The applicability of centrographic analysis in pleasing craniofacial phenotypes

Context There has always been a need for nonnumeric facial analyses that would not compare an individual’s facial measurements with the preestablished norms, rather evaluate the facial form individually. This would help in diagnosis and treatment planning, unique to that individual. Aims The purpose of the study was to determine and establish a relation between skeletal, dental and soft tissue structures using centrographic analysis (CGA) in pleasing faces of Western Uttar Pradesh population. Materials and Methods A total of 50 subjects (22 males and 28 females) with “most pleasing faces” were taken up for the study, within the age group of 20-25 years. Frontal facial photographs and lateral cephalograms were taken for all the subjects. Conventional cephalometric analysis and CGA were applied to each lateral cephalogram. Arithmetic mean and standard deviation values were calculated, and an independent t-test was performed for calculating cephalomorphic norms and comparison between the male and female sample. Results The results showed that, the adults in the age group of 20-25 years, belonging to the Western Uttar Pradesh population have protrusive maxillary and mandibular skeletal bases and retrusive upper lip on contrary to a protrusive lower lip, though a sexual dimorphism was observed. The upper centroid and lower centroid values were statistically greater in women (P = 0.05 and P = 0.04 respectively) whereas, upper lip linear value was statistically greater in men. Conclusions The CGA is valid for Western Uttar Pradesh population. The Western Uttar Pradesh adults have protrusive mandible and a retrusive upper lip though there exists a sexual dimorphism. These practical centrographic norms can be used as an adjunct to the conventional cephalometric evaluation of an individual for diagnosis and treatment planning.

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Soft-tissue Cephalometric Norms of Kashmiri Population with Normal Occlusion and Well-balanced Faces

The Journal of Indian Orthodontic Society ◽

10.1177/0301574220941118 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 54 (4) ◽

pp. 304-310

Author(s):

Sneh Kalgotra ◽

Mohammad Mushtaq ◽

Abhishek Khajuria

Keyword(s):

Soft Tissue ◽

European American ◽

Age Group ◽

Upper Lip ◽

Normal Range ◽

Lateral Cephalogram ◽

Lower Lip ◽

Normal Occlusion ◽

Angular Measurements ◽

Kashmiri Population

Objective: To establish soft-tissue cephalometric norms of Kashmiri population and to compare them with European-American norms. Material and Methods: A total of 102 subjects falling in the age group of 19 to 25 years were selected from random and representative sample of 5317. Reference lines were traced according to the definitions given by Holdaway, Rickett, Steiners, Merrifield, and nasiolabial angle. Thirteen linear and 4 angular measurements were analyzed on the lateral cephalogram of the sample. Results: Significant differences were found between male and female subjects in measurements of the soft-tissue facial angle, upper lip thickness, upper lip strain, lower sulcus depth and soft-tissue chin thickness, and upper lip to S line and nasiolabial angle. Soft-tissue cephalometric norms of Kashmiri population that were measured in the present study when compared with the norms set by Holdaway’s parameters, Rickett’s E line, Merrifield Z angle, Steiner’s S line, and nasiolabial angle did not fall within the normal range. The facial angle was found to be greater by 1.36°, upper lip sulcus depth was greater by 0.53 mm, convexity at point A was greater by 2.43 mm, the H angle was greater by 5.64°, upper lip thickness and strain were greater by 2.30 and 2.36 mm, respectively, soft-tissue chin thickness was greater by 0.92 mm, upper lip to S line was greater by 0.60 mm, and lower lip was greater by 0.91 mm when compared with the standard European-American norms. Conclusion: According to the present study, the measured soft-tissue cephalometric norms for Kashmiri population differed from the standard norms. When planning orthodontics treatment, it should be kept in mind that the profile may not necessarily be orthognathic.

