Awareness Regarding Lactation Practices Among Lactating Women Attending Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore

2020 ◽  
pp. 31-35
Author(s):  
OJS Admin
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Nutritional Requirements ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Weaning Foods ◽  
Breast Feed

Breast feeding is essential and plays an important role in the growth and development of a child. It is recommended to breast feed child till 6 months exclusively and to start weaning foods slowly to meet the nutritional requirements for the growth and development of child.

scholarly journals Relationship between obesity and lower rates of breast feeding initiation in regional Victoria, Australia: an 8-year retrospective panel study

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. e044884
Author(s):  
Melanie Rae Bish ◽  
Fiona Faulks ◽  
Lisa Helen Amir ◽  
Rachel R Huxley ◽  
Harold David McIntyre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Morbidly Obese ◽  
Hospital Data ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
Over Time

ObjectivesUsing routinely collected hospital data, this study explored secular trends over time in breast feeding initiation in a large Australian sample. The association between obesity and not breast feeding was investigated utilising a generalised estimating equations logistic regression that adjusted for sociodemographics, antenatal, intrapartum and postpartum conditions, mode of delivery and infant’s-related covariates.DesignPopulation-based retrospective panel.SettingA regional hospital that serves 26% of Victoria’s 6.5 million population in Australia.ParticipantsAll women experiencing live births between 2010 and 2017 were included. Women with missing body mass index (BMI) were excluded.ResultsA total of 7491 women contributed to 10 234 live births. At baseline, 57.2% of the women were overweight or obese, with obesity increasing over 8 years by 12.8%, p=0.001. Although, breast feeding increased over time, observed in all socioeconomic status (SES) and BMI categories, the lowest proportions were consistently found among the obese and morbidly obese (78.9% vs 87.1% in non-obese mothers, p<0.001). In the multivariable analysis, risk of not breast feeding was associated with higher BMI, teenage motherhood, smoking, belonging to the lowest SES class, gravidity >4 and undergoing an assisted vaginal or caesarean delivery. Compared with women with a normal weight, the obese and morbidly obese were 66% (OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.40 to 1.96, p<0.001) to 2.6 times (OR 2.61, 95% CI 2.07 to 3.29, p<0.001) less likely to breast feed, respectively. The detected dose–response effect between higher BMI and lower breast feeding was not explained by any of the study covariates.ConclusionThis study provides evidence of increasing breast feeding proportions in regional Victoria over the past decade. However, these proportions were lowest among the obese and morbidly obese and those coming from the most disadvantaged backgrounds suggesting the need for targeted interventions to support breast feeding among these groups. The psychosocial and physiological associations between obesity and breast feeding should further be investigated.

Attitudes of Expectant Fathers Regarding Breast-Feeding

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-227
Author(s):  
Gary L. Freed ◽  
J. Kennard Fraley ◽  
Richard J. Schanler
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Formula Feeding ◽  
Education Programs ◽  
Feeding Method ◽  
Familial Support ◽  
Feeding Group ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
Nursing Mothers ◽  
Expectant Fathers ◽  
Study Population

Fathers participate in choosing the feeding method for their newborns. However they traditionally have not been included in most breast-feeding education programs. To examine expectant fathers' attitudes and knowledge regarding breast-feeding, we surveyed 268 men during the first session of their Childbirth education classes at five private hospitals in Houston, Texas. The study population was 81% white, 8% black, and 6% hispanic. Ninety-seven percent (n = 259) of the total were married. Fifty-eight percent (n = 156) reported that their spouses planned to breast-feed exclusively; several signficant differences existed between these men and those who reported plans for exclusive formula feeding. The breast-feeding group was more likely to believe breast-feeding is better for the baby (96% vs 62%; P &lt; .0001), helps with infant bonding (92% vs 53%; P &lt; .0001), and protects the infant from disease (79% vs 47% P &lt; .001). The breast-feeding group was also more likely to want their partner to breast-feed (90% vs 13%; P &lt; .0001) and to have respect for breast-feeding women (57% vs 16%; P &lt; .0001). Conversely, those in the formula feeding group were more likely to think breast-feeding is bad for breasts (52% vs 22%; P &lt; .01), makes breasts ugly (44% vs 23%; P &lt; .05), and interferes with sex (72% vs 24%; P &lt; .0001). The majority of both groups indicated breast-feeding was not acceptable in public (breast-feeding = 71%, formula feeding = 78%, P &lt; .05). These data demonstrate misperceptions and a lack of education regarding breast-feeding in the formula feeding group and a lack of public acceptance in both groups. We conclude that fathers must be included in breast-feeding education programs. Confrontation of myths and misperceptions prenatally may help to overcome obstacles to the initiation of breast-feeding and to provide greater familial support for nursing mothers.

