scholarly journals Wildlife-associated zoonotic diseases in some southern African countries in relation to game meat safety: A review

2012 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan L. Bekker ◽  
Louw C. Hoffman ◽  
Piet J. Jooste
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Zoonotic Diseases ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Game Meat ◽  
Reference Guide ◽  
Public Health Professionals ◽  
Meat Safety ◽  
Risk Of Disease

With on-going changes in land use practices from conventional livestock farming to commercial, wildlife-based activities, the interface or interaction between livestock and wildlife is increasing. As part of the wildlife-based activities of ecotourism, breeding and hunting, game farmers are also exploring the utilisation of meat from hunted or harvested game. The expanding interface or increased interaction between livestock and wildlife increases the risk of disease incidence and the emergence of new diseases or the re-emergence of previously diagnosed diseases. The risk is not only related to domestic and wild animal health, but also to the occupational hazards that it poses to animal handlers and the consumers of game meat. This review endeavours to highlight the role that game plays in the spreading of zoonotic diseases to other animals and humans. Examples of zoonotic diseases that have occurred in wild animals in the past, their relevance and risk have been summarised and should function as a quick reference guide for wildlife veterinarians, ecologists, farmers, hunters, slaughter staff, processors and public health professionals.

Can improving animal health and biosecurity knowledge of para‐veterinarians in Cambodia assist in addressing challenges in smallholder livestock farming?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel B. J. MacPhillamy ◽  
James R. Young ◽  
Sau Vitou ◽  
Hok Chanphalleap ◽  
Suon Sothoeun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Livestock Farming

A proposal to leverage high-quality veterinary diagnostic laboratory large data streams for animal health, public health, and One Health

2021 ◽  
pp. 104063872110030
Author(s):  
Craig N. Carter ◽  
Jacqueline L. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Data Streams ◽  
One Health ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
The United States ◽  
Zoonotic Diseases ◽  
Diagnostic Laboratory

Test data generated by ~60 accredited member laboratories of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians (AAVLD) is of exceptional quality. These data are captured by 1 of 13 laboratory information management systems (LIMSs) developed specifically for veterinary diagnostic laboratories (VDLs). Beginning ~2000, the National Animal Health Laboratory Network (NAHLN) developed an electronic messaging system for LIMS to automatically send standardized data streams for 14 select agents to a national repository. This messaging enables the U.S. Department of Agriculture to track and respond to high-consequence animal disease outbreaks such as highly pathogenic avian influenza. Because of the lack of standardized data collection in the LIMSs used at VDLs, there is, to date, no means of summarizing VDL large data streams for multi-state and national animal health studies or for providing near-real-time tracking for hundreds of other important animal diseases in the United States that are detected routinely by VDLs. Further, VDLs are the only state and federal resources that can provide early detection and identification of endemic and emerging zoonotic diseases. Zoonotic diseases are estimated to be responsible for 2.5 billion cases of human illness and 2.7 million deaths worldwide every year. The economic and health impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is self-evident. We review here the history and progress of data management in VDLs and discuss ways of seizing unexplored opportunities to advance data leveraging to better serve animal health, public health, and One Health.

scholarly journals The physiological and metabolic impacts on sheep and cattle of feed and water deprivation before and during transport

2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
James P. Hogan ◽  
J. Carol Petherick ◽  
Clive J. C. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Rumen Microbes ◽  
Enteropathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Meat Safety ◽  
Reduced Rate

Sheep and cattle are frequently subjected to feed and water deprivation (FWD) for about 12 h before, and then during, transport to reduce digesta load in the gastrointestinal tract. This FWD is marked by weight loss as urine and faeces mainly in the first 24 h but continuing at a reduced rate subsequently. The weight of rumen contents falls although water loss is to some extent masked by saliva inflow. FWD is associated with some stress, particularly when transportation is added. This is indicated by increased levels of plasma cortisol that may be partly responsible for an observed increase in the output of water and N in urine and faeces. Loss of body water induces dehydration that may induce feelings of thirst by effects on the hypothalamus structures through the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system. There are suggestions that elevated cortisol levels depress angiotensin activity and prevent sensations of thirst in dehydrated animals, but further research in this area is needed. Dehydration coupled with the discharge of Na in urine challenges the maintenance of homeostasis. In FWD, Na excretion in urine is reduced and, with the reduction in digesta load, Na is gradually returned from the digestive tract to the extracellular fluid space. Control of enteropathogenic bacteria by normal rumen microbes is weakened by FWD and resulting infections may threaten animal health and meat safety. Recovery time is required after transport to restore full feed intake and to ensure that adequate glycogen is present in muscle pre-slaughter to maintain meat quality.