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Lip Dimensions of an Adult Nigerian Population with Normal Occlusion

The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice ◽

10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1119 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 188-193 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Gerald Ikenna Isiekwe ◽

Oluranti Olatokunbo daCosta ◽

Michael Chukwudi Isiekwe

Keyword(s):

Sexual Dimorphism ◽

Soft Tissue ◽

Treatment Planning ◽

Upper Lip ◽

Lower Lip ◽

Male And Female ◽

Normal Occlusion ◽

Soft Tissue Profile ◽

Nigerian Population ◽

Female Values

ABSTRACT Introduction The soft tissue paradigm is placing greater emphasis on the importance of the soft tissue profile to orthodontic treatment planning. The purpose of this study was to determine the lip dimensions of a Nigerian adult population; compare the male and female values and to compare the values obtained for Nigerians with those reported for other population. Methodology Lateral cephalometric radiographs of 100 students (44 males and 56 females) of the College of Medicine, University of Lagos, aged 18 to 25 years were taken. Selected subjects were of Nigerian ancestry with normal occlusion and a harmonious facial appearance. The radiographs were manually traced and the upper and lower lip length and thickness of each subject was measured. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS, while the male and female values were compared using student's t-tests. Results Mean values for the lip dimensions were computed for the entire sample. Marked sexual dimorphism was observed with the males having thicker and longer upper and lower lips than the females. The Nigerian sample also had a longer upper lip and a thicker and shorter lower lip than that reported for Caucasians. However, both population had a similar upper lip thickness. Conclusion Cephalometric norms were developed for the lip dimensions of a Nigerian population. Marked sexual dimorphism was observed in the Nigerian population studied with the males having longer and thicker lips than the females. The lip dimensions of the Nigerian population studied differed from that reported for Caucasians and other racial groups. Clinical significance The lip dimensions established in this study would aid in orthodontic and orthognathic surgery treatment planning for Nigerians. Furthermore, due to the marked sexual dimorphism observed in the Nigerian population studied, gender specific and not generalized norms should be used. How to cite this article Isiekwe GI, daCosta OO, Isiekwe MC. Lip Dimensions of an Adult Nigerian Population with Normal Occlusion. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(2):188-193.

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A Cephalometric Evaluation of Lower Lip in Patients with Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate

The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal ◽

10.1597/03-115.1 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 41 (5) ◽

pp. 485-489 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

T. Ufuk Toygar ◽

M. Okan Akçam ◽

Ayça Arman

Keyword(s):

Cleft Lip ◽

Cleft Lip And Palate ◽

Normal Subjects ◽

Middle Part ◽

Class I ◽

Control Group ◽

Upper Lip ◽

Lower Lip ◽

Normal Individuals ◽

Lateral Cephalograms

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate cephalometrically the lower lip position and area of patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) comparatively with Class I skeletodental normal subjects. Patients Lateral cephalometric and hand-wrist radiographs obtained from 24 patients with UCLP (mean age 12.86 years), along with 20 normal individuals (mean age 12.33 years) used as a control group, were examined. Design In addition to standard cephalometric dentofacial variables, lower lip area (superior, middle, inferior) was also measured using a digital planimeter on the lateral cephalograms. Results The superior and middle part of the lower lip areas were significantly smaller (p < .05) in the UCLP group, compared to the control group. The inferior and total lower lip areas of patients with UCLP were found to be significantly smaller than controls. The labiomental angle was also smaller (38.79 degrees). Conclusions The results suggest that the lower lip of patients with UCLP is smaller, retruded, and curved, with a deep labiomental sulcus, compared with normal individuals during puberty. Therefore, practitioners should focus not only on the upper lip of patients with UCLP but also should consider the lower lip as it was found distinct from normal individuals during puberty.

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Evaluation of Skeletal Jaw Relation by Different Cephalometric Angles for Sample of Kurdish Young Adults in Sulaimani City-A Cephalometric Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-543835/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Shiler Abdul Hammed Mohammed ◽

Trefa Mohammed Ali ◽

Zhwan Jamal Rashid

Keyword(s):

Treatment Planning ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Variable Parameter ◽

