Determinants of initiation of breast feeding among lactating women in Sub-Himalayan region

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
SunilKumar Raina ◽  
VishavChander Sharma ◽  
Ashok Bhardwaj ◽  
Ankush Kaushal
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Himalayan Region ◽  
Lactating Women

Harmful Chemicals and Drugs in Breast Milk

1981 ◽  
Vol 2 (9) ◽  
pp. 279-283
Author(s):  
David S. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Anticancer Drugs ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Family Physicians ◽  
Antithyroid Drugs ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Antiinfective Agents ◽  
Alternative Drugs

The pediatrician should be aware of the fact that nearly all drugs used in the therapy of lactating women may be found in varying amounts in breast milk. Mothers who must take antithyroid drugs, chloramphenicol, lithium, methadone, most anticancer drugs, radioactive pharmaceuticals and antiinfective agents such as the tetracyclines and metronidazole should not nurse their infants while receiving therapy. It has been our experience that in most instances safer alternative drugs may be selected after discussions with obstetricians, family physicians, and internists. The use of other drugs merits a certain degree of caution; nursing the infant before a dose is given may help to minimize exposure to the infant. Interruption of breast-feeding should be infrequent.

Transfer of Drugs and Other Chemicals Into Human Milk

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 84 (5) ◽  
pp. 924-936
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Therapy ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Drug Exposure ◽  
Chemical Agent ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
New Information ◽  
Oral Analgesia

Since the first publication of this statement, much new information has been published concerning the transfer of drugs and chemicals into human milk. This information, in addition to other research published before 1983, makes a revision of the previous statement necessary. In this revision, lists of the pharmacologic or chemical agents transferred into human milk and their possible effects on the infant or on lactation, if known, are provided (Tables 1 to 7). The fact that a pharmacologic or chemical agent does not appear in the Tables is not meant to imply that it is not transferred into human milk or that it does not have an effect on the infant but indicates that there are no reports in the literature. These tables should assist the physician in counseling a nursing mother regarding breast-feeding when the mother has a condition for which a drug is medically indicated. The following questions should be considered when prescribing drug therapy to lactating women. (1) Is the drug therapy really necessary? Consultation between the pediatrician and the mother's physician can be most useful. (2) Use the safest drug; for example, acetaminophen rather than aspirin for oral analgesia. (3) If there is a possibility that a drug may present a risk to the infant (eg, phenytoin, phenobarbital), consideration should be given to measurement of blood concentrations in the nursing infant. (4) Drug exposure to the nursing infant may be minimized by having the mother take the medication just after completing a breast-feeding and/or just before the infant has his or her lengthy sleep periods.

STUDIES WITH 4-14-C-MESTRANOL IN LACTATING WOMEN

1969 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 665-677 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. G. Wijmenga ◽  
H. J. van der Molen
Keyword(s):  
Oral Administration ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Clearance Rate ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Fourth Patient ◽  
Collection Period

ABSTRACT 14C-Mestranol (5 μc) was administered orally in a Lyndiol®**-tablet (= 5 mg lynestrenol*** + 150 μg mestranol) to four women using Lyndiol® during the lactation period shortly after delivery. The concentration of radioactivity in the plasma and the excretion of radioactivity in the urine and milk were studied. The clearance rate of radioactivity from the blood was very low. A halflife in the order of 40–60 h was found for labelled »mestranol and its metabolites«. In three cases 31–36% of the radioactivity was excreted into the urine within 5 days after oral administration of the labelled material; in the fourth patient this value was about 52 %. During a collection period of 4 days after the oral administration of the 14C-mestranol-containing tablet, 0.0002–0.013 per cent of the administered dose was excreted into the milk. These very low values were partly due to the low amounts of milk that could be collected. It was calculated that with the regular oral administration of one Lyndiol®-tablet daily, with 150 μg mestranol per tablet, about 0.03–0.06 μg (0.02–0.04 % of the administered dose) of mestranol or its metabolites might be excreted per 100 ml milk. The significance of these amounts, in view of the transfer to infants during breast-feeding, is discussed.

