scholarly journals The physiological and metabolic impacts on sheep and cattle of feed and water deprivation before and during transport

2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
James P. Hogan ◽  
J. Carol Petherick ◽  
Clive J. C. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Rumen Microbes ◽  
Enteropathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Meat Safety ◽  
Reduced Rate

Sheep and cattle are frequently subjected to feed and water deprivation (FWD) for about 12 h before, and then during, transport to reduce digesta load in the gastrointestinal tract. This FWD is marked by weight loss as urine and faeces mainly in the first 24 h but continuing at a reduced rate subsequently. The weight of rumen contents falls although water loss is to some extent masked by saliva inflow. FWD is associated with some stress, particularly when transportation is added. This is indicated by increased levels of plasma cortisol that may be partly responsible for an observed increase in the output of water and N in urine and faeces. Loss of body water induces dehydration that may induce feelings of thirst by effects on the hypothalamus structures through the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system. There are suggestions that elevated cortisol levels depress angiotensin activity and prevent sensations of thirst in dehydrated animals, but further research in this area is needed. Dehydration coupled with the discharge of Na in urine challenges the maintenance of homeostasis. In FWD, Na excretion in urine is reduced and, with the reduction in digesta load, Na is gradually returned from the digestive tract to the extracellular fluid space. Control of enteropathogenic bacteria by normal rumen microbes is weakened by FWD and resulting infections may threaten animal health and meat safety. Recovery time is required after transport to restore full feed intake and to ensure that adequate glycogen is present in muscle pre-slaughter to maintain meat quality.

Satiety and inhibition of vasopressin secretion after drinking in dehydrated dogs

1981 ◽  
Vol 240 (4) ◽  
pp. E394-E401 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. N. Thrasher ◽  
J. F. Nistal-Herrera ◽  
L. C. Keil ◽  
D. J. Ramsay
Keyword(s):  
Arginine Vasopressin ◽  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Vasopressin Secretion

The roles of oropharyngeal and gastric factors in satiation and arginine vasopressin (AVP) secretion were examined in water-deprived dogs. Dogs were prepared with chronic gastric fistulas and received six treatments after 24 h of water deprivation: rehydration with H2O or extracellular fluid (ECF) with the fistula closed; rehydration with H2O or ECF with the fistula open; gastric administration of H2O or ECF via the fistula. Drinking occurred immediately after presentation and was always completed by 6 min. At the end of the 60-min period of observation, water was offered in order to assess the degree of satiety. No differences were observed between the volumes of H2O or ECF consumed. However, only absorption of the water drunk produced complete satiety assessed 60 min later. Drinking H2O caused a fall in plasma AVP 6 min before a detectable decline in osmolality and reached water-replete levels by 15 min after drinking. Drinking H2O or ECF plus removal via the fistula and drinking ECF also brought about a rapid decline in plasma AVP without any change in plasma osmolality. Gastric administration of H2O caused a fall in plasma AVP that coincided with the fall in osmolality, and gastric administration of ECF had no effect on plasma AVP. We conclude that oropharyngeal factors account for temporary satiety and the rapid inhibition of vasopressin secretion.

scholarly journals Regulation of corticosteroid receptors in patients with anorexia nervosa and Cushing's syndrome

1998 ◽  
Vol 158 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Armanini ◽  
P Spinella ◽  
M Simoncini ◽  
A Basso ◽  
S Zovato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Cushing’S Syndrome ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Cushing's Syndrome ◽  
Mononuclear Leukocytes ◽  
Type I ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Corticosteroid Receptors

We have studied 16 patients with anorexia nervosa (11 with a stabilised weight loss and 5 in the weight-losing phase), 11 healthy controls, and 10 patients with Cushing's syndrome, by measuring plasma cortisol (by enzyme-immunoassay), ACTH (by RIA), corticosteroid (Type I-mineralocorticoid and Type II-glucocorticoid) receptors in mononuclear leukocytes (by radio-receptor assay), and lymphocyte subpopulations (by cytofluorimetry). In anorexic patients with a stabilised weight loss and in Cushing's syndrome the mean value of both Type I and Type II corticosteroid receptors in mononuclear leukocytes was significantly lower than in controls. The correlation between Type II receptors and plasma cortisol was inverse in stabilised anorexia nervosa and in Cushing's syndrome, and direct in healthy controls. Anorexic patients in the weight-losing phase showed a significant increase in plasma cortisol levels and a normal number of Type II receptors. From these results we hypothesise that in anorexia nervosa there is a progression from an increase in plasma cortisol in the weight-losing phase, to a concomitant decrease in Type II receptors when the disease is stabilised.