Study Groups ◽

Diagnosis And Treatment ◽

P Value ◽

Skeletal Malocclusion ◽

Lateral Cephalograms ◽

Coefficient Of Variability ◽

Beta Angle

Abstract Background/Objectives An accurate evaluation of skeletal sagittal jaw relationship has an important role in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. This study was done to establish cephalometric norms of all types of malocclusion using ANB, Wits appraisal and Beta angle, and evaluate the significance of W angle in comparison to these parameters. Subjects and Methods Ninety pre-treatment lateral cephalograms of male and female patients aged 18-28 years from Sulaimani City that met the sample criteria were traced digitally by the Easy Dent 4 software program. The sample was divided into three groups of skeletal malocclusion, class I, II, and III, based on ANB angle, Beta angle, and Wits appraisal, each group consisting of 30 patients. For each subject the following cephalometric parameters were measured: ANB angle, Beta angle, Wits apprasial, and W angle.Statistical analysis The Statistical Package for Social Sciences was used for analyzing data. ANOVA test was used to compare means of the three study groups. The post-hoc test was used to compare each two groups, Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was used to assess the strength of correlation between two numerical variables, and coefficient of variability was used to measure the extent of variability of each variable in relation to the population. The p value of ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. ResultsSignificant differences were found in the ANB angle, Beta angle, Wits appraisal and W-angle in all 90 patients. The coefficient of variability showed that Wits appraisal was the most variable parameter and W angle was the least variable parameter. Conclusions ANB angle, Beta angle, Wits appraisal and W-angle are significant parameters to assess the sagittal jaw relationship. The use of W angle, along with other parameters, can provide more accurate assessment of the sagittal skeletal jaw relationship as it has the least coefficient of variance; it should therefore enable better diagnosis and treatment planning for patients.

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Soft Tissue Facial Profile Changes Associated with Incisors Retraction

European Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.24018/clinicmed.2021.2.3.24 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 92-99

Author(s):

Ayman Salman Al-Shakhs ◽

Hayder Abdallah Hashim

Keyword(s):

Soft Tissue ◽

Tissue Response ◽

General Tendency ◽

Upper Lip ◽

Facial Soft Tissue ◽

Lower Lip ◽

Facial Profile ◽

Lateral Cephalograms ◽

Profile Changes ◽

Lower Incisors

Background: The general tendency of facial soft tissue response toward incisors retraction could be expected in various malocclusions. However, different initial malocclusion no doubt leads to differences in this response. Material and method: This retrospective study consisted of thirty-seven pre- and posttreatment lateral cephalographs belongs to adolescent female with mean age of 15.03 years. The twenty-four landmarks (skeletal, dental, soft tissue) were located and horizontal and vertical reference planes were used. Sixteen linear and six angular measurements were evaluated statistically. The pretreatment and posttreatment lateral cephalograms were superimposed on best fit cribriform plate of the ethmoid to analyze soft tissue facial profile changes after orthodontic treatment. Results: The three methods of error indicated that measurements were valid and reliable. The Labrale superius retraction exhibited the best predictability among upper lip components (Sn, Ss), whereas the lower lip showed better predictability and correlation than the upper lip. The upper and the lower lips revealed relatively similar mean retraction value (2.92 mm) and (2.6 mm) although the upper incisors retracted more (5.25 mm) than the lower incisors (2.86 mm). Conclusion: The upper incisors to Labrale superius ratio (1.99:1, UIP:Ls) exhibited the highest correlation (r=0.55**) among the other established ratios. The lower incisors to Labrale inferius ratio was (1.13:1, LIP: Is) with significant correlation (r=0.44**), whereas no significant correlation was observed with Labrale superius (r=0.27).

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Smile Analysis in Haryanavi Females

International Journal of Medical and Dental Sciences ◽

10.19056/ijmdsjssmes/2013/v2i2/86770 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 137

Author(s):

S. Garg ◽

S. K. Rathee

Keyword(s):

