The Concept of Sport Sampling Versus Sport Specialization: Preventing Youth Athlete Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (11) ◽  
pp. 2850-2857
Author(s):  
Seth L. Carder ◽  
Nicolas E. Giusti ◽  
Lisa M. Vopat ◽  
Armin Tarakemeh ◽  
Jordan Baker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
Sports Injury ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Injury Rates ◽  
Youth Athletes ◽  
Risk Of Injury ◽  
Youth Athlete ◽  
Athlete Injury

Background: The prevalence of youth athletes specializing in 1 sport has been increasing over the past decade. Subsequently, the rate of youth athlete injury has also been increasing. It is possible that an association exists between youth specialization and sports injury rate. Purpose: To determine if sport sampling is associated with a lower sports injury rate in youths compared with youths who specialize in 1 sport. Study Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: A systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines using PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane library. Inclusion criteria included studies written in the English language, studies with athletes between 7 and 18 years of age, studies that report injury rates, and studies that specify if athletes were sport samplers or specialized in a sport. Data relevant to this study, including injuries and patient characteristics, were extracted and statistically analyzed. Results: The initial search identified 324 studies, 6 of which met inclusion criteria. From these 6 studies, the total participant number was 5736. Of those, 2451 (42.7%) were “sport samplers,” 1628 (28.4%) were “sport specializers,” and 1657 (28.9%) were considered “others” (ie, could not be classified as true samplers or true specializers). The average age of all the athletes was 14.6 years (range, 7-18 years). Sport specializers had a significantly higher injury risk than the sport samplers (RR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.19-1.57; P < .0001). There was a higher risk of injury in the “others” group when compared with the “sport sampler” group (RR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.14-1.29; P < .0001). There was a higher risk of injury in the “sport specializer” group over the “others” group (RR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.04-1.14; P < .005). Conclusion: Sport sampling is associated with a decreased risk of sports injury in youth athletes when compared with those who specialize in 1 sport. Injury rates increase as a youth athlete becomes increasingly specialized. Youth athletes would benefit substantially from participating in sport sampling.

scholarly journals Injury in CrossFit beginner / intermediary participants: a systematic review

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-119
Author(s):  
Arthur Marques Zecchin-Oliveira ◽  
Arthur P Silva ◽  
Marcel MF Pisa ◽  
Thiago CP Gonçalves ◽  
Victor L Bassetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
Sports Injury ◽  
Training Effect ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Risk Of Injury ◽  
Life Habits ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Physical Preparation

Objective: Sports injury can occur due to several factors, which makes it extremely difficult to conduct cause and effect studies by controlling and evaluating a specific variable. Common reason for the appearance of injuries is poor physical preparation for the proposed training load, a factor that is more present in high intensity sports. CrossFit has been gaining a great deal of attention in recent years due to its dynamic mix of varied sports. Beginner and intermediary level participants are very common in CrossFit gyms, so the understanding the training effect for this group is very important for healthy practice (aiming for safety and injury rate). Methods: Only original articles were included, between 2000 and 2019 (November), with the search for the word "CrossFit" in nine databases. It was accepted only studies in Portuguese, English or Spanish. Results: After screening, only three studies met the inclusion criteria following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses assessment. The most common injury segments in beginner and intermediate practitioners were the shoulder and the knee. There are functional and morphological mechanisms that makes injury become more common, such as life habits and anatomic / physiological body disposition. Conclusion: CrossFit beginners and intermediaries participants demonstrated moderate injury level. Studies with more subjects showed a lower injury level. The most injured segments found were knee and shoulder. According to our results the risk of injury in CrossFit beginner and intermediary participants is acceptable, and discussed in recent published reviews.

scholarly journals Risk of Injury in Basketball, Football, and Soccer Players, Ages 15 Years and Older, 2003–2007

2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 484-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Carter ◽  
Beverly J. Westerman ◽  
Katherine L. Hunting
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Emergency Department ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
Sports Injury ◽  
The United States ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Injury Rates ◽  
Risk Of Injury ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The U.S

