scholarly journals Evaluating adult decision-making modifiers in support of youth contact sports participation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allyssa K. Memmini ◽  
Kathryn L. Van Pelt ◽  
Alissa H. Wicklund ◽  
Katherine M. Breedlove ◽  
Steven P. Broglio
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Sport Participation ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Sports Participation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ice Hockey ◽  
Child Gender ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Contact Sports

Context: Nearly 44 million youth participate in organized youth sports programs in the United States (US). However, approximately 25% of parents have considered removing their children from sports due to fear of concussion. Objective: To determine which adult decision-making modifiers (e.g., gender, educational attainment, career type, etc.) influence support for youth contact sports participation. Design: Survey research. Setting: Midwestern university and medical center. Patients or Other Participants: Convenience sample of staff and faculty (N=5761; 73.9% female) from 2017–2018. Main Outcome Measures: Support of youth contact sports participation using multivariate binary logistic regression to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Results: The sample was split between adults with children (AWC; n=3465, age=45.39±13.27 years, 76.72% female) and adults without children (AWOC; n=2296, age=30.84±9.01 years, 70.26% female). Among AWC, those who obtained a Bachelor's degree or higher were more likely to support contact sports participation. Females were more inclined to allow all contact sports, specifically football (2.22; CI=1.64,3.01) and ice hockey (1.98; CI=1.42,2.78). Overall, previous adult sport participation, increasing number of children, and child gender were significant modifying variables in greater support of youth contact sports participation amongst AWC (p's<.001). In AWOC, previous sports participation in football (3.27; CI=2.14,4.87), ice hockey (4.26; CI=2.23,8.17), and soccer (2.29; CI=1.48,3.54) increased the likelihood of an adult supporting contact sports participation. Lastly, all adults were less inclined to support a daughter to participate in any contact sport compared to a son. Conclusions: These results unveil adult and child-specific variables which may influence youth contact sports participation. These decisions may be developed through the lens of certain gender role beliefs and may lead adults to perceive certain sports to be appropriate for sons compared to daughters.

scholarly journals Shed-MEDS: pilot of a patient-centered deprescribing framework reduces medications in hospitalized older adults being transferred to inpatient postacute care

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 523-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alec W. Petersen ◽  
Avantika S. Shah ◽  
Sandra F. Simmons ◽  
Matthew S. Shotwell ◽  
J. Mary Lou Jacobsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Usual Care ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Academic Medical Center ◽  
The United States ◽  
Patient Centered ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Point Reduction ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hospitalized Older Adults

Background: Polypharmacy is common in hospitalized older adults. Deprescribing interventions are not well described in the acute-care setting. The objective of this study was to describe a hospital-based, patient-centered deprescribing protocol (Shed-MEDS) and report pilot results. Methods: This was a pilot study set in one academic medical center in the United States. Participants consisted of a convenience sample of 40 Medicare-eligible, hospitalized patients with at least five prescribed medications. A deprescribing protocol (Shed-MEDS) was implemented among 20 intervention and 20 usual care control patients during their hospital stay. The primary outcome was the total number of medications deprescribed from hospital enrollment. Deprescribed was defined as medication termination or dose reduction. Enrollment medications reflected all prehospital medications and active in-hospital medications. Baseline characteristics and outcomes were compared between the intervention and usual care groups using simple logistic or linear regression for categorical and continuous measures, respectively. Results: There was no significant difference between groups in mean age, sex or Charlson comorbidity index. The intervention and control groups had a comparable number of medications at enrollment, 25.2 (±6.3) and 23.4 (±3.8), respectively. The number of prehospital medications in each group was 13.3 (±4.6) and 15.3 (±4.6), respectively. The Shed-MEDS protocol compared with usual care significantly increased the mean number of deprescribed medications at hospital discharge and reduced the total medication burden by 11.6 versus 9.1 ( p = 0.032) medications. The deprescribing intervention was associated with a difference of 4.6 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.5–6.7, p < 0.001] in deprescribed medications and a 0.5 point reduction (95% CI −0.01 to 1.1) in the drug burden index. Conclusions: A hospital-based, patient-centered deprescribing intervention is feasible and may reduce the medication burden in older adults.

