners on global health. Recently the WHS adopted health security into their agenda for transnational disease risks (eg, Ebola and antimicrobial resistance) that increasingly threaten multiple sectors. Global health engagement (GHE) focuses efforts across interdisciplinary and interorganizational lines to identify critical threats and provide rapid deployment of key resources at the right time for addressing health security risks. As a product of subject matter experts convening at the WHS, a special side-group has organically risen with leadership and coordination from the German Institute for Defense and Strategic Studies in support of GHE activities across governmental, academic, and industry partners. Through novel approaches and targeted methodology that maximize outcomes and streamline global health operational process, the Global Health Security Alliance (GloHSA) was born. This short conference report describes in more detail the GloHSA.


Author(s):  
Elena Frolova

Brazil is the largest country in South America both in terms of population and area, while the country ranks fifth in the world in terms of territory. About 200 million people live in the country, the average life expectancy as of 2019 was 75.7 years, Portuguese is official language. Healthcare in Brazil at the present stage occupies a rightful place in the ranking of world health care systems. Not much is allocated for healthcare needs according to the European standards — about 8.5 % of GDP. However 1 % from any banking transaction in the country goes for medicine. At the same time the state pays close attention to health issues, fully providing financing for such costly areas as the treatment of HIV-associated pathology and hepatitis C, hemodialysis, and insulin therapy. But it was not always this way. Until 1988, before the right of all citizens to receive guaranteed medical care was enshrined in the Brazilian Constitution, healthcare in the country was available only to wealthy segments of the population, while the poor could only rely on the provision of medical services as part of charity. National Health System was established in the country in 1990 due to the adoption of the Constitution, which proclaimed the right to health as one of the fundamental human rights. Today, this system is one of the largest public health systems in the world, which covers provision of health care for about 200 million people. The country moved from the category of «recipient» of medical care at the world level to the category of «donor» not so long ago, and is very successful in this. This is one of the few states where public health interests of the nation are put above economic ones. This fact was confirmed during the tobacco control company. Brazil, being a major exporter of tobacco products, took an active part in this company, despite the fact that it suffered major economic losses [1].


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