Lower Limb Joint Kinetics During Moderately Sloped Running

Abstract Context: Knowledge of the kinetic changes that occur during sloped running is important in understanding the adaptive gait-control mechanisms at work and can provide additional information about the poorly understood relationship between injury and changes in kinetic forces in the lower extremity. A study of these potential kinetic changes merits consideration, because training and return-to-activity programs are potentially modifiable factors for tissue stress and injury risk. Objective: To contribute further to the understanding of hill running by quantifying the 3-dimensional alterations in joint kinetics during moderately sloped decline, level, and incline running in a group of healthy runners. Design: Crossover study. Setting: Three-dimensional motion analysis laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Nineteen healthy young runners/joggers (age = 25.3 ± 2.5 years). Intervention(s): Participants ran at 3.13 m/s on a treadmill under the following 3 different running-surface slope conditions: 4° decline, level, and 4° incline. Main Outcome Measure(s): Lower extremity joint moments and powers and the 3 components of the ground reaction force. Results: Moderate changes in running-surface slope had a minimal effect on ankle, knee, and hip joint kinetics when velocity was held constant. Only changes in knee power absorption (increased with decline-slope running) and hip power (increased generation on incline-slope running and increased absorption on decline-slope running in early stance) were noted. We observed an increase only in the impact peak of the vertical ground reaction force component during decline-slope running, whereas the nonvertical components displayed no differences. Conclusions: Running style modifications associated with running on moderate slopes did not manifest as changes in 3-dimensional joint moments or in the active peaks of the ground reaction force. Our data indicate that running on level and moderately inclined slopes appears to be a safe component of training regimens and return-to-run protocols after injury.

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Lower Extremity Mechanics in Runners with a Converted Forefoot Strike Pattern

Journal of Applied Biomechanics ◽

10.1123/jab.16.2.210 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 210-218 ◽

Cited By ~ 101

Author(s):

Dorsey S. Williams ◽

Irene S. McClay ◽

Kurt T. Manal

Keyword(s):

Lower Extremity ◽

Ground Reaction Force ◽

Injury Risk ◽

Reaction Force ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽

Running Performance ◽

Vertical Ground ◽

The Impact

Runners are sometimes advised to alter their strike pattern as a means of increasing performance or in response to injury. The purpose of this study was to compare lower extremity mechanics of rearfoot strikers (RFS), who were instructed to run with a forefoot strike pattern (CFFS) to those of a preferred forefoot striker (FFS). Three-dimensional mechanics of 9 FFS and 9 CFFS were evaluated. Peak values for most kinematic and kinetic variables and all patterns of movement were not found to be statistically different between CFFS and FFS. Only peak vertical ground reaction force and peak ankle plantarflexion moment were found to be significantly lower (p ≤ .05) in the CFFS group. This suggests that RFS are able to assume a FFS pattern with very little practice that is very similar to that of a preferred FFS. The impact of changing one's strike pattern on injury risk and running performance needs further study.

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The Kinematics and Kinetics Analysis of the Lower Extremity in the Landing Phase of a Stop-jump Task

The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal ◽

10.2174/1874120701509010103 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 103-107 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

L Yin ◽

D Sun ◽

Q.C Mei ◽

Y.D Gu ◽

J.S Baker ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lower Extremity ◽

Ground Reaction Force ◽

Knee Flexion ◽

Reaction Force ◽

Flexion Angle ◽

Contact Phase ◽

Peak Knee ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Impact ◽

Kinematics And Kinetics

Large number of studies showed that landing with great impact forces may be a risk factor for knee injuries. The purpose of this study was to illustrate the different landing loads to lower extremity of both genders and examine the relationships among selected lower extremity kinematics and kinetics during the landing of a stop-jump task. A total of 35 male and 35 female healthy subjects were recruited in this study. Each subject executed five experiment actions. Lower extremity kinematics and kinetics were synchronously acquired. The comparison of lower extremity kinematics for different genders showed significant difference. The knee and hip maximum flexion angle, peak ground reaction force and peak knee extension moment have significantly decreased during the landing of the stop-jump task among the female subjects. The hip flexion angle at the initial foot contact phase showed significant correlation with peak ground reaction force during landing of the stop-jump task (r=-0.927, p<0.001). The knee flexion angle at the initial foot contact phase had significant correlation with peak ground reaction force and vertical ground reaction forces during landing of the stop-jump task (r=-0.908, p<0.001; r=0.812, P=0.002). A large hip and knee flexion angles at the initial foot contact with the ground did not necessarily reduce the impact force during landing, but active hip and knee flexion motions did. The hip and knee flexion motion of landing was an important technical factor that affects anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) loading during the landing of the stop-jump task.