Breast-Feeding, Birth Interval, and Infant Health

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 695-701
Author(s):  
John E. Anderson ◽  
James S. Marks ◽  
Tai-Keun Park
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Infant Health ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Recent Issue ◽  
Birth Intervals ◽  
Contraceptive Effect ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
Lower Fertility ◽  
Demographic Surveys

In this section we consider the indirect effects of breast-feeding on infant health through its effect on birth intervals. First, we examine the evidence that breast-feeding is associated with longer intervals between births. Then we discuss studies that have attempted to show that short birth intervals are related to poorer infant health. EFFECT OF BREAST-FEEDING ON INTERVALS BETWEEN BIRTHS Breast-feeding is associated with a delay in the return of ovulation after a birth, with longer intervals between births, and with lower fertility rates occurring in populations where this practice is prolonged. In a recent issue of Population Reports,13 numerous studies that evaluate the contraceptive effect of breast-feeding were reviewed. Studies that link breast-feeding and fertility include clinical reports based on small numbers of women, larger prospective studies, and single-round demographic surveys which may be representative of national populations. Clinical Studies Because ovulation is difficult to measure, studies linking breast-feeding with ovulation have been limited to small numbers of clinic-based subjects.4,14,17 These studies have shown that women who breast-feed—and those who breast-feed for longer periods—tend to ovulate later following a birth than other women. This effect is believed to be related to the hormone prolactin, which is released through the stimulus caused by the infant's sucking. Prolactin promotes the production of breast milk and is believed to be related to the inhibition of ovulation. Levels of prolactin and the anovulatory effect are related to the frequency and intensity of nursing. Thus, women who breast-feed partially on infrequently, while giving supplementary food, are more likely to ovulate than those who breast-feed fully.

Harmful Chemicals and Drugs in Breast Milk

1981 ◽  
Vol 2 (9) ◽  
pp. 279-283
Author(s):  
David S. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Anticancer Drugs ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Family Physicians ◽  
Antithyroid Drugs ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Antiinfective Agents ◽  
Alternative Drugs

The pediatrician should be aware of the fact that nearly all drugs used in the therapy of lactating women may be found in varying amounts in breast milk. Mothers who must take antithyroid drugs, chloramphenicol, lithium, methadone, most anticancer drugs, radioactive pharmaceuticals and antiinfective agents such as the tetracyclines and metronidazole should not nurse their infants while receiving therapy. It has been our experience that in most instances safer alternative drugs may be selected after discussions with obstetricians, family physicians, and internists. The use of other drugs merits a certain degree of caution; nursing the infant before a dose is given may help to minimize exposure to the infant. Interruption of breast-feeding should be infrequent.

Trends in Breast-Feeding

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 591-602
Author(s):  
Gerry E. Hendershot
Keyword(s):  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Market Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Upward Trend ◽  
Disadvantaged Women ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
Statistical Studies ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Short Section

