Preliminary study on the inhibitory effect of seaweed Gracilaria verrucosa extract on biofilm formation of Candida albicans cultured from the saliva of a smoker

Background: Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungus that might infect the oral cavity. Increased colony numbers of C. albicans in the mouth can be caused by multiple factors, such as smoking, weakened immune system, antibiotics use and immune-compromised condition. Smoking can increase expression of virulence factors of C. albicans and make it stronger. One virulence factor of C. albicans is biofilm formation. The ability of creating biofilm makes C. albicans more tolerant to commercial antifungal agents. The objective of this preliminary study was to examine the ability of the seaweed G. verrucosa extracts to inhibit the formation of biofilm by C. albicans isolated from the saliva of a smoker. Methods: The extract of G. verrucosa was prepared by maceration using 96% methanol and subjected for phytochemical analysis. C. albicans was isolated from the saliva of a smoker who voluntarily participated in the study after providing informed consent. In triplicate, the fungus was cultured in the growth medium containing increased concentrations of G. verrucosa (6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 75 and 100% ).The same reaction using fluconazole 0.31 µg/ml C. albicans was prepared as positive control. Biofilm formation was accessed based on optical density of cell mixtures using an ELISA reader. The data obtained were subjected to Kruskal-Wallis test at a significance limit of 0.05. Results: Methanol extract of seaweed G. verrucosa contained three bio-active compounds namely steroids, terpenoid, and tannins. Inhibitory activity of seaweed extracts on C. albicans biofilm formation increased as their concentration increased. The highest inhibitory effect was recorded at fungus culture treated with seaweed concentration of 25% at 24 hours of time exposure. Conclusions: Seaweed G. verrucosa extract contained steroids, terpenoids and tannins that were able to effectively inhibit the formation of biofilm by C. albicans at the concentration of 25% after 24 hours of time exposure.

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Preliminary study on the inhibitory effect of seaweed Gracilaria verrucosa extract on biofilm formation of Candida albicans cultured from the saliva of a smoker

F1000Research ◽

10.12688/f1000research.14879.2 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

pp. 684

Author(s):

Zaki Mubarak ◽

Adintya Humaira ◽

Basri A. Gani ◽

Zainal A. Muchlisin

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Antifungal Agents ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Positive Control ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Time Exposure ◽

Fungus Culture ◽

Antibiotics Use ◽

Preliminary Study

Background: Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungus that might infect the oral cavity. Increased colony numbers of C. albicans in the mouth can be caused by multiple factors, such as smoking, weakened immune system, antibiotics use and immune-compromised condition. Smoking can increase expression of virulence factors of C. albicans and make it stronger. One virulence factor of C. albicans is biofilm formation. The ability of creating biofilm makes C. albicans more tolerant to commercial antifungal agents. The objective of this preliminary study was to examine the ability of the seaweed G. verrucosa extracts to inhibit the formation of biofilm by C. albicans isolated from the saliva of a smoker. Methods: The extract of G. verrucosa was prepared by maceration using 96% methanol and subjected for phytochemical analysis. C. albicans was isolated from the saliva of a smoker who voluntarily participated in the study after providing informed consent. In triplicate, the fungus was cultured in the growth medium containing increased concentrations of G. verrucosa (6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 75 and 100% ).The same reaction using fluconazole 0.31 µg/ml C. albicans was prepared as positive control. Biofilm formation was accessed based on optical density of cell mixtures using an ELISA reader. The data obtained were subjected to Kruskal-Wallis test at a significance limit of 0.05. Results: Methanol extract of seaweed G. verrucosa contained three bio-active compounds namely steroids, terpenoid, and tannins. Inhibitory activity of seaweed extracts on C. albicans biofilm formation increased as their concentration increased. The highest inhibitory effect was recorded at fungus culture treated with seaweed concentration of 25% at 24 hours of time exposure. Conclusions: Seaweed G. verrucosa extract contained steroids, terpenoids and tannins that were able to effectively inhibit the formation of biofilm by C. albicans at the concentration of 25% after 24 hours of time exposure.

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Aktivitas Antifungi Air Perasan Bawang Merah (Allium ascalonicum L.) Terhadap Candida albicans Secara In Vitro

Jurnal Ilmu Kedokteran ◽

10.26891/jik.v9i2.2015.71-77 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 71

Author(s):

Nurhasanah Nurhasanah ◽

Fauzia Andrini ◽

Yulis Hamidy

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Antifungal Activity ◽

Allium Sativum ◽

Fungicidal Activity ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Completely Randomized Design

Shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) has been known as traditional medicine. Shallot which has same genus with garlic(Allium sativum L.) contains allicin that is also found in garlic and has been suspected has fungicidal activity toCandida albicans. It is supported by several researches. Therefore, shallot is suspected has antifungal activity too.The aim of this research was to know antifungal activity of shallot’s water extortion againsts Candida albicans invitro. This was a laboratory experimental research which used completely randomized design, with diffusion method.Shallot’s water extortion was devided into three concentrations, there were 50%, 100% and 200%. Ketoconazole 2%was positive control and aquadest was negative control. The result of this research based on analysis of varians(Anova), there was significant difference between several treatments and was confirmed with Duncan New MultipleRange Test (DNMRT) p<0,05, there was significant difference between 100% shallot’s water extortion with othertreatments, but there was no significant difference between 50% shallot’s water extortion with 200% shallot’s. Theconclusion was shallot’s water extortion had antifungal activity againsts Candida albicans with the best concentration100%, but it was lower than ketoconazole 2%.