scholarly journals Age of First Exposure to Contact Sports and Neurocognitive Performance in U.S. Service Academy Athletes

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 753-753
Author(s):  
J B Caccese ◽  
G L Iverson ◽  
K L Cameron ◽  
M N Houston ◽  
G T McGinty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Symptom Severity ◽  
Sports Participation ◽  
Ice Hockey ◽  
Motor Speed ◽  
Neurocognitive Performance ◽  
Contact Sports ◽  
Visual Motor ◽  
Service Academy ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Purpose To examine the association between estimated age of first exposure (eAFE) to contact sports and neurocognitive performance and symptom ratings in collegiate U.S. Military Service Academy athletes. We hypothesized that contact-sports participation before the age of 12 would not be associated with worse neuropsychological test performance or greater symptom reporting. Methods Male cadets (N=891) who participated in contact sports [i.e., in lacrosse (n=211), wrestling (n=170), ice hockey (n=81), soccer (n=119), rugby (n=10)], or non-contact sports (n=298), completed the Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) test before the season. Generalized linear modeling was used to predict each cognitive domain score and the symptom severity score. Predictor variables were entered in the following order: group (contact vs. non-contact), eAFE (eAFE<12 vs. eAFE≥12), group-by-eAFE, and covariates for learning accommodation status, concussion history, and age. Results The group-by-eAFE interaction was not significant for any of the ImPACT composite scores (Verbal Memory, Wald Χ2=.073, p=.788; Visual Memory, Wald Χ2=2.71, p=.100; Visual Motor Speed, Wald Χ2=.078, p=.780; Reaction Time, Wald Χ2=.003, p=.955; Symptom Severity, Wald Χ2=2.87, p=.090). Learning accommodation history was associated with lower scores on Visual Motor Speed (Χ2=6.19, p=.013, B=-2.97). Older age was associated with faster reaction time (Χ2=4.40, p=.036, B=-.006) and lesser symptom severity (Χ2=5.55, p=.019, B=-.068). No other parameters were significant. Conclusion We observed no association between eAFE, contact-sport participation, cognitive functioning, or subjectively-experienced symptoms in this cohort. Earlier eAFE to RHI is not related to worse neurocognitive performance or greater subjectively-experienced symptoms in collegiate student-athletes enrolled in military academies.

scholarly journals Concussion Symptom Characteristics and Resolution in 20 United States High School Sports, 2013/14-2017/18 Academic Years

Neurosurgery ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 573-583
Author(s):  
Avinash Chandran ◽  
Zachary Y Kerr ◽  
Patricia R Roby ◽  
Aliza K Nedimyer ◽  
Alan Arakkal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
High School ◽  
The United States ◽  
Return To Play ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Loss Of Consciousness ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Contact Sports ◽  
Symptom Prevalence

