Isolation and diagnosis of Candida albicans from oral cavity of local chicken and detection some of the virulence factors in Mosul city

Periodontal disease depends on the presence of different microorganisms in the oral cavity that during the colonization of periodontal tissues form a multispecies biofilm community, thus allowing them to survive under adverse conditions or facilitate further colonization of host tissues. Not only numerous bacterial species participate in the development of biofilm complex structure but also fungi, especially Candida albicans, that often commensally inhabits the oral cavity. C. albicans employs an extensive armory of various virulence factors supporting its coexistence with bacteria resulting in successful host colonization and propagation of infection. In this article, we highlight various aspects of individual fungal virulence factors that may facilitate the collaboration with the associated bacterial representatives of the early colonizers of the oral cavity, the bridging species, and the late colonizers directly involved in the development of periodontitis, including the “red complex” species. In particular, we discuss the involvement of candidal cell surface proteins—typical fungal adhesins as well as originally cytosolic “moonlighting” proteins that perform a new function on the cell surface and are also present within the biofilm structures. Another group of virulence factors considered includes secreted aspartic proteases (Sap) and other secreted hydrolytic enzymes. The specific structure of the candidal cell wall, dynamically changing during morphological transitions of the fungus that favor the biofilm formation, is equally important and discussed. The non-protein biofilm-composing factors also show dynamic variability upon the contact with bacteria, and their biosynthesis processes could be involved in the stability of mixed biofilms. Biofilm-associated changes in the microbe communication system using different quorum sensing molecules of both fungal and bacterial cells are also emphasized in this review. All discussed virulence factors involved in the formation of mixed biofilm pose new challenges and influence the successful design of new diagnostic methods and the application of appropriate therapies in periodontal diseases.

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Candida species distribution, genotyping and virulence factors of Candida albicans isolated from the oral cavity of kidney transplant recipients of two geographic regions of Brazil

BMC Oral Health ◽

10.1186/1472-6831-14-20 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Walicyranison Plinio da Silva-Rocha ◽

Vitor Luiz de Brito Lemos ◽

Terezinha Inês Estivalet Svidizisnki ◽

Eveline Pipolo Milan ◽

Guilherme Maranhão Chaves

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Oral Cavity ◽

Kidney Transplant ◽

Virulence Factors ◽

Species Distribution ◽

Candida Species ◽

Transplant Recipients ◽

Kidney Transplant Recipients ◽

Geographic Regions

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Preliminary study on the inhibitory effect of seaweed Gracilaria verrucosa extract on biofilm formation of Candida albicans cultured from the saliva of a smoker

F1000Research ◽

10.12688/f1000research.14879.1 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

pp. 684

Author(s):

Zaki Mubarak ◽

Adintya Humaira ◽

Basri A. Gani ◽

Zainal A. Muchlisin

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Immune System ◽

Antifungal Activity ◽

Oral Cavity ◽

Virulence Factors ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Positive Control ◽

Multiple Factors ◽

Preliminary Study

Background: Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungus that infects the oral cavity. Increases in colony numbers of C. albicans can be caused by multiple factors, such as smoking, a weakened immune system, taking antibiotics and with immune-compromised individuals. Smoking can increase the virulence factor of C. albicans and make it stronger. One of the virulence factors of C. albicans is the biofilm it forms. The C. albicans biofilm makes it more tolerant to extracts of the seaweed Gracilaria verrucosa, which has antifungal activity. The objective of the study was to examine the ability of the G. verrucosa extracts to inhibit the formation of biofilm by C. albicans obtained from the saliva of smoker. Methods: A total of six concentrations of G. verrucosa (6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) were tested in this study. The positive control was fluconazole 0.31 µg/ml C. albicans was taken from the saliva of one smoker in Faculty of Dentistry, Syiah Kuala University. The total amount of biofilm was assessed using an ELISA reader. The data were subjected to Kruskal-Wallis test at a significance limit of p<0.05. Results: The seaweed extract has three bio-active compounds: steroids, terpenoid, and tannins. The results showed that the inhibitory activity of seaweed on C. albicans biofilm formation increases as its concentration increases. The highest effectiveness was recorded at a seaweed concentration of 100% at 48 h of exposure. Conclusions: The optimal inhibition of the C. albicans biofilm formation was recorded at the concentration of 100% G. verrucosa after 48 hours of exposure.

