scholarly journals Risk of Injury in Basketball, Football, and Soccer Players, Ages 15 Years and Older, 2003–2007

2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 484-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Carter ◽  
Beverly J. Westerman ◽  
Katherine L. Hunting
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Emergency Department ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
Sports Injury ◽  
The United States ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Injury Rates ◽  
Risk Of Injury ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The U.S

Context: A major challenge in the field of sports injury epidemiology is identifying the appropriate denominators for injury rates. Objective: To characterize risk of injury from participation in basketball, football, and soccer in the United States, using hours of participation as the measure of exposure, and to compare these rates with those derived using population estimates in the denominator. Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Setting: United States, 2003–2007. Participants: People ages 15 years and older who experienced an emergency department–treated injury while playing basketball, football, or soccer. Main Outcome Measure(s): Rates of emergency department–treated injuries resulting from participation in basketball, football, or soccer. Injury rates were calculated for people ages 15 and older for the years 2003–2007 using the U.S. population and hours of participation as the denominators. The risk of injury associated with each of these sports was compared for all participants and by sex. Results: From 2003 through 2007, annual injury rates per 1000 U.S. population were as follows: 1.49 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.30, 1.67) in basketball, 0.93 (95% CI = 0.82, 1.04) in football, and 0.43 (95% CI = 0.33, 0.53) in soccer. When the denominator was hours of participation, the injury rate in football (5.08 [95% CI = 4.46, 5.69]/10 000 hours) was almost twice as high as that for basketball (2.69 [95% CI = 2.35, 3.02]/10 000 hours) and soccer (2.69 [95% CI = 2.07, 3.30]/10 000 hours). Conclusions: Depending on the choice of denominator, interpretation of the risk of an emergency department–treated injury in basketball, football, or soccer varies greatly. Using the U.S. population as the denominator produced rates that were highest in basketball and lowest in soccer. However, using hours of participation as a more accurate measure of exposure demonstrated that football had a higher rate of injury than basketball or soccer for both males and females.

Field Decontamination and Triage in Chemical Emergencies

1987 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-39
Author(s):  
Constance J. Doyle
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Emergency Department ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Hazardous Materials ◽  
The United States ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Environmental Cleanup ◽  
Materials Handling ◽  
Toxic Materials ◽  
The U.S

Triage and rescue of casualties from accidents involving hazardous materials is a challenge for many emergency medical services (EMS) personnel. With very toxic materials, the untrained and unprepared rescuer may become a victim. In addition, few hospitals in the United States have decontamination units attached to their emergency departments and emergency department personnel may become exposed if the casualty is not decontaminated. Many environmental cleanup teams, including the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) team, are well trained in materials handling but are not immediately available when a hazardous materials spill with personal injuries occurs.

scholarly journals Injuries in a Japanese Division I Collegiate American Football Team: A 3-Season Prospective Study

2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 818-825 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junta Iguchi ◽  
Yosuke Yamada ◽  
Misaka Kimura ◽  
Yoshihiko Fujisawa ◽  
Tatsuya Hojo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Prospective Study ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Football ◽  
Division I ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Injury Rates ◽  
Football Team ◽  
Collegiate Football

Context: Previous research on American football injuries in Japan has focused on incidence proportion in terms of the number of injuries divided by the number of players. This is the first study to examine injury rates over several seasons. Objective: To conduct a prospective study of injuries in a Japanese Division I collegiate American football team over the 2007 through 2009 seasons. Design: Cohort study. Setting: Collegiate football team at Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan. Patients or Other Participants: All 289 athletes who played on the collegiate Division I football team during the 2007 through 2009 seasons. Main Outcome Measure(s): A certified athletic trainer kept a daily record of all practice and game injuries. Injury rates were calculated according to season, injury type, body part, severity, and mechanism. Injuries were also analyzed according to position of player, school year, and playing experience. Results: The game injury rate (GIR; 32.7 injuries/1000 athlete-exposures) was higher than the practice injury rate (PIR; 10.9 injuries/1000 athlete-exposures) over the 3 seasons (P < .05). The PIR was higher among Japanese players than the comparable United States collegiate football injury rates (5.8–7.0 injuries/1000 athlete-exposures). Ankle and foot injuries occurred more frequently during games, whereas thigh and gluteal injuries occurred more frequently during practices. Conclusions: Our data show differences between games and practices in terms of injury rates, body parts injured, and positions of players injured. The high PIR in Japan may be due to the increased contact during practices and length of practices compared with the United States. Further research involving multiple teams is recommended to validate the trends noted in this study. The expanded data set could assist in the development of safety regulations and preventive interventions for Japanese football.