Determinants of exclusive breastfeeding among lactating women in sub-Himalayan region

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 70
Author(s):  
SunilKumar Raina ◽  
Ankush Kaushal ◽  
Mitasha Singh ◽  
Pankaj Sharma ◽  
Vishav Chander
Keyword(s):  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Himalayan Region ◽  
Lactating Women

Postpartum Lactational Amenorrhoea as a Means of Family Planning in the Sudan: A Study of 500 Cases

1983 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amal M. Adnan ◽  
Salah Abu Bakr
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Fertility Control ◽  
Supplementary Feeding ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Modern Contraceptive ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Lactating Mothers ◽  
Primiparous Women

SummaryThe lactational histories of 500 Sudanese women were studied retrospectively to examine postpartum lactational amenorrhoea as a method of family planning. Particular attention was given to the factors affecting postpartum lactational amenorrhoea, including supplementary feeding and the use of modern contraceptive methods. Breast-feeding was overwhelmingly practised (90%) among this sample, which was roughly representative of the Sudanese population as a whole. The prevalence of amenorrhoea among this group of lactating women was quite high (73%). Duration of lactational amenorrhoea ranged from 2 to 36 months with a median of 12 months.Introduction of supplementary feeding had little effect on lactational amenorrhoea up to the 9th month of breast-feeding. Beyond the 12th month of breast-feeding, lactational amenorrhoea was significantly prolonged by postponing the introduction of supplementary feeding until the 4th month or later.Ovulation, and hence conception, during lactational amenorrhoea was unpredictable. It occurred as early as the 3rd or as late as the 36th month postpartum. Conceptions interrupting lactational amenorrhoea soon after delivery (3–9 months) were more frequent among primiparous women. The failure rate of lactational amenorrhoea as a contraceptive was 8·4%. Though extremely high compared to that of the pill, lactational amenorrhoea was more useful as a fertility control mechanism because, in this study, a high proportion of women initiated pill use, but soon discontinued it because of side effects. Modern contraceptive practice was not prevalent. Amenorrhoeic mothers accepted the pill after the 6th month postpartum (41%), compared to lactating mothers whose menses had returned who started it much earlier. Forty-nine percent of the women studied relied completely on the protection of lactational amenorrhoea. Fifty-seven percent of all lactating women who used the combined pill reported a reduction in milk production. There are several policy implications of this study.

scholarly journals Breast-milk production in Australian women

1981 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Rattigan ◽  
Ann V. Ghisalberti ◽  
P. E. Hartmann
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Breast Milk Production ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dietary Records ◽  
The Mean

1. Milk productions and 7d dietary records were determined on twenty-seven mothers who had been breast-feeding for 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 months.2. The mean milk productions for each group of mothers was 1.187, 1.238, 1.128, 0.884, 0.880 and 0.951 kg/24 h at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 or 15 months of lactation respectively. There was no significant difference between two milk determinations 3–7 d apart on each mother or between the mean milk production of each group of mothers.3. Energy intakes of the infants was found to be higher than the usually-accepted values at 1 and 3 months of age but by 6 months were similar to the accepted normal values.4. Energy intakes of the mothers although greater than those recommended for similar non-lactating women were not sufficient to take into account the energy content of the milk.

scholarly journals Vitamin A and Breast-Feeding: A Comparison of Data from Developed and Developing Countries

1994 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicky Newman
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Vitamin A Status ◽  
Sufficient Vitamin ◽  
Liver Storage

The vitamin A status of lactating women, its effect on the vitamin A content of human milk, and the adequacy of human milk as a source of vitamin A for the infant were assessed, comparing data from developing countries with those from developed countries. The vitamin A concentration in breast milk during the first two weeks of lactation is nearly double that at one month. It is even higher in preterm milk than in term milk during the first several months. Human milk alone provides sufficient vitamin A to prevent clinical deficiency throughout the first 12 months of life, even in presumably more poorly nourished populations in developing countries. However, it is not sufficient to allow liver storage after about six months of lactation.