Context: A major challenge in the field of sports injury epidemiology is identifying the appropriate denominators for injury rates. Objective: To characterize risk of injury from participation in basketball, football, and soccer in the United States, using hours of participation as the measure of exposure, and to compare these rates with those derived using population estimates in the denominator. Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Setting: United States, 2003–2007. Participants: People ages 15 years and older who experienced an emergency department–treated injury while playing basketball, football, or soccer. Main Outcome Measure(s): Rates of emergency department–treated injuries resulting from participation in basketball, football, or soccer. Injury rates were calculated for people ages 15 and older for the years 2003–2007 using the U.S. population and hours of participation as the denominators. The risk of injury associated with each of these sports was compared for all participants and by sex. Results: From 2003 through 2007, annual injury rates per 1000 U.S. population were as follows: 1.49 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.30, 1.67) in basketball, 0.93 (95% CI = 0.82, 1.04) in football, and 0.43 (95% CI = 0.33, 0.53) in soccer. When the denominator was hours of participation, the injury rate in football (5.08 [95% CI = 4.46, 5.69]/10 000 hours) was almost twice as high as that for basketball (2.69 [95% CI = 2.35, 3.02]/10 000 hours) and soccer (2.69 [95% CI = 2.07, 3.30]/10 000 hours). Conclusions: Depending on the choice of denominator, interpretation of the risk of an emergency department–treated injury in basketball, football, or soccer varies greatly. Using the U.S. population as the denominator produced rates that were highest in basketball and lowest in soccer. However, using hours of participation as a more accurate measure of exposure demonstrated that football had a higher rate of injury than basketball or soccer for both males and females.

scholarly journals Association between Oral Hygiene and Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (13) ◽  
pp. 2873
Author(s):  
Cornelia Melinda Adi Santoso ◽  
Fera Ketti ◽  
Taufan Bramantoro ◽  
Judit Zsuga ◽  
Attila Nagy
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Oral Hygiene ◽  
Reference Lists ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Tooth Brushing ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Poor Oral Hygiene ◽  
Dental Visits ◽  
Substantial Heterogeneity

Emerging evidence has linked poor oral hygiene to metabolic syndrome (MetS), but previously, no summary of evidence has been conducted on the topic. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the associations of oral hygiene status and care with MetS. A systematic search of the PubMed and Web of Science databases from inception to March 17, 2021, and examination of reference lists was conducted to identify eligible observational studies. A random-effects model was applied to pool the effects of oral hygiene status and care on MetS. Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria and had sufficient methodological quality. Good oral hygiene status (OR = 0.30 (0.13–0.66); I2 = 91%), frequent tooth brushing (OR = 0.68 (0.58–0.80); I2 = 89%), and frequent interdental cleaning (OR = 0.89 (0.81–0.99); I2 = 27%) were associated with a lower risk of MetS. Only one study examined the association between dental visits and MetS (OR = 1.10 (0.77–1.55)). Our findings suggested that there might be inverse associations of oral hygiene status, tooth-brushing frequency, and interdental cleaning with MetS. However, substantial heterogeneity for tooth-brushing frequency and inconsistent results for oral hygiene status in subgroup analyses were observed. There was insufficient evidence for the association between dental visits and MetS. Further longitudinal studies are needed to investigate these associations.

scholarly journals Caffeine and Cognitive Functions in Sports: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 868
Author(s):  
Jorge Lorenzo Calvo ◽  
Xueyin Fei ◽  
Raúl Domínguez ◽  
Helios Pareja-Galeano
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Caffeine Intake ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Research Protocols ◽  
The Relationship

Cognitive functions are essential in any form of exercise. Recently, interest has mounted in addressing the relationship between caffeine intake and cognitive performance during sports practice. This review examines this relationship through a structured search of the databases Medline/PubMed and Web of Science for relevant articles published in English from August 1999 to March 2020. The study followed PRISMA guidelines. Inclusion criteria were defined according to the PICOS model. The identified records reported on randomized cross-over studies in which caffeine intake (as drinks, capsules, energy bars, or gum) was compared to an identical placebo situation. There were no filters on participants’ training level, gender, or age. For the systematic review, 13 studies examining the impacts of caffeine on objective measures of cognitive performance or self-reported cognitive performance were selected. Five of these studies were also subjected to meta-analysis. After pooling data in the meta-analysis, the significant impacts of caffeine only emerged on attention, accuracy, and speed. The results of the 13 studies, nevertheless, suggest that the intake of a low/moderate dose of caffeine before and/or during exercise can improve self-reported energy, mood, and cognitive functions, such as attention; it may also improve simple reaction time, choice reaction time, memory, or fatigue, however, this may depend on the research protocols.