scholarly journals Catastrophic High School and Collegiate Cheerleading Injuries in the United States: An Examination of the 2006-2007 Basket Toss Rule Change

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca K. Yau ◽  
Savannah G. Dennis ◽  
Barry P. Boden ◽  
Robert C. Cantu ◽  
James A. Lord ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
High School ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Injury Rates ◽  
Rule Change ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact

Background: Cheerleading is a specialized athletic activity that can lead to catastrophic injuries. Cheerleading rules are in place to maximize safety of participants. The purpose of this study was to describe catastrophic cheerleading injuries among high school and collegiate-level participants in the United States and to explore whether the 2006-2007 basket toss rule change was effective at reducing the number of catastrophic injuries. Hypothesis: The 2006-2007 basket toss rule change contributed to a reduction in the number of catastrophic injuries among high school and collegiate cheerleaders. Study Design: Case series. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Methods: Data on catastrophic cheerleading injuries were collected by the National Center for Catastrophic Sport Injury Research from July 2002 to June 2017. Information collected included cheerleader, event, and injury characteristics. The impact of the 2006-2007 rule change banning the basket toss on any hard surfaces was assessed by comparing injury rates and 95% CIs before and after the rule change. Results: There were 54 catastrophic cheerleading injuries, or 3.6 injuries per year. From July 2002 through June 2017, the injury rate was 2.12 per 1,000,000 cheerleaders (95% CI, 1.56-2.69). Most cheerleaders sustained serious injuries (n = 27; 50%) during practice (n = 37; 69%) to the head (n = 28; 52%) and cervical spine (n = 17; 32%). From July 2002 through June 2017, basket tosses were the stunt that accounted for the highest proportion of injuries (n = 19; 35%). The basket toss injury rate decreased from 1.55 to 0.40 per 1,000,000 cheerleaders among both high school and collegiate cheerleaders after the rule change. Conclusion: Catastrophic injury rates in cheerleading decreased dramatically after the 2006-2007 rule change banning basket tosses from being performed on any hard surfaces. In particular, there was a nearly 4-fold reduction in the rate of catastrophic basket toss injuries.

scholarly journals Describing Success by Gender Through the U.S. Army Officer Evaluation System

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-63
Author(s):  
Ellie Senft ◽  
John Caddell ◽  
Julia Lensing
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Army ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Subjective Ratings ◽  
Evaluation Report ◽  
Army Officer ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The U.S

The United States Army uses both subjective and objective evaluation methods when assessing the performance of duties and potential for future service in the Officer Evaluation Report (OER). Males and females proportionally receive the same objective ratings, but on the surface, it is difficult to determine whether subjective ratings are equal. This paper seeks to examine the different ways success is described in each gender and how the OER follows or deviates from these trends. Upon examination of narratives written on the evaluation reports, many of the same words are used to describe success of males and females in the narratives written by their raters. The similarities amongst the reports suggest that the narratives follow a standardized format which may devalue their purpose of providing individualized feedback to the officer and to promotion boards.

scholarly journals Injuries in Japanese Junior Soccer Players During Games and Practices

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (12) ◽  
pp. 1147-1152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenji Kuzuhara ◽  
Masashi Shibata ◽  
Ryo Uchida
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
Sports Injury ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Injury Rates ◽  
Body Contact ◽  
Soccer Teams ◽  
Age Range

Context:  Soccer is the most popular junior sport in the world. In junior sports, injury analysis and injury-prevention measures for players, especially those under 12 years of age, are urgently needed. Objective:  To prospectively study the incidence, sites, types, and mechanisms of injuries in elementary school-aged junior soccer players during games and practices. Design:  Descriptive epidemiology study. Setting:  Elementary school-aged junior soccer teams in Nagoya, Japan. Patients or Other Participants:  Eighty-nine players in 5 community-based club teams of junior soccer (U-12, age range = 11–12 years; U-11, age range = 10–11 years; U-10, age ≤10 years). Main Outcome Measure(s):  Data on all game and practice injuries for the 2013–2014 season were collected using an injury report form. Injury rates were calculated according to injury site, type, and mechanism. Results:  The overall injury rate was 2.59/1000 athlete-hours (AHs). The game injury rate (GIR; 6.43/1000 AHs) was higher than the practice injury rate (PIR; 1.49/1000 AHs; P < .05). The most common anatomical areas of injury during games and practices were the lower limbs (62.5% and 4.02/1000 AHs versus 38.5% and 0.57/1000 AHs, respectively). Contusions (27.6%, n = 8) were the most frequent type of overall injuries. Most game injuries resulted from body contact (43.8%, 2.81/1000 AHs), whereas most practice injuries resulted from other types of contact (53.8%, 0.83/1000 AHs). Conclusions:  The GIRs were higher than the PIRs in Japanese junior soccer players. A lower overall PIR suggested that players in the U-12 age group practiced under appropriate conditions. However, the higher GIR in this age category needs to be decreased.