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Effects of drop height and load on ground reaction force and joint kinetics of the lower extremity during the drop clean

Taiikugaku kenkyu (Japan Journal of Physical Education Health and Sport Sciences) ◽

10.5432/jjpehss.17060 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 63 (1) ◽

pp. 199-214

Author(s):

Ryohei Hayashi ◽

Takuya Yoshida ◽

Kiyonobu Kigoshi

Keyword(s):

Lower Extremity ◽

Ground Reaction Force ◽

Reaction Force ◽

Drop Height ◽

Joint Kinetics ◽

Kinetics Of

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The Effects of Track Turns on Lower Extremity Function

International Journal of Sport Biomechanics ◽

10.1123/ijsb.3.3.276 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 276-286 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Joseph Hamill ◽

Michael Murphy ◽

Donald Sussman

Keyword(s):

Lower Extremity ◽

Ground Reaction Force ◽

High Speed ◽

Reaction Force ◽

Lower Extremity Function ◽

Leg Injuries ◽

Left Lower Extremity ◽

Extremity Function ◽

The Right ◽

The Impact

The mechanics of moving along a curved path suggest that runners must change their body positions and thus adjust their lower extremity function as they accomplish a track turn. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the changes in the kinetics and kinematics of the lower extremity as runners proceed around the turn of a 400-m track (radius 31.5 m). Five skilled runners served as subjects in the study and were required to perform 10 trials in three conditions, running at 6.31 m/s plus or minus 5% (4:15 min/mile pace). The right and left limbs on a track turn and the right limb on the straightaway were evaluated using ground reaction force data and kinematic data from high-speed film. Statistical analysis of the 18 ground reaction force variables and 4 kinematic variables suggested that the right and left limbs at the midpoint of the track turn were asymmetrical and that most of the differences occurred in the first portion of the footfall Significant differences were found in the touchdown angle, maximum pronation angle, all mediolateral variables, and in the vertical variables describing the collision phase of the footfall (p < .05). The data suggest that the etiologies of injuries to the right and left lower extremity differ, with right foot injuries being of the impact type and left leg injuries being of the overpronation type.

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Do Surface Slope and Posture Influence Lower Extremity Joint Kinetics during Cycling?

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17082846 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (8) ◽

pp. 2846

Author(s):

Yunqi Tang ◽

Donghai Wang ◽

Yong Wang ◽

Keyi Yin ◽

Cui Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Knee Joint ◽

Lower Extremity ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Reaction Force ◽

Standing Position ◽

The Body ◽

Body Posture ◽

Mechanical Work ◽

Surface Slope ◽

Joint Kinetics

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of surface slope and body posture (i.e., seated and standing) on lower extremity joint kinetics during cycling. Fourteen participants cycled at 250 watts power in three cycling conditions: level seated, uphill seated and uphill standing at a 14% slope. A motion analysis system and custom instrumented pedal were used to collect the data of fifteen consecutive cycles of kinematics and pedal reaction force. One crank cycle was equally divided into four phases (90° for each phase). A two-factor repeated measures MANOVA was used to examine the effects of the slope and posture on the selected variables. Results showed that both slope and posture influenced joint moments and mechanical work in the hip, knee and ankle joints (p < 0.05). Specifically, the relative contribution of the knee joint to the total mechanical work increased when the body posture changed from a seated position to a standing position. In conclusion, both surface slope and body posture significantly influenced the lower extremity joint kinetics during cycling. Besides the hip joint, the knee joint also played the role as the power source during uphill standing cycling in the early downstroke phase. Therefore, adopting a standing posture for more power output during uphill cycling is recommended, but not for long periods, in view of the risk of knee injury.

