Lactation and appetite-regulating hormones: increased maternal plasma peptide YY concentrations 3–6 months postpartum

AbstractBreast-feeding is associated with maternal hormonal and metabolic changes ensuring adequate milk production. In this study, we investigate the impact of breast-feeding on the profile of changes in maternal appetite-regulating hormones 3–6 months postpartum. Study participants were age- and BMI-matched lactating mothers (n 10), non-lactating mothers (n 9) and women without any history of pregnancy or breast-feeding in the previous 12 months (control group, n 10). During study sessions, young mothers breast-fed or bottle-fed their babies, and maternal blood samples were collected at five time points during 90 min: before, during and after feeding the babies. Outcome parameters were plasma concentrations of ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY), leptin, adiponectin, prolactin, cortisol, insulin, glucose and lipid values. At baseline, circulating PYY concentrations were significantly increased in lactating mothers (100·3 (se 6·7) pg/ml) v. non-lactating mothers (73·6 (se 4·9) pg/ml, P=0·008) and v. the control group (70·2 (se 9) pg/ml, P=0·021). We found no differences in ghrelin, leptin and adiponectin values. Baseline prolactin concentrations were over 4-fold higher in lactating mothers (P<0·001). Lactating women had reduced TAG levels and LDL-cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol ratio, but increased waist circumference, when compared with non-lactating women. Breast-feeding sessions further elevated circulating prolactin (P<0·001), but induced no acute effects on appetite-regulating hormones. In summary, one single breast-feeding session did not acutely modulate circulating appetite-regulating hormones, but increased baseline PYY concentrations are associated with prolonged lactation. PYY might play a role in the coordination of energy balance during lactation, increasing fat mobilisation from maternal depots and ensuring adequate milk production for the demands of the growing infant.

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Impact of weight loss achieved through a multidisciplinary intervention on appetite in patients with severe obesity

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.00322.2017 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 315 (1) ◽

pp. E91-E98 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

S. R. Coutinho ◽

J. F. Rehfeld ◽

J. J. Holst ◽

B. Kulseng ◽

C. Martins

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Severe Obesity ◽

Peptide Yy ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Cardiovascular Fitness ◽

Ghrelin Concentration ◽

Time Points ◽

Diet And Exercise ◽

The Impact

The impact of lifestyle-induced weight loss (WL) on appetite in patients with obesity remains controversial. This study aimed to assess the short- and long-term impact of WL achieved by diet and exercise on appetite in patients with obesity. Thirty-five (22 females) adults with severe obesity (body mass index: 42.5 ± 5.0 kg/m2) underwent a 2-yr WL program focusing on diet and exercise. Body weight (BW), cardiovascular fitness (V̇o2max), appetite feelings, and plasma concentrations of insulin, active ghrelin (AG), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), and cholecystokinin (CCK), in the fasting and postprandial states, were measured at baseline (B), week 4 (W4), and 1 and 2 yr (and average values for all fasting and postprandial time points computed). BW was significantly reduced and V̇o2max(ml·kg−1·min−1) increased at all time points compared with B (3.5, 8.1, and 8.4% WL and 7, 11, and 8% increase at W4 and 1 and 2 yr, respectively). Basal hunger and average hunger and desire to eat were significantly increased at 1 and 2 yr. Basal fullness was significantly increased at W4, and average ratings were reduced at 1 yr. Average AG and PYY were significantly increased, and insulin was reduced, at all time points compared with B. Average GLP-1 was reduced at W4, and CCK was increased at 2 yr. After lifestyle-induced WL, patients with severe obesity will, therefore, have to deal with increased hunger in the long term. In conclusion, sustained WL at 2 yr achieved with diet and exercise is associated with increased hunger feelings and ghrelin concentration but also increased postprandial concentrations of satiety hormones.