scholarly journals Role of probiotics in nutrition and health of small ruminants

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 893-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.M. Abd El-Tawab ◽  
I.M.I. Youssef ◽  
H.A. Bakr ◽  
G.C. Fthenakis ◽  
N.D. Giadinis
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Research On Application

AbstractSmall ruminants represent an important economic source in small farm systems and agriculture. Feed is the main component of livestock farming, which has gained special attention to improve animal performance. Many studies have been done to improve feed utilisation through addition of feed additives. For a long period, antibiotics have been widely used as growth promoters in livestock diets. Due to their ban in many countries, search for alternative feed additives has been intensified. Probiotics are one of these alternatives recognised to be safe to the animals. Use of probiotics in small ruminant nutrition has been confirmed to improve animal health, productivity and immunity. Probiotics improved growth performance through enhancing of rumen microbial ecosystem, nutrient digestibility and feed conversion rate. Moreover, probiotics have been reported to stabilise rumen pH, increase volatile fatty acids production and to stimulate lactic acid utilising protozoa, resulting in a highly efficient rumen function. Furthermore, use of probiotics has been found to increase milk production and can reduce incidence of neonatal diarrhea and mortality. However, actual mechanisms through which probiotics exert these functions are not known. Since research on application of probiotics in small ruminants is scarce, the present review attempts to discuss the potential roles of this class of feed additives on productive performance and health status of these animals.

Frequency distribution of GSTM1 and GSTT1 null allele in Pakistani population and risk of disease incidence

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rehan Sadiq Shaikh ◽  
Muhammad Amir ◽  
Ahmed Ijaz Masood ◽  
Asma Sohail ◽  
Habib-ur-Rehman Athar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Distribution ◽  
Null Allele ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Pakistani Population ◽  
Risk Of Disease

scholarly journals Climate Change and Zoonoses: A Review of Concepts, Definitions, and Bibliometrics

2022 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 893
Author(s):  
Walter Leal Filho ◽  
Linda Ternova ◽  
Sanika Arun Parasnis ◽  
Marina Kovaleva ◽  
Gustavo J. Nagy
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Disease Ecology ◽  
One Health ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Zoonotic Diseases ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Author Keywords ◽  
The Uk

Climate change can have a complex impact that also influences human and animal health. For example, climate change alters the conditions for pathogens and vectors of zoonotic diseases. Signs of this are the increasing spread of the West Nile and Usutu viruses and the establishment of new vector species, such as specific mosquito and tick species, in Europe and other parts of the world. With these changes come new challenges for maintaining human and animal health. This paper reports on an analysis of the literature focused on a bibliometric analysis of the Scopus database and VOSviewer software for creating visualization maps which identifies the zoonotic health risks for humans and animals caused by climate change. The sources retained for the analysis totaled 428 and different thresholds (N) were established for each item varying from N 5 to 10. The main findings are as follows: First, published documents increased in 2009–2015 peaking in 2020. Second, the primary sources have changed since 2018, partly attributable to the increase in human health concerns due to human-to-human transmission. Third, the USA, the UK, Canada, Australia, Italy, and Germany perform most zoonosis research. For instance, sixty documents and only 17 countries analyzed for co-authorship analysis met the threshold led by the USA; the top four author keywords were “climate change”, “zoonosis”, “epidemiology”, and “one health;” the USA, the UK, Germany, and Spain led the link strength (inter-collaboration); the author keywords showed that 37 out of the 1023 keywords met the threshold, and the authors’ keyword’s largest node of the bibliometric map contains the following: infectious diseases, emerging diseases, disease ecology, one health, surveillance, transmission, and wildlife. Finally, zoonotic diseases, which were documented in the literature in the past, have evolved, especially during the years 2010–2015, as evidenced by the sharp augmentation of publications addressing ad-hoc events and peaking in 2020 with the COVID-19 outbreak.

scholarly journals Animal Health Challenges and Veterinary Aspects of Organic Livestock Farming Identified Through a 3 Year EU Network Project

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mette Vaarst ◽  
Susanne Padel ◽  
David Younie ◽  
Malla Hovi ◽  
Albert Sundrum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Network Project

scholarly journals Modelling to support health programs in modern livestock farming.