scholarly journals Injury Profile of Mixed Martial Arts Competitions in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 232596712199156
Author(s):  
Austin J. Ross ◽  
Bailey J. Ross ◽  
Tyler C. Zeoli ◽  
Symone M. Brown ◽  
Mary K. Mulcahey
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Martial Arts ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Mixed Martial Arts ◽  
Injury Rates ◽  
Competition Level ◽  
Small Sample Sizes

Background: The popularity of mixed martial arts (MMA) continues to grow in the United States. Although prior work has provided valuable insight concerning injuries in the sport, much of the available literature is limited by factors such as small sample sizes, varying athlete demographics, and inconsistent data collection methods. Purpose: To report injury rates and types in MMA and analyze potential variance between competition and match variables. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of injuries sustained by fighters during MMA contests between 2018 and 2019 using ringside physician postmatch injury reports from Wisconsin and Arizona. The prevalence of overall injuries and specific injury types was compared by location (Arizona vs Wisconsin), competition level (amateur vs professional), match result (decisions vs any other result), and match winners versus losers. Results: In 503 contests, 285 (57%) had at least 1 injury. In these 285 matches, participants experienced 401 injuries: 197 (49%) in professional bouts and 204 (51%) in amateur bouts. The match injury rate was higher in professional bouts than in amateur contests (68% vs 51%; P < .001). Amateur fighters had more contusions and hematomas (31% vs 22%; P < .001), while professional fighters had more lacerations (39% vs 23%; P < .001). Losers exhibited a higher match injury rate than winners (48% vs 24%; P < .001). Winners experienced a higher proportion of fractures (19% vs 9%; P = .005), and losers experienced more concussions (17% vs 2%; P < .001). Conclusion: Professional fighters and losers of MMA bouts exhibited higher injury rates relative to amateurs and winners. The prevalence of specific injury types varied by competition level, match result, and match winners versus losers. The results of this study may be used to better understand the current injury profile in MMA and to develop targeted strategies for injury prevention.

scholarly journals Gender and Criminal Justice Responses to Terrorism in the United States

2021 ◽  
pp. 001112872110475
Author(s):  
Summer M. Jackson ◽  
Katie Ratcliff ◽  
Jeff Gruenewald
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Justice System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Critical Gap ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Relevant Case ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The U.S

Generally, women receive more lenient treatment by the criminal justice system compared to men. Prior research on how gender shaped prosecutorial decision-making and sentencing outcomes has focused on conventional forms of crime, while less is known about how it operates in terrorism-related cases. This is a critical gap in a growing body of research on justice disparities given that women continue to make up a significant portion of terrorism defendants in the U.S. Utilizing data from the American Terrorism Study, we seek to answer how legal and extralegal case attributes of federal terrorism cases vary across gender, how gender shapes federal terrorism case outcomes, and how combinations of relevant case attributes uniquely impact court outcomes for males and females.

scholarly journals Injury Recurrence Among High School Athletes in the United States: A Decade of Patterns and Trends, 2005-2006 Through 2015-2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 232596711774578 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Linnea Welton ◽  
Matthew J. Kraeutler ◽  
Lauren A. Pierpoint ◽  
Justin H. Bartley ◽  
Eric C. McCarty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
Sports Injury ◽  
Body Part ◽  
The United States ◽  
High School Athletes ◽  
Injury Rates ◽  
School Sports ◽  
Recurrent Injuries ◽  
Over Time