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The efficacy of feeding a live probiotic yeast, Yea-Sacc®, on the performance of lactating dairy cows

Journal of Applied Animal Nutrition ◽

10.1017/jan.2015.10 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

D. Tristant ◽

C. A. Moran

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Milk Production ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Feed Additive ◽

Control Group ◽

Target Dose ◽

Lactating Dairy Cows ◽

Farm Model ◽

The Impact

SummaryThe following trial was conducted to evaluate the impact of feeding Yea-Sacc® (YS; Alltech Inc, USA), a zootechnical feed additive based on a live probiotic strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, to lactating dairy cows over a 12 week period. Sixty-four primiparous and multiparous Holstein dairy cows, grouped to give similar range of parity, physiological and milk production stages, were selected for the study. Cows were equally allocated to either a control feed group or a diet supplemented with YS (32 cows per treatment). The test diet was formulated to include YS (Yea-Sacc® Farm Pak) incorporated in the total mixed ration (TMR), supplying a target dose of 5 × 107 CFU/kg feed dry matter (DM). This target dose delivered 1 × 109 CFU/cow/day, for a cow consuming 20 kg feed (DM basis) daily. Each cow was considered a replicate unit. Cows were fed a nutritionally adequate total TMR plus hay and a supplementary protein/energy concentrate (calculated according to milk yield) for 12 weeks, supplied once a day after the morning milking. Weigh backs of feed were recorded daily, with refusals being maintained at 3% of the total intake. During the 12 week study period, YS had significant beneficial effects on milk production (+0.8 kg/day; P = 0.003), energy corrected milk production (+1.4 kg/day; P < 0.0001), synthesis of milk protein (+36 g/day; P = 0.001), milk protein content (+0.3 g/kg; P = 0.009), and milk urea content (−0.09 mg/l; P = 0.004). The synthesis of milk fat was similar between treatments but milk fat content was lower for the YS group compared to the control group (−1.1 g/kg; P = 0.0002). Lactose content was always higher (+0.8 g/kg; P < 0.0001) for the YS group, indicating enhanced energy utilisation. In general, the effect of YS was higher during the first study period (one to seven weeks), when cows were in early lactation and the production potential was higher. YS cows produced significantly more milk during the study, and an additional 220 kg milk per cow was sold from this group from the output measured from the beginning of the study to two weeks post-trial. However, the statistical analysis including the post-study period did not show a significant effect. The 305-day simulated milk production was higher for the YS group (+400 kg/cow) but again the difference was not significant. In conclusion, YS at a target dose of 5 × 107 CFU/kg DM improved milk production and milk quality in healthy dairy cows. In addition, when the data were included in a whole-farm model, feeding YS reduced methane emissions by 4%, reduced the number of animals required for the desired milk production by 4% and increased overall farm margins by 1.4%.

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Postpartum Lactational Amenorrhoea as a Means of Family Planning in the Sudan: A Study of 500 Cases

Journal of Biosocial Science ◽

10.1017/s0021932083006227 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 9-23 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Amal M. Adnan ◽

Salah Abu Bakr

Keyword(s):

Family Planning ◽

Breast Feeding ◽

Fertility Control ◽

Supplementary Feeding ◽

Policy Implications ◽

Modern Contraceptive ◽

Lactating Women ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Lactating Mothers ◽

Primiparous Women

SummaryThe lactational histories of 500 Sudanese women were studied retrospectively to examine postpartum lactational amenorrhoea as a method of family planning. Particular attention was given to the factors affecting postpartum lactational amenorrhoea, including supplementary feeding and the use of modern contraceptive methods. Breast-feeding was overwhelmingly practised (90%) among this sample, which was roughly representative of the Sudanese population as a whole. The prevalence of amenorrhoea among this group of lactating women was quite high (73%). Duration of lactational amenorrhoea ranged from 2 to 36 months with a median of 12 months.Introduction of supplementary feeding had little effect on lactational amenorrhoea up to the 9th month of breast-feeding. Beyond the 12th month of breast-feeding, lactational amenorrhoea was significantly prolonged by postponing the introduction of supplementary feeding until the 4th month or later.Ovulation, and hence conception, during lactational amenorrhoea was unpredictable. It occurred as early as the 3rd or as late as the 36th month postpartum. Conceptions interrupting lactational amenorrhoea soon after delivery (3–9 months) were more frequent among primiparous women. The failure rate of lactational amenorrhoea as a contraceptive was 8·4%. Though extremely high compared to that of the pill, lactational amenorrhoea was more useful as a fertility control mechanism because, in this study, a high proportion of women initiated pill use, but soon discontinued it because of side effects. Modern contraceptive practice was not prevalent. Amenorrhoeic mothers accepted the pill after the 6th month postpartum (41%), compared to lactating mothers whose menses had returned who started it much earlier. Forty-nine percent of the women studied relied completely on the protection of lactational amenorrhoea. Fifty-seven percent of all lactating women who used the combined pill reported a reduction in milk production. There are several policy implications of this study.