1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-42
Author(s):  
A.A. Dijkhuizen
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Health Programs ◽  
Herd Health ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Direct Evaluation ◽  
Positive Approach ◽  
Normative Approach ◽  
Use Of Models ◽  
Health Programmes

The application of herd health programmes in livestock farming is rarely an all-or-nothing affair. Usually several control measures are available, but none is ideal. The use of models in optimizing the application of herd health programmes is on the increase. Two broad categories of models have been reviewed: (1) statistical/sepidemiological models used for direct evaluation of any programme actually carried out (positive approach); and (2) economic models used for predicting the profitability of specific measures or programmes (normative approach). Priorities for further research in the field of animal health economics are also discussed. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Molecular analysis of selected paramphistome isolates from cattle in southern Africa

2015 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 784-788 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Dube ◽  
M.S. Sibula ◽  
Z. Dhlamini
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
Its2 Sequence ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Its2 Rdna ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Rdna Sequences ◽  
The Individual

AbstractParamphistomes are parasites of domestic and wild ruminants, the effects of which in animal health remain underestimated. Very few studies in Africa have been done using molecular techniques to resolve situations associated with taxonomical groupings and epidemiology of these parasites. In this study, the genetic variability of nine representative paramphistome isolates collected from southern African countries, namely Botswana, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe, was assessed using both morphological and internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) rDNA sequence data. Morphological characterization and identification were carried out using median sagittal sections of the paramphistomes. DNA of the individual paramphistomes was isolated, the ITS2 rDNA was amplified, purified and sequenced. The sequences were submitted to GenBank, which assigned them the following accession numbers: KP639631, KP639630, KP639632, KP639633, KP639634, KP639635, KP639636, KP639637 and KP639638. These sequences were used for phylogenetic analysis using MEGA 6. Morphological characterization revealed three species of paramphistomes belonging to three different sub-families: one Stephanopharynx compactus isolate, a member of the Stephanopharyngidae sub-family; one Carmyerius dollfusi isolate, a member of the Gastrothylacidae sub-family; and seven Calicophoron microbothrium isolates belonging to the Paramphistomidae sub-family. ITS2 sequence analysis using BlastN results indicated that this is the first report of S. compactus (KP639630) and C. dollfusi (KP639636). Phylogenetic reconstruction of the paramphistome isolates revealed three separate clades representing the three species. However, the clade with all the C. microbothrium isolates was the only one that was supported by a higher bootstrap value of 92%, although there was no differentiation of the isolates according to geographical locations. The low divergence values on the ITS2 sequences of the C. microbothrium isolates indicate that ITS rDNA sequences can be used as a molecular tool to infer knowledge for resolving taxonomic groupings.

scholarly journals Organic Livestock Production: A Bibliometric Review

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 618
Author(s):  
Carmen L. Manuelian ◽  
Mauro Penasa ◽  
Luciana da Costa ◽  
Sara Burbi ◽  
Federico Righi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Bibliometric Analysis ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Livestock Production ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Bibliometric Review ◽  
Main Production ◽  
Organic Livestock Production

Due to the increasing interest in organic farming, an overview of this research area is provided through a bibliometric analysis conducted between April and May 2019. A total of 320 documents were published up until 2018 on organic livestock farming, with an annual growth rate of 9.33% and a clear increase since 2005; 268 documents have been published in 111 journals. Germany is the country with the largest number of published papers (56 documents). Authors’ top keywords (excluding keywords used for running the search) included: animal welfare (29 times), animal health (22 times), cattle (15 times), grazing (10 times), and sheep (10 times). This could indicate that more research has been done on cattle because of the importance of this species in Germany. Moreover, the prevalence of the terms ‘animal welfare’ and ‘animal health’ may indicate that the research on organic livestock production has been focused on these two areas. The bibliometric analysis indicates that: (i) countries focused the organic livestock production research on their main production, and (ii) more research in species other than cattle and sheep is needed.

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