Cosmetic Surgery ◽

Digital Camera ◽

Baseline Data ◽

Age Group ◽

Medical Sciences ◽

Upper Lip ◽

Lower Lip ◽

High Position ◽

Incisal Edge ◽

Post Graduate Institute

Background:The smile is one of the most important facial expressions and is essential in expressing friendliness, agreement and appreciation. The evaluation of the intrinsic characteristics of the smile is a necessary procedure to achieve consistent form in orthodontic treatments, which in turn makes it necessary to recognize the components and factors that affect these characteristics.Objectives: The study was conducted to evaluate various characterstics of smile in Haryanavi females which may serve as a guideline for enhancement of esthetic and cosmetic surgery.Material and Methods: The present study was conducted on 50 females age group 18-25 years in Pt. B.D. Sharma Post graduate institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak. The photographs were clicked with the digital camera with high resolution. The following parameters of smile were noted in all the subjects: Position of upper lip while smiling, alignment of upper incisal edge to lower lip, Tooth-lower lip position.Results: The high position of upper lip while smiling was noted in 56% cases, alignment of upper incisal edge to lower lip was convex in 54% cases, Toothlower lip position was not touching in 54% cases.Conclusions: The present study will provide baseline data of an esthetic smile in Haryanavi females. The baseline data may serve as a guideline for restoration or enhancement of esthetics for the anterior component of the dentition.

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Orthodontic Assessment of Lip Prominence in Pakistani population

Orthodontic Journal of Nepal ◽

10.3126/ojn.v11i1.39042 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 14-17

Author(s):

Faisal Rasheed ◽

Asia Khalid ◽

Zubair Hassan Awaisi ◽

Abid Hussain Kanju ◽

Farhan Ali ◽

...

Keyword(s):

T Test ◽

Lateral Cephalogram ◽

Lower Lip ◽

Pakistani Population ◽

Lateral Cephalograms ◽

Test Result ◽

Analyze Data

Introduction: Many reference planes are being used to determine prominence of upper and lower lip for orthognathic face profile. E-line and S-line are being used to determine lip position in local popuation of Multan city of Pakistan. Materials and Method: Execution of present study was done in Nishtar Institute of Dentistry, Multan during the period of November 2019-March 2020. 300 (112 Males and 188 Females) subjects were selected for this study from all provinces of Pakistan. Their radiographic records (Lateral cephalograms) were taken from radiographic department of related institution. Acetate matte sheets were used to construct reference planes by using 3H pencil. Steiner’s E-line and Rickett’s S-line were used to find Upper and Lower lip position from these reference lines. SPSS was used to analyze data after applying independent t-test. Result: Mean Upper and lower lip position from E- line was -1.74mm & -0.33mm and from S-line was 0.82mm and 1.47mm Conclusion: Cephalometric lip morphology assessment in Multan, Pakistani adults by using Steiner’s and Rickettsreference planes on lateral cephalogram is slightly different as compare to other populations

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Validity of a Manual Soft Tissue Profile Prediction Method Following Mandibular Setback Osteotomy

European Journal of Dentistry ◽

10.1055/s-0039-1698340 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 01 (04) ◽

pp. 202-211 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Olga - Elpis Kolokitha

Keyword(s):

Soft Tissue ◽

Prediction Method ◽

Prediction Methods ◽

Upper Lip ◽

Lower Lip ◽

Mandibular Prognathism ◽

Manual Method ◽

Mandibular Setback ◽

Soft Tissue Profile ◽

Lateral Cephalograms

ABSTRACTObjectives: The aim of this study was to determine the validity of a manual cephalometric method used for predicting the post-operative soft tissue profiles of patients who underwent mandibular setback surgery and compare it to a computerized cephalometric prediction method (Dentofacial Planner). Lateral cephalograms of 18 adults with mandibular prognathism taken at the end of presurgical orthodontics and approximately one year after surgery were used.Methods: To test the validity of the manual method the prediction tracings were compared to the actual post-operative tracings. The Dentofacial Planner software was used to develop the computerized post-surgical prediction tracings. Both manual and computerized prediction printouts were analyzed by using the cephalometric system PORDIOS. Statistical analysis was performed by means of t-test.Results: Comparison between manual prediction tracings and the actual post-operative profile showed that the manual method results in more convex soft tissue profiles; the upper lip was found in a more prominent position, upper lip thickness was increased and, the mandible and lower lip were found in a less posterior position than that of the actual profiles. Comparison between computerized and manual prediction methods showed that in the manual method upper lip thickness was increased, the upper lip was found in a more anterior position and the lower anterior facial height was increased as compared to the computerized prediction method.Conclusions: Cephalometric simulation of post-operative soft tissue profile following orthodonticsurgical management of mandibular prognathism imposes certain limitations related to the methods implied. However, both manual and computerized prediction methods remain a useful tool for patient communication. (Eur J Dent 2007;1:202-211)