Starting from very high levels in the 1940s, breast-feeding declined steadily to low levels in the early 1970s, and then began an upward trend which has apparently continued until the present (Fig. 1). In the 1940s, breast-feeding was more common among disadvantaged women. The subsequent decline was also more rapid among the disadvantaged, however, so that by the early 1970s, disadvantaged women were considerably less likely than others to breast-feed. Because the increase since the early 1970s has not been so pronounced among the disadvantaged, they continue to have relatively low levels of breast-feeding. The causes of these trends and differentials are not well understood. These are the principal conclusions drawn from a review of statistical studies of trends and differentials in breast-feeding in the United States. The studies included national health surveys conducted by the federal government, market research surveys conducted by infant formula manufacturers, and infant feeding surveys conducted by medical researchers. The studies differed markedly in their methods—a fact that affects their validity, reliability, and comparability. The first section of this paper discusses these data sources and their limitations. The next two sections discuss the downward trend in breast-feeding from the 1940s to the early 1970s, and the upward trend since. Each of these sections examines demographic differences in these trends. A short section that addresses possible causes of the trends and differentials follows those two sections. SOURCES AND LIMITATIONS OF THE DATA The principal sources of data on trends and differentials in breast-feeding are national fertility surveys, market research surveys, and special purpose infant-feeding surveys.

Recent Declines in Breast-Feeding in the United States, 1984 Through 1989

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 719-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan S. Ryan ◽  
David Rush ◽  
Fritz W. Krieger ◽  
Gregory E. Lewandowski
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
College Education ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Supplemental Food ◽  
White Ethnicity ◽  
Breast Feed

Ongoing surveys performed by Ross Laboratories demonstrate recent declines both in the initiation of breast-feeding and continued breast-feeding at 6 months of age. Comparing rates in 1984 and 1989, the initiation of breast-feeding declined approximately 13% (from 59.7% to 52.2%), and there was a 24% decline in the rate of breast-feeding at 6 months of age (from 23.8% to 18.1%). The decline in breast-feeding was seen across all groups studied but was greater in some groups than in others. Logistic regression analysis indicates that white ethnicity, some college education, increased maternal age, and having an infant of normal birth weight were all positively associated with the likelihood of both initiating breast-feeding and continuing to breast-feed to at least 6 months of age. Women who were black and who were younger, no more than high school educated, enrolled in the Women, Infants and Children supplemental food program, working outside the home, not living in the western states, and who had an infant of low birth weight were less likely either to initiate breast-feeding or to be nursing when their children were 6 months of age. The factors influencing the decline in breast-feeding were not uniform. There were fewer sociodemograpahic factors associated with the decline in the initiation of breast-feeding than in the decline in prolonged breast-feeding. While the disparity between older and younger mothers in initiating breast-feeding increased, there was an offsetting trend as the disparity associated with parity decreased. The only other significantly changed relationship for initiation of breast-feeding was that the disparity associated with higher income increased significantly: the decline in the rates of breast-feeding among the less affluent was greater than among the more affluent. Many more sociodemographic factors were significantly associated with declines in breast-feeding at 6 months of age. The disparity between those mothers not employed and those employed increased (from an odds ratio of 1.65 in 1984 to 2.43 in 1989). The disparities associated with age and parity both increased over time: the rate of breast-feeding declined more steeply among younger and primiparous mothers than among older and multiparous mothers. Similarly, the declines were greater among those enrolled in the Women, Infants and Children program (compared with those not enrolled), those with less than a college education (compared with some college education), and those not residing in the western region of the United States (compared with those residing in the West). Educational efforts to promote breast-feeding are needed for all pregnant women and should be particularly directed toward the groups who have experienced the most rapid recent decline in the rates of breast-feeding.

Nipple Confusion

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 300-301
Author(s):  
DOREN FREDRICKSON
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
White Women ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Bottle Feeding ◽  
Feeding Duration ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
The Impact

To the Editor.— I wish to comment on the study reported by Cronenwett et al,1 which was a fascinating prospective study among married white women who planned to breast-feed. Women were randomly selected to perform either exdusive breast-feeding or partial breast-feeding with bottled human milk supplements to determine the impact of infant temperament and limited bottle-feeding on breast-feeding duration. The authors admit that small sample size and lack of statistical power make a false-negative possible.