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Sex differences in the impact of the Mediterranean diet on cardiovascular risk profile

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114511006969 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 108 (8) ◽

pp. 1428-1434 ◽

Cited By ~ 62

Author(s):

Alexandra Bédard ◽

Mélissa Riverin ◽

Sylvie Dodin ◽

Louise Corneau ◽

Simone Lemieux

Keyword(s):

Mediterranean Diet ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Plasma Lipid ◽

Premenopausal Women ◽

Cardiovascular Effects ◽

Individual Variability ◽

Dietary Guidelines ◽

Men And Women ◽

Cholesterol Ratio ◽

The Impact

The traditional Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) is now widely recommended in the prevention of CVD. However, it is not known whether the MedDiet has the same beneficial cardiovascular effects in women and in men. The objective of the present study was to investigate sex-related differences with regard to changes in cardiometabolic variables in response to a 4-week isoenergetic MedDiet. Participants were thirty-eight men and thirty-two premenopausal women aged between 25 and 50 years who had slightly elevated LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations (3·4–4·9 mmol/l) or total cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol ratio ≥ 5·0. A 4-week run-in period preceded the MedDiet in order to control the inter- and intra-individual variability. Cardiometabolic variables were measured before and after the MedDiet. Total cholesterol, LDL-C, apoB and apoA-1 plasma concentrations as well as diastolic blood pressure decreased (P < 0·05) in both men and women (respectively, 10, 10, 10, 6 and 5 % for men and 6, 7, 9, 4 and 4 % for women). ApoA-2 concentrations and insulin concentrations 2 h after the oral administration of 75 g of glucose demonstrated sex × time interactions (respectively, P = 0·05 and P = 0·03) and only men experienced a decrease for these variables (respectively, 8 and 25 %). In conclusion, consuming a MedDiet led to significant changes in plasma lipid profile in both men and women, while only men had significant improvements in insulin homeostasis. These results support the importance of investigating sex-related differences in response to diet in order to perhaps further individualise dietary guidelines in the prevention of CVD and type 2 diabetes.

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Metabolic and hormonal changes during the refeeding period of prolonged fasting

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/eje-06-0740 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 157 (2) ◽

pp. 157-166 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

Márta Korbonits ◽

David Blaine ◽

Marinos Elia ◽

Jeremy Powell-Tuck

Keyword(s):

Peptide Yy ◽

Ketone Bodies ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Underlying Disease ◽

Calorie Intake ◽

Control Group ◽

Free Access ◽

Hormonal Changes ◽

Prolonged Fasting ◽

Refeeding Syndrome

Objective: The discovery of leptin, a hormone primarily involved in adaptation to fasting, led to an increased interest in appetite regulation and appetite-modulating hormones. Here, we present unique data from a case of extreme starvation and refeeding, showing changes in plasma concentrations of appetite-modulating and metabolic hormones as well as biochemical changes, and draw attention to the dangers of the refeeding syndrome. Patients and methods: We studied the refeeding period of a 44-day voluntary fast uncomplicated by underlying disease. Biochemical and hormonal variables were compared with 16 matched subjects such that the BMI range of the controls covered the entire spectrum for the index subject’s recovering BMI. Results: Lack of calorie intake with free access to water resulted in 25% loss of body weight. Haemoconcentration was observed and feeding was started with a low sodium, hypocaloric liquid formulation. During early refeeding, marked hypophosphataemia, haemodilution and slight oedema developed. Vitamins B1, B12 and B6 were depleted while serum free fatty acids, ketone bodies and zinc levels were abnormally high; abnormal liver function developed over the first week. The hormonal profile showed low IGF-I and insulin levels, and elevated IGF-binding protein-1 concentrations. Appetite-regulating hormones were either very low (leptin and ghrelin) or showed no marked difference from the control group (peptide YY, agouti-related peptide, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, neuropeptide Y and pro-opiomelanocortin). Appetite was low at the beginning of refeeding and a transient increase in orexin and resistin was observed coincidently with an increase in subjective hunger. Conclusions: Our study illustrates the potential dangers of refeeding and provides a comprehensive insight into the endocrinology of prolonged fasting and the refeeding process.