A noninvasive method to study the evolution of extracellular fluid volume in mice using time-domain nuclear magnetic resonance

2020 ◽  
Vol 319 (1) ◽  
pp. F115-F124
Author(s):  
Luciana Morla ◽  
Oliver Shore ◽  
I. Jeanette Lynch ◽  
Matthew E. Merritt ◽  
Charles S. Wingo
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Time Domain ◽  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Fluid Volume ◽  
Extracellular Fluid Volume ◽  
Free Fluid ◽  
Small Animals ◽  
Noninvasive Method

Maintaining water homeostasis is fundamental for cellular function. Many diseases and drugs affect water balance and plasma osmolality. Water homeostasis studies in small animals require the use of invasive or terminal methods that make intracellular fluid volume and extracellular fluid volume (ECF) monitoring over time stressful and time consuming. We examined the feasibility of monitoring mouse ECF by a noninvasive method using time-domain nuclear magnetic resonance (TD-NMR). This technique allows differentiation of protons in a liquid environment (free fluid) from protons in soft tissues containing a majority of either small molecules (lean) or large molecules (fat). Moreover, this apparatus enables rapid, noninvasive, and repeated measurements on the same animal. We assessed the feasibility of coupling TD-NMR analysis to a longitudinal metabolic cage study by monitoring mice daily. We determined the effect of 24-h water deprivation on mouse body parameters and detected a sequential and overlapping decrease in free fluid and lean mass during water deprivation. Finally, we studied the effect of mineralocorticoids that are known to induce a transient increase in ECF but for which no direct measurements have been performed in mice. We showed, for the first time, that mineralocorticoids induced a transient ~15% increase in free fluid in conscious mice. TD-NMR is, therefore, the first method to allow direct measurement of discrete changes in ECF in conscious small animals. This method allows analysis of kinetic changes to stimuli before investigating with terminal methods and will allow further understanding of fluid disorders.

The role of biotechnology in enhancing the digestion of forage cell walls by ruminants (jerry hughes scholarship)

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 ◽  
pp. 73-73
Author(s):  
E. R. Deaville
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Livestock Production ◽  
Service Industries ◽  
Animal Nutrition ◽  
Rumen Microbes

The term biotechnology has been defined as the application of biological organisms, systems or processes to manufacture and service industries (Anon, 1980) and is, therefore, more than the application of ‘genetic engineering’ techniques alone. The potential application of biotechnology to the agricultural livestock industry includes many wide ranging areas: animal health; breeding; livestock production; livestock nutrition and the nutritive value of feeds. The role of biotechnology in animal nutrition and feeding is of particular importance since feed costs account for a significant proportion of the total variable costs in any livestock production system (e.g. milk, meat). The potential implications of biotechnology in animal nutrition has been reviewed by Armstrong (1986) and includes references to the improvement of the nutritive value of feeds through, for example, genetic manipulation of feed sources (cereals), appropriate supplementation and the use of biological inoculants with or without enzymes as silage additives and to improvements in the ability of the animal to obtain nutrients from feeds through the addition of enzymes to feeds and modification of rumen microbes through genetic engineering.