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Surface microhardness of different restorative materials exposed to candida albicans biofilm isolated from the oral cavity of hiv-infected children

Rio de Janeiro Dental Journal (Revista Científica do CRO-RJ) ◽

10.29327/24816.4.1-14 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 87-91

Author(s):

Leandro COSTA ◽

Larissa SOARES-SILVA ◽

Paulini Malfei De C. COSTA ◽

Adrielle MANGABEIRA ◽

Maristela PORTELA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Oral Cavity ◽

Surface Microhardness ◽

Restorative Materials

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Study of Some Virulence Factors of Candida Albicans Causing Intestinal Infection

Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development ◽

10.37506/v11/i2/2020/ijphrd/195105 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 1895

Author(s):

Sozan Khaled Kadhum

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Virulence Factors ◽

Intestinal Infection

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Candida Albicans Virulence Factors and Its Pathogenicity

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9040704 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 704

Author(s):

Mariana Henriques ◽

Sónia Silva

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Virulence Factors ◽

Healthy Individuals ◽

Mucosal Surfaces

Candida albicans lives as commensal on the skin and mucosal surfaces of the genital, intestinal, vaginal, urinary, and oral tracts of 80% of healthy individuals [...]

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Antimicrobial Photodynamic Inactivation Inhibits Candida albicans Virulence Factors and ReducesIn VivoPathogenicity

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.01451-12 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 57 (1) ◽

pp. 445-451 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

Ilka Tiemy Kato ◽

Renato Araujo Prates ◽

Caetano Padial Sabino ◽

Beth Burgwyn Fuchs ◽

George P. Tegos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Virulence Factors ◽

Sodium Dodecyl ◽

Systemic Infection ◽

Tube Formation ◽

Photodynamic Inactivation ◽

Content Type ◽

Daughter Cells

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to evaluate whetherCandida albicansexhibits altered pathogenicity characteristics following sublethal antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (APDI) and if such alterations are maintained in the daughter cells.C. albicanswas exposed to sublethal APDI by using methylene blue (MB) as a photosensitizer (0.05 mM) combined with a GaAlAs diode laser (λ 660 nm, 75 mW/cm2, 9 to 27 J/cm2).In vitro, we evaluated APDI effects onC. albicansgrowth, germ tube formation, sensitivity to oxidative and osmotic stress, cell wall integrity, and fluconazole susceptibility.In vivo, we evaluatedC. albicanspathogenicity with a mouse model of systemic infection. Animal survival was evaluated daily. Sublethal MB-mediated APDI reduced the growth rate and the ability ofC. albicansto form germ tubes compared to untreated cells (P< 0.05). Survival of mice systemically infected withC. albicanspretreated with APDI was significantly increased compared to mice infected with untreated yeast (P< 0.05). APDI increasedC. albicanssensitivity to sodium dodecyl sulfate, caffeine, and hydrogen peroxide. The MIC for fluconazole forC. albicanswas also reduced following sublethal MB-mediated APDI. However, none of those pathogenic parameters was altered in daughter cells ofC. albicanssubmitted to APDI. These data suggest that APDI may inhibit virulence factors and reducein vivopathogenicity ofC. albicans. The absence of alterations in daughter cells indicates that APDI effects are transitory. The MIC reduction for fluconazole following APDI suggests that this antifungal could be combined with APDI to treatC. albicansinfections.

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Molecular characterization of Candida dubliniensis and Candida albicans in the oral cavity of drug abusers using duplex polymerase chain reaction

Current Medical Mycology ◽

10.18502/cmm.4.1.29 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Parastoo Hassani Abharian ◽

Parvin Dehghan ◽

Peyman Hassani Abharian ◽

Sepideh Tolouei

Keyword(s):

Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Oral Cavity ◽

Candida Species ◽

Species Complex ◽

Candida Dubliniensis ◽

Drug Abusers ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Duplex Polymerase Chain Reaction