Abstract BACKGROUND High school (HS) sport-related concussions (SRCs) remain a public health concern in the United States. OBJECTIVE To describe patterns in symptom prevalence, symptom resolution time (SRT), and return-to-play time (RTP) for SRCs sustained in 20 HS sports during the 2013/14-2017/18 academic years. METHODS A convenience sample of athletic trainers reported concussion information to the HS RIOTM surveillance system. Symptom prevalence, average number of symptoms, and SRT and RTP distributions were examined and compared by event type (practice, competition), injury mechanism (person contact, nonperson contact), sex, and contact level (collision, high contact, and low contact) with chi-square tests and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. RESULTS Among all SRCs (n = 9542), headache (94.5%), dizziness (73.8%), and difficulty concentrating (56.0%) were commonly reported symptoms. On average, 4.7 ± 2.4 symptoms were reported per SRC. Overall, 51.3% had symptoms resolve in &lt;7 d, yet only 7.9% had RTP &lt; 7 d. Differential prevalence of amnesia was seen between practice and competition-related SRCs (8.8% vs 13.0%; P &lt; .001); nonperson-contact and person-contact SRCs (9.3% vs 12.7%; P &lt; .001); and female and male SRCs in low-contact sports (5.8% vs 17.5%; P &lt; .001). Differential prevalence of loss of consciousness was seen between practice and game-related SRCs (1.3% vs 3.2%; P &lt; .001); and female and male SRCs in high contact sports (1.2% vs 4.0%; P &lt; .001). Differential longer SRT (&gt;21 d) was seen between new and recurrent SRCs (9.4% vs 15.9%; P &lt; .001). CONCLUSION Headache was the most commonly reported symptom. Notable group differences in the prevalence of amnesia, loss of consciousness, and SRT may be associated with more severe SRCs, warranting further attention.

scholarly journals The Impact of Parental Incarceration on Sport Participation Trajectories from Adolescence to Young Adulthood

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (14) ◽  
pp. 5229
Author(s):  
Ji-Won Park ◽  
Jongnam Hwang ◽  
Chung Gun Lee ◽  
Hyoyeon Ahn ◽  
Hanbeom Kim
Keyword(s):  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Sport Participation ◽  
Sports Participation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Parental Incarceration ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Impact

Given the potential negative effects of parental incarceration on millions of people, it is critical to examine the possible short- and long-term effects of parental incarceration on individuals. This study examines the effect of parental incarceration on the sports participation trajectories of children ranging from adolescence to young adulthood. Group-based trajectory models were set up using SAS analytics software to examine how parental incarceration affects the sports participation trajectories of children from adolescence to young adulthood. Data were drawn from the first four waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health in the United States (N = 6504). Neither paternal nor maternal incarceration had any significant effect on the trajectories of male participants. On the other hand, females who experienced father incarceration were more likely to be in the low-stable versus high-decreasing group (coefficient = −0.721, p < 0.05). Based on the results of this study, we conclude that programs promoting sports participation are needed for females who have experienced paternal incarceration. The results of this study also suggest that group-based trajectory modeling is a useful technique to examine the trajectories of sports participation from adolescence through to young adulthood.

scholarly journals Medical Students’ Knowledge and Attitudes Toward Shared Decision Making: Results From a Multinational, Cross-Sectional Survey

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 238146831988587
Author(s):  
Renata W. Yen ◽  
Paul J. Barr ◽  
Nan Cochran ◽  
Johanna W. Aarts ◽  
France Légaré ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Risk Communication ◽  
Shared Decision Making ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Medical Schools ◽  
The United States ◽  
Shared Decision ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Convenience Sample

Introduction. We aimed to conduct a multinational cross-sectional online survey of medical students’ attitudes toward, knowledge of, and experience with shared decision making (SDM). Methods. We conducted the survey from September 2016 until May 2017 using the following: 1) a convenience sample of students from four medical schools each in Canada, the United States, and the Netherlands ( n = 12), and 2) all medical schools in the United Kingdom through the British Medical School Council ( n = 32). We also distributed the survey through social media. Results. A total of 765 students read the information sheet and 619 completed the survey. Average age was 24, 69% were female. Mean SDM knowledge score was 83.6% (range = 18.8% to 100%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 82.8% to 84.5%). US students had the highest knowledge scores (86.2%, 95% CI = 84.8% to 87.6%). The mean risk communication score was 57.4% (range = 0% to 100%; 95% CI = 57.4% to 60.1%). Knowledge did not vary with age, race, gender, school, or school year. Attitudes were positive, except 46% believed SDM could only be done with higher educated patients, and 80.9% disagreed that physician payment should be linked to SDM performance (increased with years in training, P < 0.05). Attitudes did not vary due to any tested variable. Students indicated they were more likely than experienced clinicians to practice SDM (72.1% v. 48.8%). A total of 74.7% reported prior SDM training and 82.8% were interested in learning more about SDM. Discussion. SDM knowledge is high among medical students in all four countries. Risk communication is less well understood. Attitudes indicate that further research is needed to understand how medical schools deliver and integrate SDM training into existing curricula.