THE EFFECT OF ALTERATIONS IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID ON THE COMPOSITION OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 915-924
Author(s):  
William B. Weil ◽  
William M. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Direct Analysis ◽  
Free Solution ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Variable Extent ◽  
Storage Area ◽  
Reduced Rate ◽  
Small Capacity ◽  
Plasma Ultrafiltrate

Variations in the volume and composition of the extracellular fluid were produced by adrenal insufficiency, dehydration and intraperitoneal perfusion with a chloride-free solution. Direct analysis of blood, skin and tendon were performed to determine the extent to which loose and dense types of connective tissue varied with the changes in the plasma ultrafiltrate. Less than 10% of the sodium and chloride in tissue is associated with connective tissue solids in such a way as not to be readily diffusible. On the basis of these studies, a structure for connective tissue has been postulated with three divisions: A rapidly-equilibrating phase, a noncellular connective tissue solids phase and an intracellular phase. The noncellular solids, acting as polyelectrolytes, could bind ions to a variable extent depending on acid-base and fluid tonicity changes. The reduced rate of equilibration of dense connective tissue with extracellular fluid produces a phenomenon which would appear as "storage" in certain situations. Thus by binding and by delayed equilibria, connective tissue has a small capacity to act as a storage area for extracellular electrolyte, but in general, the fluid and salt of connective tissue is in direct diffusion equilibrium with plasma ultrafiltrate.

Flapless Implant Placement: A Case Report

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deshraj Jain ◽  
Ghanshyam Gaur
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Blood Supply ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Full Thickness ◽  
Marginal Bone Loss ◽  
Periosteal Flap ◽  
Implant Placement ◽  
Short Recovery Time ◽  
Reduced Rate ◽  
Flap Elevation

Full-thickness periosteal flap elevation for implant placement is often accompanied by potential marginal bone loss and/or soft tissue recession around the implant due to compromised blood supply to underlying bone. To preserve the blood supply to underlying bone, implants can be placed with a flapless surgical procedure. This procedure also provides numerous other benefits, such as decreased trauma, short recovery time, less pain, reduced rate of infection, and improved patient compliance. This report presents a case of flapless implant placement in the mandibular posterior region that achieved optimum results and caused minimal discomfort to the patient. The advantages and limitations of this procedure are also discussed.

Some observations on high- and low-potassium Chokla sheep given water intermittently under semi-arid conditions

1981 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 463-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. More ◽  
P. S. Rawat ◽  
K. L. Sahni
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
High Potassium ◽  
Group I ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Blood Potassium ◽  
Breeding Groups

SUMMARYNon-breeding groups, I, II and III, each with six high-potassium (HK) and six lowpotassium(LK) Chokla ewes were given water once in 24, 48 and 72 h respectively. In the next summer, seven ewes (4 HK and 3 LK) from each group I, II and III were switched over to a watering schedule of once in 24, 72 and 96 h respectively and were naturally bred. All the animals were maintained on grazing alone.Water deprivation for 72 h caused 18·8 and 19·2% body weight loss in HK and LKewes respectively; an overall average maintenance of weight loss in LK ewes was significantly higher than in HK ewes from the same group. There were significant differences in water intake due to treatments only. The HK and LK ewes from groups I and III showed a similar trend.Pregnant ewes of HK and LK types given water once in 96 h lost 21·7 and 23·8% of their body weights respectively. Corresponding weight loss in aborted ewes were 23·8 and 33·3%. Two ewes, each from 3 LK and 4 HK animals aborted owing to water deprivation for 96 h. The water intake reached 30 and 36·5% of body weight in LK and HK pregnant ewes given water intermittently.The wool attributes of non-pregnant ewes did not indicate a significant influence of blood potassium types. Four out of five ewes of the LK phenotype died during 3 years, irrespective of watering schedule.

THE INFLUENCE OF HUMIDITY ON THE RESPONSE OF SPARTAN APPLES TO PRE-STORAGE HIGH TEMPERATURE TREATMENT

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 1111-1113 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. D. LIDSTER ◽  
S. W. PORRITT
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Treatment Period ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
High Temperature Treatment ◽  
Reduced Rate ◽  
And Control

A reduced rate of softening during 7 mo storage at −0.6 °C and control of breakdown that resulted from pre-storage heating of Spartan apples was not dependent on the relative humidity (RH) during the high temperature period. Weight loss during the 4 days at 38 °C and 95–100% RH was 0.23 and 1.97% at 5–10% RH. Decay was controlled more effectively at the higher level of humidity. Changes in soluble solids and titratable acidity were not affected by RH during the treatment period.

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