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Effect of Asymmetrical Load Carrying on Joint Kinetics of the Lower Extremity During Walking in High-Heeled Shoes in Young Women

Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association ◽

10.7547/15-005 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 106 (4) ◽

pp. 257-264 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Soul Lee ◽

Lin Wang ◽

Jing Xian Li

Keyword(s):

Lower Extremity ◽

Young Women ◽

Reaction Force ◽

Knee Extension ◽

Lower Limbs ◽

Joint Moments ◽

Joint Kinetics ◽

Load Carrying ◽

Hip Abduction ◽

Kinetics Of

Background: Carrying a load asymmetrically and walking in high-heeled shoes are common in women. Knowledge of the effects of the two combined conditions on lower-limb kinetics is lacking. We sought to examine the effects of walking in high-heeled shoes and carrying an asymmetrical load on the joint kinetics of the lower extremity in young women. Methods: Fifteen participants were asked to walk in flat-heeled and 9-cm high-heeled shoes and to asymmetrically carry loads of 0% body weight (BW), 5% BW, and 10% BW. The three-dimensional joint moments of the hip, knee, and ankle in each of the walking conditions were studied through ground reaction force measurements and motion analysis. Results: Walking in high-heeled shoes and asymmetrically carrying a load of 5% or 10% BW resulted in significant differences in ankle joint moments of the loaded and unloaded lower limbs. Compared with walking in flat-heeled shoes, walking in high-heeled shoes and carrying a load asymmetrically significantly increased hip extension, hip abduction, knee extension, and knee adduction moments and decreased ankle plantar moment of the loaded leg. Walking in high-heeled shoes carrying a load of 10% BW resulted in greater significant changes in hip abduction, knee extension, and ankle dorsiflexion moments in the loaded leg than did carrying a load of 5% BW. Conclusions: These findings indicate that walking in high-heeled shoes and asymmetrical load carrying create significant differences in joint loading between the two limbs and alter lower-extremity kinetics.

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Ground Reaction Force in Sit-to-stand Reflects Lower-extremity Function Better than Timed Test in Older Adults

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise ◽

10.1249/01.mss.0000402599.20359.39 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 43 (Suppl 1) ◽

pp. 930-931

Author(s):

Taishi Tsuji ◽

Tomohiro Okura ◽

Kenji Tsunoda ◽

Yasuhiro Mitsuishi ◽

Naruki Kitano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Lower Extremity ◽

Ground Reaction Force ◽

Reaction Force ◽

Lower Extremity Function ◽

Sit To Stand ◽

Extremity Function ◽

Timed Test ◽

Better Than

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Biomechanics Differ for Individuals With Similar Self-Reported Characteristics of Patellofemoral Pain During a High-Demand Multiplanar Movement Task

Journal of Sport Rehabilitation ◽

10.1123/jsr.2020-0220 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Matthew K. Seeley ◽

Seong Jun Son ◽

Hyunsoo Kim ◽

J. Ty Hopkins

Keyword(s):

Ground Reaction Force ◽

Injury Risk ◽

Reaction Force ◽

Patellofemoral Pain ◽

Joint Torque ◽

Whole Body ◽

Ground Contact ◽

High Demand ◽

Contact Phase ◽

Hip Extension

Context: Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is often categorized by researchers and clinicians using subjective self-reported PFP characteristics; however, this practice might mask important differences in movement biomechanics between PFP patients. Objective: To determine whether biomechanical differences exist during a high-demand multiplanar movement task for PFP patients with similar self-reported PFP characteristics but different quadriceps activation levels. Design: Cross-sectional design. Setting: Biomechanics laboratory. Participants: A total of 15 quadriceps deficient and 15 quadriceps functional (QF) PFP patients with similar self-reported PFP characteristics. Intervention: In total, 5 trials of a high-demand multiplanar land, cut, and jump movement task were performed. Main Outcome Measures: Biomechanics were compared at each percentile of the ground contact phase of the movement task (α = .05) between the quadriceps deficient and QF groups. Biomechanical variables included (1) whole-body center of mass, trunk, hip, knee, and ankle kinematics; (2) hip, knee, and ankle kinetics; and (3) ground reaction forces. Results: The QF patients exhibited increased ground reaction force, joint torque, and movement, relative to the quadriceps deficient patients. The QF patients exhibited: (1) up to 90, 60, and 35 N more vertical, posterior, and medial ground reaction force at various times of the ground contact phase; (2) up to 4° more knee flexion during ground contact and up to 4° more plantarflexion and hip extension during the latter parts of ground contact; and (3) up to 26, 21, and 48 N·m more plantarflexion, knee extension, and hip extension torque, respectively, at various times of ground contact. Conclusions: PFP patients with similar self-reported PFP characteristics exhibit different movement biomechanics, and these differences depend upon quadriceps activation levels. These differences are important because movement biomechanics affect injury risk and athletic performance. In addition, these biomechanical differences indicate that different therapeutic interventions may be needed for PFP patients with similar self-reported PFP characteristics.

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