scholarly journals CONTACT AND COLLISION SPORTS PARTICIPATION DURING ADOLESCENCE IS ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED ANXIETY AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4_suppl3) ◽  
pp. 2325967120S0016
Author(s):  
David R. Howell ◽  
Scott Laker ◽  
Michael W. Kirkwood ◽  
Julie Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Sport Participation ◽  
Sports Participation ◽  
Contact Sport ◽  
Young Athletes ◽  
Contact Sports ◽  
Acute Fracture ◽  
History Of ◽  
Domain Scores

Background: Recently, participation in contact and/or collision youth sports has received attention due to concern over exposure to repetitive head impacts. However, few studies have examined the relative risks and benefits of participation in contact and/or collision sports among young athletes currently engaged in these sports. Purposes and Hypotheses: We sought to examine whether participation in contact and/or collision sports during adolescence would be associated with quality of life (QOL) among a sample of healthy adolescent athletes undergoing a pre-participation examination. We hypothesized QOL domains scores would be similar between contact/collision and no/limited contact sport athletes. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of adolescent athletes undergoing a pre-participation physical examination. During the assessment, participants completed a sport participation questionnaire and the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pediatric-25 Profile, a measure of health-related quality of life. We grouped patients based on reported organized contact/collision or limited/non-contact sports participation in the past year, as delineated by Rice (2008). We compared PROMIS domain scores between groups using Mann-Whitney U tests, and used multivariable linear regression to identify the association between PROMIS domains scores and contact/collision sport participation while adjusting for covariates (sex, age, height, history of bone, muscle, ligament, or tendon injury, history of acute fracture or dislocation) in separate models. Results: A total of 281 adolescents participated: 143 (51%) reported contact or collision sport participation in the year prior to the study. There was a significantly greater proportion of females in the no/limited contact sport group compared to the contact/collision sport group (Table 1). There was a significantly greater proportion of contact/collision sport athletes who reported past bone, muscle, ligament, or tendon injuries and acute fracture or dislocation injuries compared to no/limited contact sport athletes (Table 1). Upon univariable comparison, those in the contact/collision sport group reported significantly lower anxiety and depressive symptom domain scores than the no/limited contact sport group (Table 2). After covariate adjustment, contact/collision sport participation was significantly associated with lower anxiety and depressive symptom domain scores (Table 3). Conclusion: Adolescents participating in organized contact/collision sports reported lower anxiety and depressive symptoms than adolescents participating in no/limited contact sports. These results reinforce the need to re-examine assumptions that youth contact/collision sports are necessarily associated with negative quality of life. Future prospective studies will be required to better understand any causal relationship between contact sports and psychological well-being in young athletes, both in the short- and long-term. [Table: see text][Table: see text][Table: see text]

scholarly journals Evaluation of Penicillin Allergies and an Allergy Assessment Pilot in the Emergency Department

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (S1) ◽  
pp. s39-s39
Author(s):  
Ashlyn Norris ◽  
Kalynn Northam ◽  
Lindsay Daniels ◽  
Mildred Kwan ◽  
Gary Burke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
The United States ◽  
Infectious Complications ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Patient Interview ◽  
The Us ◽  
Ige Mediated ◽  
The Impact