scholarly journals Assessment of changes in efficacy of antimalarials: a systematic review and network meta-regression

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
S W Youdom ◽  
R S Tchouenkou ◽  
E-P Ndong-Nguema ◽  
L K Basco
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Uncomplicated Malaria ◽  
Data Science ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Antimalarial Drug Resistance ◽  
Consistency Model ◽  
Meta Regression ◽  
Methodological Studies

Abstract Background The fight against diseases such as malaria requires the synthesis of evidence from existing studies to inform decision makers. Indeed, at a cross road of antimalarial drug resistance, several artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACT) with multiple doses are available to fight uncomplicated malaria. However, little is known on how these combinations are combined as well as how different formulations are tested. Methods A systematic review was performed to identify randomized trials. Articles were sought by hand-searching and scanning references. Additional covariates effect on treatment outcome was assessed, and a modeling approach to reduce heterogeneity among trials was evaluated. We explored one single interaction effect for all treatment with age as the main covariate in a meta-regression. A Bayesian analysis was used to implement the consistency and inconsistency models under the WinBUGS software. Ranking measure was used to obtain a hierarchy of the competing interventions. Results In total, 77 articles meet the inclusion criteria with 15 combinations tested in 36,000 patients. Results were compared to that of frequentist approach and presented according to the Prisma NMA checklist. The consistency model showed a good performance than the inconsistency model under the hypothesis of homogeneity. It was found that compared to artemether-lumefantrine, the dihydro-artemisinin-piperaquine was more effective before (B, OR = 1.83; 95% CI = 1.31-2.56) and after (A, OR = 1.70; 95% CI = 1.20-2.43) covariate adjustment, and occupied the top rank. Conclusions The application of the methods described here may be helpful to gain better understanding of treatment efficacy and improve future decisions in malaria programs. Based on the available evidence, this study demonstrated the superiority of DHAP among currently recommended ACT in preventing as well as treating uncomplicated malaria. Key messages Choosing the best therapy requires data triangulation and data science. Network meta-analysis could be a solution but need more methodological studies.

scholarly journals Glycemic Index of Gluten-Free Bread and Their Main Ingredients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 506
Author(s):  
Bernardo Romão ◽  
Ana Luísa Falcomer ◽  
Gabriela Palos ◽  
Sandra Cavalcante ◽  
Raquel Braz Assunção Botelho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Glycemic Index ◽  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Gluten Free ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Glycemic Profile

This study aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the glycemic index (GI) of gluten-free bread (GFB) and its main ingredients. The systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines, using seven electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, gray literature research with Google Scholar, and patents with Google Patent tool), from inception to November 2020. Eighteen studies met the inclusion criteria evaluating 132 GFB samples. Five articles tested GI in vivo, eleven in vitro; and two studies tested both methods. The analysis showed that 60.7% (95% CI: 40.2–78.1%) of the samples presented high glycemic indexes, evidencing a high glycemic profile for GFB. Only 18.2% (95% CI: 11.7–27.2%) of the bread samples presented in the studies were classified as a low GI. Meta-analysis presented moderate/low heterogenicity between studies (I2 = 61% and <1% for both high and low GIs) and reinforced the proportion of high GIs. Lower GIs were found in formulations based on Colocasia esculenta flour or enriched with fiber, yogurt and curd cheese, sourdough, psyllium, hydrocolloids, enzymes, fructans, and resistant starch, highlighting the efficacy of these ingredients to lower GFBs’ GI. GFB tends to present high GI, impacting the development of chronic diseases when consumed.