The Transfer of Drugs and Other Chemicals Into Human Milk

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Therapy ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Drug Exposure ◽  
Medical Literature ◽  
Chemical Agent ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Sleep Period ◽  
Breast Fed

This statement was first published in 1983,1 with a revision published in 1989.2 Information about the transfer of drugs and chemicals into human milk continues to become available. This current statement is intended to revise the lists of agents transferred into human milk and describe their possible effects on the infant or on lactation, if known (Tables I through 7). The fact that a pharmacologic or chemical agent does not appear on the lists is not meant to imply that it is not transferred into human milk or that it does not have an effect on the infant; it only indicates that there were no reports found in the literature. These tables should assist the physician in counseling a nursing mother regarding breast-feeding when the mother has a condition for which a drug is medically indicated. The following question and options should be considered when prescribing drug therapy to lactating women. (1) Is the drug therapy really necessary? Consultation between the pediatrician and the mother's physician can be most useful. (2) Use the safest drug, for example, acetaminophen rather than aspirin for analgesia. (3) If there is a possibility that a drug may present a risk to the infant, consideration should be given to measurement of blood concentrations in the nursing infant. (4) Drug exposure to the nursing infant may be minimized by having the mother take the medication just after she has breast-fed the infant and/or just before the infant is due to have a lengthy sleep period. Data have been obtained from a search of the medical literature.

Awareness Regarding Lactation Practices Among Lactating Women Attending Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore

2020 ◽  
pp. 31-35
Author(s):  
OJS Admin
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Nutritional Requirements ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Weaning Foods ◽  
Breast Feed

Breast feeding is essential and plays an important role in the growth and development of a child. It is recommended to breast feed child till 6 months exclusively and to start weaning foods slowly to meet the nutritional requirements for the growth and development of child.

scholarly journals Lactation and appetite-regulating hormones: increased maternal plasma peptide YY concentrations 3–6 months postpartum

2015 ◽  
Vol 114 (8) ◽  
pp. 1203-1208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greisa Vila ◽  
Judith Hopfgartner ◽  
Gabriele Grimm ◽  
Sabina M. Baumgartner-Parzer ◽  
Alexandra Kautzky-Willer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Maternal Blood ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Cholesterol Ratio ◽  
Lactating Mothers ◽  
The Impact

AbstractBreast-feeding is associated with maternal hormonal and metabolic changes ensuring adequate milk production. In this study, we investigate the impact of breast-feeding on the profile of changes in maternal appetite-regulating hormones 3–6 months postpartum. Study participants were age- and BMI-matched lactating mothers (n 10), non-lactating mothers (n 9) and women without any history of pregnancy or breast-feeding in the previous 12 months (control group, n 10). During study sessions, young mothers breast-fed or bottle-fed their babies, and maternal blood samples were collected at five time points during 90 min: before, during and after feeding the babies. Outcome parameters were plasma concentrations of ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY), leptin, adiponectin, prolactin, cortisol, insulin, glucose and lipid values. At baseline, circulating PYY concentrations were significantly increased in lactating mothers (100·3 (se 6·7) pg/ml) v. non-lactating mothers (73·6 (se 4·9) pg/ml, P=0·008) and v. the control group (70·2 (se 9) pg/ml, P=0·021). We found no differences in ghrelin, leptin and adiponectin values. Baseline prolactin concentrations were over 4-fold higher in lactating mothers (P<0·001). Lactating women had reduced TAG levels and LDL-cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol ratio, but increased waist circumference, when compared with non-lactating women. Breast-feeding sessions further elevated circulating prolactin (P<0·001), but induced no acute effects on appetite-regulating hormones. In summary, one single breast-feeding session did not acutely modulate circulating appetite-regulating hormones, but increased baseline PYY concentrations are associated with prolonged lactation. PYY might play a role in the coordination of energy balance during lactation, increasing fat mobilisation from maternal depots and ensuring adequate milk production for the demands of the growing infant.

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