Penicillin (PCN) allergy is one of the most frequently reported medication allergies, with ~10% of the US population reporting a PCN allergy. However, studies have shown that only 1% of the US population have a true IgE-mediated reaction to PCN. Delabeling and appropriately updating patient allergy profiles could decrease the use of alternative broad-spectrum antibiotics, rates of infectious complications [C. difficile, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE)], antibiotic resistance, and overall healthcare cost. The emergency department (ED) is an important setting in which to assess PCN allergies and to delabel patients when appropriate because there are >130 million ED visits in the United States each year. We sought to determine the percentage of PCN allergy–labeled patients who could be delabeled through a PCN allergy assessment interview in an ED. Key secondary outcomes included the percentage of interviewed patients who could not be delabeled based on history alone but would be eligible for an amoxicillin oral challenge or a PCN skin test (PST). A prospective PCN allergy assessment pilot was performed for patients aged >18 years presenting to the UNC Medical Center ED between December 1 and December 17, 2020, with a documented PCN allergy. A pharmacist conducted penicillin allergy assessments on a convenience sample of patients presenting to the ED between 8 a.m. and 3 p.m. on weekdays. Based on patients’ reported and documented histories, charts were updated with the most accurate information and allergies were delabeled if appropriate. In total, 95 patients were assessed; 62 (65.3%) were interviewed and 15 (24.2%) were delabeled. In addition, 26 patients (41.9%) were deemed eligible for an oral amoxicillin challenge, 19 (30.6%) qualified for a PST, and 2 (3.2%) patients did not qualify for further assessment due to having a an IgE-mediated reaction in the past 5 years. Of the 15 patients who were delabeled, 6 (40.0%) received antibiotics during their admission: 4 (73.3%) of those patients received a penicillin and 2 (36.7%) received a cephalosporin, all without adverse reactions. Patient assessments took ~20 minutes to complete, including chart review, patient interview, and postinterview chart updating. The results from this pilot study demonstrate the impact of performing PCN allergy assessments in ED. Interdisciplinary opportunities should be explored to develop processes that will improve the efficiency and sustainability of PCN allergy assessments within the ED to allow this important stewardship intervention to continue.Funding: NoDisclosures: None

scholarly journals Ethical aspects of organized contact sports for children as participants

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 1823
Author(s):  
Arturo Leyva
Keyword(s):  
Sport Participation ◽  
Leisure Activity ◽  
Sports Participation ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
American Football ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Contact Sports ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Management Procedures ◽  
Adolescent Participation

This paper seeks to review the literature and address ethical implications of organized contact sports, such as American football and boxing, with significant child or adolescent participation. Child and adolescent sport participation act not only as a leisure activity, but also improves physical health and enhances psychological and social health outcomes. However, playing sports may also have negative physiological effects, such as sports-related concussions (SRCs) - a form of traumatic brain injury (TBI) - which are an emerging public health concern. This paper review and explores ethical implications of contact sports in the scientific literature and demonstrates challenged faced on philosophical deliberation on the ethical implications of SRCs and RHIs due to complexities of these conditions and their identification and treatment involving a wide variety of practical situations, which formal sports rules may not adequately address. Since scholarly literature has yet to arrive at a consensus concerning causal link(s) between contact sports participation and significant concussion-related brain damage, the paper argues in favor of strengthening concussion preventive measures, identification protocols and management procedures in contact sports. This article rejects ethical paternalism on the basis of inconclusive empirical evidence concerning associations between contact sports participation and heightened SRC risk. It also rejects Mill’s argumentation against consensualism and suggests prevention is a better solution over inadequately founded philosophical ethical proposals favoring drastically reforming contact sports.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Injuries Sustained in Boys’ High School Contact and Collision Sports, 2008-2009 Through 2012-2013

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 232596712090369
Author(s):  
Erin Hammer ◽  
M. Alison Brooks ◽  
Scott Hetzel ◽  
Alan Arakkal ◽  
R. Dawn Comstock
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Sport Participation ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ice Hockey ◽  
Severe Injury ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Body Site ◽  
Time Loss ◽  
Patterns Of Injury