P–004 Effect of varicocelectomy on sperm DNA fragmentation rates in infertile men with clinical varicocele: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
F Tenori. Lir. Neto ◽  
M Roque ◽  
S Esteves
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Surgical Technique ◽  
Dna Fragmentation ◽  
Subgroup Analysis ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Sperm Dna Fragmentation ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Infertile Men ◽  
Sperm Dna ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Study question Does varicocelectomy improve sperm DNA quality in men with infertility and clinically detected varicoceles? Summary answer Varicocelectomy reduces sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) rates in infertile men with clinical varicocele. What is known already Varicocele has been linked to male infertility through various non-mutually exclusive mechanisms, including an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production that may lead to sperm DNA damage. Damage to sperm DNA may result in longer time-to-pregnancy, unexplained infertility, recurrent pregnancy loss, and failed intrauterine insemination or in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Therefore, interventions aimed at decreasing SDF rates, including varicocele repair, have been explored to improve fertility and pregnancy outcomes potentially, either by natural conception or using medically assisted reproduction. Study design, size, duration Systematic review and meta-analysis Participants/materials, setting, methods We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Our systematic search included PubMed/Medline, EMBASE, Scielo, and Google Scholar to identify all relevant studies written in English and published from inception until October 2020. Inclusion criteria were studies comparing SDF rates before and after varicocelectomy in infertile men with clinical varicocele. Articles were included if the following SDF assays were utilized: SCSA, TUNEL, SCD test, or alkaline Comet. Main results and the role of chance Thirteen studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were selected for the analysis. The estimated weighted mean difference of SDF rates after varicocelectomy was –6.58% (13 studies, 95% CI –8.33%, –4.84%; I2=90% p &lt; 0.0001). Subgroup analysis revealed a significant decrease in SDF rates using SCSA (eight studies, WMD –6.80%, 95% CI –9.31%, –4.28%; I2=89%, p &lt; 0.0001), and TUNEL (three studies, WMD –4.86%, 95% CI –7.38%, –2.34%; I2=89%, p &lt; 0.0001). The test for subgroup difference revealed that pooled results were conservative using the above SDF assays. Comet and SCD tests were used in only one study each; thus, a meta-analysis was not applicable. The studies were further categorized by the surgical technique (microsurgical versus non-microsurgical). This subgroup analysis showed a significant decrease in SDF rates using microsurgical technique (10 studies, WMD –6.70%, 95% CI –9.04%, –4.37%; I2=91%, p &lt; 0.0001). After varicocelectomy, SDF rates were also decreased when non-microsurgical approaches were used, albeit the effect was not statistically significant (2 studies, WMD –6.84%, 95% CI –10.05%, 1.38%; I2=86%) (Figure 3). The heterogeneity was not materially affected by performing analyses by the above subgroups, suggesting that the SDF assay and surgical technique do not explain the inconsistency in the treatment effect across primary studies. Limitations, reasons for caution There were no randomized controlled trials comparing varicocelectomy to placebo for alleviating SDF levels. Heterogeneity was high, which may be explained by the low number of included studies. Pregnancy data are not available in most studies, thus the impact of reduced SDF after varicocelectomy on pregnancy rates unclear. Wider implications of the findings: Our study indicates a positive association between varicocelectomy and reduced postoperative SDF rates in men with clinical varicocele and infertility, independentetly of the assays used to measure SDF. These findings may help counsel and manage infertile men with varicocele and high SDF levels. Trial registration number Not applicable

The Relationship Between Muscular Strength and Dance Injuries: A Systematic Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
João P Moita ◽  
Alexandre Nunes ◽  
José Esteves ◽  
Raul Oliveira ◽  
Luis Xarez
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Bodily Pain ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Methodologic Quality