Transfer of Drugs and Other Chemicals Into Human Milk

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 84 (5) ◽  
pp. 924-936
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Therapy ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Drug Exposure ◽  
Chemical Agent ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
New Information ◽  
Oral Analgesia

Since the first publication of this statement, much new information has been published concerning the transfer of drugs and chemicals into human milk. This information, in addition to other research published before 1983, makes a revision of the previous statement necessary. In this revision, lists of the pharmacologic or chemical agents transferred into human milk and their possible effects on the infant or on lactation, if known, are provided (Tables 1 to 7). The fact that a pharmacologic or chemical agent does not appear in the Tables is not meant to imply that it is not transferred into human milk or that it does not have an effect on the infant but indicates that there are no reports in the literature. These tables should assist the physician in counseling a nursing mother regarding breast-feeding when the mother has a condition for which a drug is medically indicated. The following questions should be considered when prescribing drug therapy to lactating women. (1) Is the drug therapy really necessary? Consultation between the pediatrician and the mother's physician can be most useful. (2) Use the safest drug; for example, acetaminophen rather than aspirin for oral analgesia. (3) If there is a possibility that a drug may present a risk to the infant (eg, phenytoin, phenobarbital), consideration should be given to measurement of blood concentrations in the nursing infant. (4) Drug exposure to the nursing infant may be minimized by having the mother take the medication just after completing a breast-feeding and/or just before the infant has his or her lengthy sleep periods.

scholarly journals EXCLUSIVE BREAST FEEDING

2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (02) ◽  
pp. 286-290
Author(s):  
SOHAIL ASLAM ◽  
FAROOQ AKRAM ◽  
MEHBOOB SULTAN
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Feeding Practice ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Exclusive Breast Feeding ◽  
Lower Socioeconomic ◽  
Primary Care Hospital ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
Study Setting ◽  
Breast Fed

Objective To study the duration and factors influencing exclusive breast feeding practice. Design: A cross sectional descriptive study Setting: A primary care hospital Gilgit, northern area of Pakistan. Period: Ten months from March 2007 to December 2007. Material & Method This study include 125 mothers with mean age of 24.3 years (SD 4.8),37% were illiterate while only 14% were matriculate or above among 125 babies (male 61%: female 39%). Results Out of total 125, eighty one (64.8%) babies were exclusively breast fed (EBF) for first six months of life and only five(4%) infants were not given breast milk at all . among 76 male infants ,52 (68.4%) were EBF for six months in comparison to 29 female (59.2%) out of 49. among 36 first born infants only 15 (41.7%) were EBF for six months in comparison to 66 (74.2%)out of 89 not first born(p<0.05). Conclusion: Exclusive breast feeding for complete 6 months is still not routinely practised by most of mothers and first born are deprived of this right in majority lower socioeconomic group and illiterate mothers are more likelyto breast feed, gender bias was also observed as a significantly high percentage of male babies were observed to be breast fed as compared to females. More efforts are required by health depart. And NGO’s to promote good breast feeding practices in our setup. 

STUDIES WITH 4-14-C-MESTRANOL IN LACTATING WOMEN

1969 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 665-677 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. G. Wijmenga ◽  
H. J. van der Molen
Keyword(s):  
Oral Administration ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Clearance Rate ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Fourth Patient ◽  
Collection Period

ABSTRACT 14C-Mestranol (5 μc) was administered orally in a Lyndiol®**-tablet (= 5 mg lynestrenol*** + 150 μg mestranol) to four women using Lyndiol® during the lactation period shortly after delivery. The concentration of radioactivity in the plasma and the excretion of radioactivity in the urine and milk were studied. The clearance rate of radioactivity from the blood was very low. A halflife in the order of 40–60 h was found for labelled »mestranol and its metabolites«. In three cases 31–36% of the radioactivity was excreted into the urine within 5 days after oral administration of the labelled material; in the fourth patient this value was about 52 %. During a collection period of 4 days after the oral administration of the 14C-mestranol-containing tablet, 0.0002–0.013 per cent of the administered dose was excreted into the milk. These very low values were partly due to the low amounts of milk that could be collected. It was calculated that with the regular oral administration of one Lyndiol®-tablet daily, with 150 μg mestranol per tablet, about 0.03–0.06 μg (0.02–0.04 % of the administered dose) of mestranol or its metabolites might be excreted per 100 ml milk. The significance of these amounts, in view of the transfer to infants during breast-feeding, is discussed.

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