Background: As participation in high school athletics increases, so does the number of adolescents experiencing sports-related injury. Understanding injury patterns is an important component to developing and evaluating prevention and rehabilitation programs. Purpose: To analyze recurrent injury rates and patterns among high school athletes, to compare recurrent injuries with new injuries, and to evaluate injury trends over time. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: High school sports injury data on 24 sports were collected from 2005-2006 through 2015-2016 via the High School RIO (Reporting Information Online) surveillance system. Injury rates were calculated as number of injuries per 10,000 athletic exposures (AEs). Injury rate ratios and injury proportion ratios (IPRs) were calculated to compare differences among subgroups. Results: Overall, 78,005 injuries were sustained during 40,195,806 AEs, for an injury rate of 19.41 per 10,000 AEs. Of these, 69,821 (89.5%) were new injuries, and 8184 (10.5%) were recurrent. The ankle was the most commonly injured body part among recurrent injuries, while the head/face was the most common body part that sustained new injuries. Ligament sprains were more often recurrent, while concussions were more commonly diagnosed as new, although concussions represented 16.7% of recurrent injuries. Trends for recurrent injuries over time were relatively stable. The proportion of athletes who had >3 weeks of time loss or medical disqualification (15.8% vs 13.3%; IPR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.13-1.26) or who voluntarily withdrew from sport (2.5% vs 1.1%; IPR, 2.33; 95% CI, 2.00-2.73) was significantly greater for recurrent injuries than new injuries. Furthermore, a greater proportion of recurrent injuries resulted in surgery (8.1% vs 6.0%; IPR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.24-1.46). Conclusion: Although only 10.5% of all injuries were recurrent, they more frequently resulted in missing >3 weeks of playing time and were more often managed surgically when compared with new injuries. The rate of recurrent injuries has not increased over the past decade.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Men's Basketball: 2014–2015 Through 2018–2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 (7) ◽  
pp. 681-687
Author(s):  
Sarah N. Morris ◽  
Avinash Chandran ◽  
Landon B. Lempke ◽  
Adrian J. Boltz ◽  
Hannah J. Robison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Ankle Sprain ◽  
Rate Ratio ◽  
National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Injury Rates ◽  
Men's Basketball ◽  
Rate Ratios

Context Basketball has remained a popular sport for players and spectators in the United States since before the first National Collegiate Athletic Association men's championship tournament in 1939. Background Routine examinations of men's basketball injuries are important for identifying emerging temporal patterns. Methods Exposure and injury data collected in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program during 2014–2015 through 2018–2019 athletic seasons were analyzed. Injury counts, rates, and proportions were used to describe injury characteristics, and injury rate ratios were used to examine differences in injury rates. Results The overall injury rate was 7.28 per 1000 athlete exposures, with competition rates twice those of practices (injury rate ratio = 2.07; 95% CI = 1.93, 2.22). Injuries to the ankle (22.2%), knee (13.0%), head/face (11.3%), and hand/wrist (10.1%) accounted for most reported injuries, with sprains (30.4%), contusions (14.3%), and strains (13.9%) most commonly reported. Ankle sprain rates initially trended upward and decreased between 2017–2018 and 2018–2019; concussion rates remained relatively stable during 2014–2015 through 2018–2019. Conclusions Findings suggest that common injury rates are trending downward relative to previous study findings.

The Concept of Sport Sampling Versus Sport Specialization: Preventing Youth Athlete Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (11) ◽  
pp. 2850-2857
Author(s):  
Seth L. Carder ◽  
Nicolas E. Giusti ◽  
Lisa M. Vopat ◽  
Armin Tarakemeh ◽  
Jordan Baker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
Sports Injury ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Injury Rates ◽  
Youth Athletes ◽  
Risk Of Injury ◽  
Youth Athlete ◽  
Athlete Injury

Background: The prevalence of youth athletes specializing in 1 sport has been increasing over the past decade. Subsequently, the rate of youth athlete injury has also been increasing. It is possible that an association exists between youth specialization and sports injury rate. Purpose: To determine if sport sampling is associated with a lower sports injury rate in youths compared with youths who specialize in 1 sport. Study Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: A systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines using PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane library. Inclusion criteria included studies written in the English language, studies with athletes between 7 and 18 years of age, studies that report injury rates, and studies that specify if athletes were sport samplers or specialized in a sport. Data relevant to this study, including injuries and patient characteristics, were extracted and statistically analyzed. Results: The initial search identified 324 studies, 6 of which met inclusion criteria. From these 6 studies, the total participant number was 5736. Of those, 2451 (42.7%) were “sport samplers,” 1628 (28.4%) were “sport specializers,” and 1657 (28.9%) were considered “others” (ie, could not be classified as true samplers or true specializers). The average age of all the athletes was 14.6 years (range, 7-18 years). Sport specializers had a significantly higher injury risk than the sport samplers (RR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.19-1.57; P < .0001). There was a higher risk of injury in the “others” group when compared with the “sport sampler” group (RR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.14-1.29; P < .0001). There was a higher risk of injury in the “sport specializer” group over the “others” group (RR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.04-1.14; P < .005). Conclusion: Sport sampling is associated with a decreased risk of sports injury in youth athletes when compared with those who specialize in 1 sport. Injury rates increase as a youth athlete becomes increasingly specialized. Youth athletes would benefit substantially from participating in sport sampling.

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