BACKGROUND: The physical demands placed on dancers put them at significant risk for injury, with rates similar to ones sustained by athletes in sports at the same level of performance. Muscle strength has been suggested to play a preventative role against injury in dancers. OBJECTIVE: To systematically search and examine the available evidence on the protective role of muscle strength in dance injuries. METHODS: Five electronic databases and two dance-specific science publications were screened up to September 2015. Study selection was based on a priori inclusion criteria on the relation between muscle strength components and injuries. Methodologic quality and level of evidence were assessed using the Downs and Black (DB) checklist and the Oxford Centre of Evidence- Based Medicine (OCEBM) 2011 model. RESULTS: From 186 titles found, only 8 studies met the inclusion criteria and were considered for review. Because of the significant heterogeneity of the included studies, meta-analysis was deemed inappropriate. The DB quality assessment results ranged from 18.7% to 75% (mean 42.3±16.9) and the OCEBM between 2b and 4. Some level 2b evidence from 2 studies suggested that pre-professional ballet dancers who get injured exhibit lower overall muscle strength scores on the lower extremity, and that lower extremity power gains may be associated with decreased bodily pain but not injury rate. CONCLUSIONS: Although there might be an association trend toward low muscle strength and dance injuries, the nature of that relation remains unclear, and presently the state of knowledge does not provide a solid basis for designing interventions for prevention.

scholarly journals Long-term proton pump inhibitor use and the incidence of gastric cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Ju-Li Lin ◽  
Jian-Xian Lin ◽  
Chao-Hui Zheng ◽  
Jian-Wei Xie ◽  
Jia-bin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Cancer ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Proton Pump Inhibitor ◽  
Proton Pump Inhibitors ◽  
Proton Pump ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Risk Ratios

Background: There are controverted whether the long-term use of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) will increase the risk of gastric cancer. We performed a meta-analysis to assess the risk of gastric cancer in PPI users compared with non-PPI users. Methods: The main inclusion criteria were original studies reporting the incidence of gastric cancer in PPI users compared with non-PPI users. Key outcomes were the risk ratios (RR) for gastric cancer in association with PPI users or non-PPI users. Results: We analyzed data from 8 studies, comprising more than 927,684 patients. The risk of gastric cancer in PPI users was significantly higher than in non-PPI users [RR= 2.10, 95% CI (1.17-3.97)]. The risk of gastric cancer was similar between the 2 groups when the duration was ≤1 year [RR= 2.18, 95% CI (0.66-7.11)]. While the risk of gastric cancer for PPI users was higher than in non-PPI users when the duration was between 1-3 years, ≥1 year, ≥3 years and ≥5 years. The risk of non-cardiac gastric cancer for PPI users was higher than for non-PPI users [RR= 2.66, 95% CI (1.66 -4.27)], and the risk of non-cardiac gastric cancer for PPI users was higher than for non-PPI users when the duration ≥1 year [RR= 1.99, 95% CI (1.03-3.83)], but the risk for cardiac gastric cancer was similar between the 2 groups [RR= 1.86, 95% CI (0.71-4.89)]. Conclusions: We found the long-term use of PPI (duration ≥1 year) was significantly associated with a higher risk of non-cardiac gastric cancer.

scholarly journals The relationship between Internet use and self-concept clarity: A systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Elena Petre
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Internet Use ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
The Relationship

There are three hypotheses regarding the relationship between Self-Concept Clarity (SCC) and Internet use. It was argued that Internet use: 1) decreases SCC, 2) increases SCC, 3) does not relate with SCC. The present study, in the form of a systematic and meta-analytic synthesis, aimed to explore: a) the extent empirical evidence can support each hypothesis; b) how Internet use-SCC relationship was addressed across studies; c) the intensity of the Internet use –SCC relationship; d) potential moderators. Twenty-one studies (N = 8,910) met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review (i.e., being quantitative, written in English, concerned with Internet use -SCC relationship) and 11 studies (N = 3,298) met the additional criteria for meta-analysis (i.e., being correlational, using self-evaluation instruments, quantifying general Internet use and including the information needed to calculate the meta-analysis specific indicators). Results emphasized that all three hypotheses are plausible, as distinct dimensions of Internet use related differently with SCC. However, the conclusions were limited by the extensive use of cross-sectional design. For general Internet use and SCC relationship the overall effect was -0.350, p < .01. Some moderators were significant: cultural background, Internet operationalization, age homogeneity, participants rewarding. This paper outlines the complexity of SCC – Internet relationship and underlines some of the gaps that should be further addressed. Implications and limits of the study (e.g., publication bias, excluded outcomes in the meta-analysis or possible omission of moderators) are discussed.

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