Background: Injury epidemiology for boys’ high school contact and collision sport has been described in several overlapping but fragmented studies. Comprehensive comparisons of injuries sustained in boys’ soccer, wrestling, football, ice hockey, and lacrosse are lacking. Purpose: To describe patterns of injury by severity, body site, and diagnosis among high school boys’ contact and collision sports in the United States. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Injury rates and rate ratios (RRs) were calculated for injuries sustained in boys’ high school soccer, wrestling, football, ice hockey, and lacrosse through use of the High School RIO (Reporting Information Online) surveillance data from 2008-2009 through 2012-2013. Injury patterns were described by site, diagnosis, time loss, and severity. Severe injury was defined as an injury that resulted in 21 days or more of time loss from sport participation. Risk of sustaining a concussion was compared between sports. Results: The risk of sustaining an injury was higher in competition compared with practice overall (RR, 4.01; 95% CI, 3.90-4.12); the same pattern was true for severe injuries (RR, 4.61; 95% CI, 4.34-4.90). Football players experienced the highest injury rate (3.87 per 1000 athlete-exposures [AEs]) and the highest severe injury rate (0.80 per 1000 AEs). Overall, the most commonly injured body site was the head/face (22.5%), and the most prevalent injury diagnosis was ligament sprain not requiring surgery (23.5%). The most frequently injured body site from severe injury was the knee (24.6%), and fracture or avulsion was the most prevalent severe injury diagnosis (37.0%). Football players had a significantly higher risk of sustaining a concussion compared with other contact or collision sport athletes ( P < .05). Conclusion: Injuries rates were higher in competition than those in practice for boys’ high school contact and collision athletes. Football players sustained the highest injury rate, the highest severe injury rate, and the highest concussion rate among the sports included in this analysis. Understanding these patterns of injury can generate policy and rule changes to make sports safer and maintain high levels of participation.

scholarly journals PDA Use by Clinicians has a Positive Impact on Clinical Decision Making

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Suzanne Pamela Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
The United States ◽  
Teaching Hospitals ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Attending Physicians ◽  
The Impact

A review of: Dee, Cheryl R., Marilyn Teolis, and Andrew D. Todd. “Physicians’ use of the personal digital assistant (PDA) in clinical decision making.” Journal of the Medical Library Association 93.4 (October 2005): 480-6. Objective – To examine how frequently attending physicians and physicians in training (medical students, interns and residents) used PDAs for patient care and to explore physicians’ perceptions of the impact of PDA use on several aspects of clinical care. Design – User study via a questionnaire. Setting – Teaching hospitals in Tennessee, Florida, Alabama, Kentucky, and Pennsylvania in the United States. Subjects – A convenience sample of fifty-nine attending physicians and forty-nine physicians in training (108 total), spread unevenly across the five states. Methods – Subjects were recruited by librarians at teaching hospitals to answer a questionnaire which was distributed and collected at medical meetings, as well as by email, mail, and fax. The subjects were required to have and use a PDA, but prior training on PDA use was not a requirement, nor was it offered to the subjects before the study. Most of the questions required the respondent to choose from five Likert scale answers regarding frequency of PDA use: almost always, often, a few times, rarely, or never. In the reporting of results, the options ‘almost always’ and ‘often’ were combined and reported as ‘frequent’, and the options ‘a few times’ and ‘rarely’, were combined and reported as ‘occasional’. Subjects could also record comments for each question, but only for affirmative responses. Subjects were asked about their frequency of PDA use before, during, or after a patient encounter. They were also asked if PDA use had influenced one or more of five aspects of clinical care – decision making, diagnosis, treatment, test ordering, and in-patient hospital length of stay. Data analysis included chi square tests to assess differences between attending physicians and physicians in training regarding frequency of PDA use and the influence of PDA use on the five aspects of clinical care. The subject population was also divided into frequent and occasional users of PDAs, and chi square testing was used to assess differences between these two groups regarding the influence of PDA use on clinical care. A significance value of P

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document