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The effect of carprofen on fresh dairy cows health

Žemės ūkio mokslai ◽

10.6001/zemesukiomokslai.v26i1.3968 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Gabrielė Lošytė ◽

Ieva Navalinskaitė ◽

Žyginta Prokopavičiūtė ◽

Ernesta Pocevičienė ◽

Ramūnas Antanaitis

Keyword(s):

Treatment Group ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Somatic Cell Count ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Milk Composition ◽

Management Program ◽

Control Group ◽

Stress Indicator ◽

The Third ◽

The Impact

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of stress on the health of fresh-lactation cows and the effect of NSAIDs on the stress indicator cortisol, rumination time (RT) and somatic cell count (SCC). The treatment group of cows (TG) (n = 15) were given a subcutaneous injection of Rimadyl Cattle® (50 mg/ml of carprofen), 1.4 mg per 1 kg BW dose, up to 1 hour after calving. At the same time, the control group of cows (CG) (n = 15) were given an injection of 0.9% NaCl. The whole study looked at the health of cows by recording cases that occurred during the period after calving. Blood cortisol examination was performed within 2, 24 and 48 h after the use of the mentioned drugs. Rumination time was registered with the Lely T4C management program for analysis. Milk composition (SCC) was determined using the Lely T4C management program for analysis. NSAIDs (carprofen 50 mg/ml) statistically significantly reduced cortisol plasma concentrations within 48 h from the use of the drug and did not have an impact on SCC. The use of NSAID increased the average ruminating time from the third to the eleventh day after calving.

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Breast-milk production in Australian women

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19810100 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 45 (2) ◽

pp. 243-249 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

S. Rattigan ◽

Ann V. Ghisalberti ◽

P. E. Hartmann

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Milk Production ◽

Breast Feeding ◽

Normal Values ◽

Energy Content ◽

Lactating Women ◽

Breast Milk Production ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Dietary Records ◽

The Mean

1. Milk productions and 7d dietary records were determined on twenty-seven mothers who had been breast-feeding for 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 months.2. The mean milk productions for each group of mothers was 1.187, 1.238, 1.128, 0.884, 0.880 and 0.951 kg/24 h at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 or 15 months of lactation respectively. There was no significant difference between two milk determinations 3–7 d apart on each mother or between the mean milk production of each group of mothers.3. Energy intakes of the infants was found to be higher than the usually-accepted values at 1 and 3 months of age but by 6 months were similar to the accepted normal values.4. Energy intakes of the mothers although greater than those recommended for similar non-lactating women were not sufficient to take into account the energy content of the milk.

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The Effectiveness of Goat Milk to Increase the Quantity of Breast Milk Among Lactation Women: Randomized Controlled Trial Evidence

Childhood Stunting, Wasting, and Obesity, as the Critical Global Health Issues: Forging Cross-Sectoral Solutions ◽

10.26911/the7thicph.05.38 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Prita Alvina Reviana ◽

◽

Yulia Lanti Retno Dewi ◽

Vitri Widyaningsih ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Randomized Controlled Trial ◽

Breast Milk ◽

Milk Production ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Goat Milk ◽

Cow Milk ◽

Control Group ◽

Randomized Controlled ◽

Breast Milk Production ◽

Lactating Mothers

ABSTRACT Background: Goat milk has some potential nutrition than cow milk. Studies suggested that goat milk is better digested and absorbed than cow milk. It also has less allergen protein and lower lactose. Previous studies examined the benefit of goat milk as infant feeding to increase infant growth compared with cow milk-based formula. However, the studies that analyze the effect of goat milk in increasing breast milk production are scarce. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of goat milk to increase breast milk volume in lactating mothers. Subjects and Method: This was a randomized controlled trial (RCT). The study was conducted in Madiun, East Java, in October 2019. A sample of 100 lactating mothers with children aged 1 to 3 months was selected purposively. The dependent variable was volume of breast milk. The independent variable was the effectiveness of goat milk. The data were collected by food recall 24 hours and observational sheet. The data were analyzed by t test. Results: Breast milk production after giving goat milk in the intervention group (Mean= 121.5; SD= 12.81) was higher than control group (Mean= 97.06; SD= 13.59), and it was statistically significant (p<0.001). Conclusion: Goat milk is effective to increase quantity of breast milk in lactating mothers. Keywords: breast milk production, goat milk Correspondence: Prita Alvina Reviana. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: +6282334673976 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.05.38