Background and Purpose: Candida dubliniensis is closely related to the most pathogenic and prevalent yeast, namely C. albicans. Candida species can opportunistically overgrow in vulnerable individuals and cause a variety of diseases. The current study aimed to identify and isolate C. dubliniensis species present in the Candida albicans species complex identified in the oral cavity of drug abusers. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 53 strains of C. albicans species complex, isolated from the oral mucosa of drug abusers in Isfahan, Iran. DNA extraction was accomplished through boiling procedure. Duplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to amplify ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region using four specific primers. Fungal species were identified based on the difference in the size of the bands created in the Agarose gel. Results: Out of the 53 isolates under study, 30 (56.6%) and 14 (26.4%) samples were identified as C. albicans and C. dubliniensis, respectively. In the remaining 9 samples (17%), both types of Candida species were confirmed. Conclusion: The findings of the present study revealed the presence of a noticeable amount of C. dubliniensis in the oral cavity of drug abusers. Therefore, the probable presence of this fungus should be considered during the examination of oral infection among this group. To date, no research has directly investigated this issue in Iran.

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The Prevalence and Occurrence of Candida albicans Among the Students of MAHSA University

Proceedings International ◽

10.33263/proceedings21.089089 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 89

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Oral Health ◽

Oral Cavity ◽

Health Knowledge ◽

Study Group ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Unstimulated Saliva ◽

Oral Health Practices ◽

Self Administered Questionnaire

The study is done to identify the prevalence and occurrence of Candida albicans among the students of MAHSA University. It is also done to perform a cross-sectional survey by means of a self-administered questionnaire to assess the oral health knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) among the study group. Furthermore, it is done to determine the association of knowledge with attitude, oral health practices, and the prevalence of Candida albicans with the study group. The spores of Candida are a commensal, harmless form of a fungus that becomes invasive and pathogenic pseudohyphae when there is a disruption in the balance of flora. The infection that is caused by the yeast Candida albicans or even other candida species is candidiasis. Questionnaire on oral health was handed out to the students at random in MAHSA University, and upon that, samples are collected by taking their unstimulated saliva and are then pipetted on Sabouraud’s dextrose agar. These agar plates are then kept in an incubator at 37 ℃ for 2 days. After 2 days, the agar plates are then checked for any growth, and if there is the growth seen, gram stain and germ tube tests are done. It was seen that out of 100 samples collected, 40% were positive for Candida albicans, and 60% were negative for Candida albicans. And out of the percentage of positive samples, 26% were males, and 14% were females Candida albicans is the species most frequently implicated in the oral cavity, and it is important to take care of the oral cavity.

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Activation of EphA2-EGFR signaling in oral epithelial cells by Candida albicans virulence factors

PLoS Pathogens ◽

10.1371/journal.ppat.1009221 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. e1009221

Author(s):

Marc Swidergall ◽

Norma V. Solis ◽

Nicolas Millet ◽

Manning Y. Huang ◽

Jianfeng Lin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Epithelial Cells ◽

Virulence Factors ◽

Growth Factor Receptor ◽

Egfr Signaling ◽

High Concentration ◽

Oral Epithelial Cells ◽

Proinflammatory Mediators ◽

Epidermal Growth ◽

Oral Epithelial

During oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC), Candida albicans invades and damages oral epithelial cells, which respond by producing proinflammatory mediators that recruit phagocytes to foci of infection. The ephrin type-A receptor 2 (EphA2) detects β-glucan and plays a central role in stimulating epithelial cells to release proinflammatory mediators during OPC. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) also interacts with C. albicans and is known to be activated by the Als3 adhesin/invasin and the candidalysin pore-forming toxin. Here, we investigated the interactions among EphA2, EGFR, Als3 and candidalysin during OPC. We found that EGFR and EphA2 constitutively associate with each other as part of a heteromeric physical complex and are mutually dependent for C. albicans-induced activation. Als3-mediated endocytosis of a C. albicans hypha leads to the formation of an endocytic vacuole where candidalysin accumulates at high concentration. Thus, Als3 potentiates targeting of candidalysin, and both Als3 and candidalysin are required for C. albicans to cause maximal damage to oral epithelial cells, sustain activation of EphA2 and EGFR, and stimulate pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine secretion. In the mouse model of OPC, C. albicans-induced production of CXCL1/KC and CCL20 is dependent on the presence of candidalysin and EGFR, but independent of Als3. The production of IL-1α and IL-17A also requires candidalysin but is independent of Als3 and EGFR. The production of TNFα requires Als1, Als3, and candidalysin. Collectively, these results delineate the complex interplay among host cell receptors EphA2 and EGFR and C. albicans virulence factors Als1, Als3 and candidalysin during the induction of OPC and the resulting oral inflammatory response.

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