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Cephalometric Comparison of Wits Appraisal and APP-BPP to the ANB Angle

Orthodontic Journal of Nepal ◽

10.3126/ojn.v10i1.31003 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 40-43

Author(s):

Sanzee Silwal ◽

Rabindra Man Shrestha ◽

Ujjwal Pyakurel ◽

Sanjeev Bhandari

Keyword(s):

Treatment Planning ◽

Descriptive Statistics ◽

Diagnosis And Treatment ◽

Strong Positive Correlation ◽

Mean Values ◽

Positive Correlation ◽

Skeletal Class ◽

Lateral Cephalograms ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Gender Groups

Introduction: Great emphasis has been given to the evaluation of sagittal apical base relationship in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Supposedly, the most commonly used parameter is “ANB angle”; however its accuracy and reliability have been questioned. Many authors have alternatively introduced linear parameters like Wits appraisal and APP-BPP. The objective of the study was to compare Wits appraisal and APP-BPP with the ANB angle. Materials & Method: This study was conducted on patients visiting the Department of Orthodontics, Kantipur Dental College, Kathmandu. The sample included 100 lateral cephalograms of subjects of the age group 18–30 years with skeletal Class I relation. Parameters like ANB angle, Wits appraisal and APP-BPP were measured to assess the sagittal jaw relationship. Descriptive statistics were calculated for each parameter. Spearman’s test was done to evaluate the correlation between the parameters. Mann-Whitney U test was done to compare the parameters between male and female subjects. Result: Descriptive statistics showed that the mean values of ANB, Wits appraisal and APP-BPP were 2.26±1.19°, 0.38±0.87mm and 3.25±1.20mm respectively. Mann-Whitney U test showed no significant difference among the parameters between the gender groups (p>0.05). Spearman’s test showed significant correlation among the parameters ANB angle, Wits appraisal and APP-BPP. The parameters had strong positive correlation as r value was greater than 0.7. Conclusion: The strong positive correlation between ANB angle, Wits appraisal and APP-BPP indicates that these parameters can be used as better adjunct to ANB angle in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.

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Photogrammetric Analysis of Orolabial Region in South Indians

Facial Plastic Surgery ◽

10.1055/s-0040-1712159 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 (03) ◽

pp. 255-262

Author(s):

Vasanthakumar Packiriswamy ◽

Pramod Kumar ◽

Mounir Bashour

Keyword(s):

Sexual Dimorphism ◽

Sexual Difference ◽

Upper Lip ◽

Linear Measurements ◽

Aesthetic Quality ◽

Lower Lip ◽

Mean Values ◽

South Indians ◽

South Indian ◽

Mouth Width

AbstractIn lip reconstructive surgery, knowledge of orolabial dimensions and position according to ethnicity, age, and gender are important to obtain satisfactory results. Unfortunately, there is a dearth of information related to these values in South Indians. The objective of the present study was to quantify the orolabial dimensions and position in South Indians. Evaluation of orolabial features was performed on standardized frontal and lateral of 400 South Indian subjects (200 males and 200 females), aged 18 to 30 years. The measured parameters were evaluated by an independent t-test. Significant sexual dimorphism was found in 12 of 13 measurements. Except upper lip reference to E plane, all other linear measurements such as mouth width, philtrum width, lower lip reference to E plane, upper lip height, cutaneous upper lip, upper and lower vermilion height, cutaneous lower lip height, lower lip height, and labiotragial distance were significantly greater in males than females. Angular measurements, interlabial angle, and labiomental angle were significantly greater in females. Clinically significant sexual dimorphism existed for mouth width, labiotragial distance, interlabial angle, and labiomental angle (mean difference > 3 mm). Out of the four orolabial indices, only intercanthal/mouth width indices showed a significant sexual difference. In both sexes, the triangular shape of philtral column was most common. Comparative analysis between South Indians and North American whites revealed significant differences in all measurements and some resemblance to the Han Chinese. The knowledge of the obtained mean values might be useful in the maintenance of the functional and aesthetic quality of this region during surgical planning.

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