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Consequences of transvaginal follicular puncture on well-being in cows

Reproduction ◽

10.1530/rep.0.1250555 ◽

2003 ◽

pp. 555-563 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

S Chastant-Maillard ◽

H Quinton ◽

J Lauffenburger ◽

N Cordonnier-Lefort ◽

C Richard ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Histological Examination ◽

Milk Production ◽

Well Being ◽

Holstein Cows ◽

Control Group ◽

Physiological Measurement ◽

Cell Counts ◽

Challenge Tests ◽

Follicular Puncture ◽

The Impact

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of repeated follicular puncture used in the ovum pick-up technique on the welfare of cows. The evaluation relies on the physiological measurement of stress, milk production criteria, immune status, and the histological examination of ovaries. Two groups of five Holstein cows were submitted to epidural anaesthesia and genital palpation with insertion of an intravaginal ultrasound probe for transvaginal puncture (the puncture was not performed in the control group). Animals were manipulated twice a week for 8 weeks (16 manipulation sessions). The blood cortisol concentrations increased after each session; however, the concentrations were the same in both the control and the punctured groups. Two adrenocorticotrophic hormone challenge tests, performed before the first session and after the last session, showed an unchanged adrenal sensitivity through repeated puncture sessions. The transvaginal puncture did not affect milk production, or blood and milk somatic cell counts. Ovariectomies were performed on another group of four Holstein cows at various intervals (0 to 30 days) after five similar puncture sessions. Histological examination of the ovaries 4 days after puncture revealed blood-filled follicles and haemorrhagic foci in ovarian stroma, but the examination 30 days after the last puncture session demonstrated very limited, if any, fibrosis. On the basis of the criteria chosen for this study, repeated transvaginal follicular puncture on its own does not impact adversely on the welfare of cows.

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Pharmacokinetics of Prophylactic Cefazolin in Parturients Undergoing Cesarean Delivery

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.02613-13 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 58 (6) ◽

pp. 3504-3513 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Mohammed H. Elkomy ◽

Pervez Sultan ◽

David R. Drover ◽

Ekaterina Epshtein ◽

Jeffery L. Galinkin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cord Blood ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Cesarean Delivery ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Maternal Blood ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Elective Cesarean ◽

Neonatal Blood ◽

The Impact ◽

Maternal Administration

ABSTRACTThe objectives of this work were (i) to characterize the pharmacokinetics of cefazolin in pregnant women undergoing elective cesarean delivery and in their neonates; (ii) to assess cefazolin transplacental transmission; (iii) to evaluate the dosing and timing of preoperative, prophylactic administration of cefazolin to pregnant women; and (iv) to investigate the impact of maternal dosing on therapeutic duration and exposure in newborns. Twenty women received 1 g of cefazolin preoperatively. Plasma concentrations of total cefazolin were analyzed from maternal blood samples taken before, during, and after delivery; umbilical cord blood samples obtained at delivery; and neonatal blood samples collected 24 h after birth. The distribution volume of cefazolin was 9.44 liters/h. The values for pre- and postdelivery clearance were 7.18 and 4.12 liters/h, respectively. Computer simulations revealed that the probability of maintaining free cefazolin concentrations in plasma above 8 mg/liter during scheduled caesarean surgery was <50% in the cord blood when cefazolin was administered in doses of <2 g or when it was administered <1 h before delivery. Therapeutic concentrations of cefazolin persisted in neonates >5 h after birth. Cefazolin clearance increases during pregnancy, and larger doses are recommended for surgical prophylaxis in pregnant women to obtain the same antibacterial effect as in nonpregnant patients. Cefazolin has a longer half-life in neonates than in adults. Maternal administration of up to 2 g of cefazolin is effective and produces exposure within clinically approved limits in neonates.

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