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Antifungal Properties of Crude Extracts, Fractions, and Purified Compounds from Bark ofCuratella americanaL. (Dilleniaceae) againstCandidaSpecies

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2015/673962 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Cleyton Eduardo Mendes de Toledo ◽

Patrícia Regina Santos ◽

João Carlos Palazzo de Mello ◽

Benedito Prado Dias Filho ◽

Celso Vataru Nakamura ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Activity ◽

Virulence Factors ◽

Crude Extract ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Yeast Culture ◽

Ethnomedicinal Plant ◽

Fluconazole Resistant ◽

Resistant Strains ◽

Preliminary Study ◽

Curatella Americana

The ethnomedicinal plantCuratella americanaL. (Dilleniaceae) is a common shrub in the Brazilian cerrado, in which crude extract showed antifungal activity in a preliminary study. In this work, the antifungal and cytotoxic properties of the crude extract, fractions, and isolated compounds fromC. americanawere evaluated against the standard yeast strainsCandida albicans,C. tropicalis, andC. parapsilosis, clinical isolates, and fluconazole-resistant strains. The combinatory effects between subfractions and isolated compounds and effects on cell morphology, virulence factors, and exogenous ergosterol were also evaluated. The MIC obtained against theCandidaspecies including fluconazole-resistant strain ranged from 15.3 to 31.3 µg/mL for crude extract, 3.9 to 15.6 µg/mL for ethyl acetate fraction, and 7.8 to 31.3 µg/mL for subfractions. The isolated compounds identified as 4′-O-methyl-catechin, epicatechin-3-O-gallate, and 4′-O-methyl-catechin-3-O-gallate showed lower antifungal activity than the crude extract and fractions (MIC ranging from 31.3 to 125.0 µg/mL). The addition of exogenous ergosterol to yeast culture did not interfere in the antifungal activity of the extract and its fractions. Synergistic antifungal activity was observed between subfractions and isolated compounds. The effects on virulence factors and the different mechanisms of action compared to fluconazole and nystatin suggest that this ethnomedicinal plant may be an effective alternative treatment for candidiasis.

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Virulence Factor and Pathogenicity of Candida albicans in Oral Candidiasis

World Journal of Dentistry ◽

10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1243 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 267-271 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Abdillah Imron Nasution

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Immune System ◽

Virulence Factors ◽

Virulence Factor ◽

Oral Candidiasis ◽

Complex Process ◽

Phenotype Switching

ABSTRACT Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungus causing various forms of candidiasis. However, under certain circumstances it is capable of becoming pathogenic. Pathogenicity of oral candidiasis is a complex process and there is no one factor that can be regarded as the direct cause. This review aims to explain the virulence factors of Candida albicans in oral candidiasis infection and its relation to homeostasis in the mouth. Virulence factors of Candida albicans which is closely related to the nature of pathogens include: adherence and coaggregation, interference of immune system, phenotype switching and several supporting factors such as antibiotic resistance and immunomodulating. How to cite this article Nasution AI. Virulence Factor and Pathogenicity of Candida albicans in Oral Candidiasis. World J Dent 2013;4(4):267-271.

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Synergistic Antifungal Activity of Chitosan with Fluconazole against Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, and Fluconazole-Resistant Strains

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25215114 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (21) ◽

pp. 5114

Author(s):

Wei-Hsuan Lo ◽

Fu-Sheng Deng ◽

Chih-Jung Chang ◽

Ching-Hsuan Lin

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Antifungal Activity ◽

Candida Tropicalis ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Antifungal Drugs ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Combinational Treatment ◽

Fluconazole Resistant ◽

Resistant Strains ◽

Drug Resistant Strains

(1) Background: Few antifungal drugs are currently available, and drug-resistant strains have rapidly emerged. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the antifungal activity from a combinational treatment of chitosan with a clinical antifungal drug on Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. (2) Methods: Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests, checkerboard assays, and disc assays were employed to determine the inhibitory effect of chitosan with or without other antifungal drugs on C. albicans and C. tropicalis. (3) Results: Treatment with chitosan in combination with fluconazole showed a great synergistic fungicidal effect against C. albicans and C. tropicalis, but an indifferent effect on antifungal activity when challenged with chitosan-amphotericin B or chitosan-caspofungin simultaneously. Furthermore, the combination of chitosan and fluconazole was effective against drug-resistant strains. (4) Conclusions: These findings provide strong evidence that chitosan in combination with fluconazole is a promising therapy against two Candida species and its drug-resistant strains.

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In Vivo Inhibitory Effect on the Biofilm Formation of Candida albicans by Liverwort Derived Riccardin D

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0035543 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. e35543 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Yan Li ◽

Yukui Ma ◽

Li Zhang ◽

Feng Guo ◽

Lei Ren ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Inhibitory Effect

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Effects of Hsp90 Inhibitor Ganetespib on Inhibition of Azole-Resistant Candida albicans

Frontiers in Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fmicb.2021.680382 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Rui Yuan ◽

Jie Tu ◽

Chunquan Sheng ◽

Xi Chen ◽

Na Liu

Keyword(s):

Drug Resistance ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Efflux Pump ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Hsp90 Inhibitor ◽

Pcr Analysis ◽

Fungal Hypha

Candida albicans is the most common fungal pathogen. Recently, drug resistance of C. albicans is increasingly severe. Hsp90 is a promising antifungal target to overcome this problem. To evaluate the effects of Hsp90 inhibitor ganetespib on the inhibition of azole-resistant C. albicans, the microdilution checkerboard method was used to measure the in vitro synergistic efficacy of ganetespib. The XTT/menadione reduction assay, microscopic observation, and Rh6G efflux assay were established to investigate the effects of ganetespib on azole-resistant C. albicans biofilm formation, filamentation, and efflux pump. Real-time RT-PCR analysis was employed to clarify the mechanism of antagonizing drug resistance. The in vivo antifungal efficacy of ganetespib was determined by the infectious model of azole-resistant C. albicans. Ganetespib showed an excellent synergistic antifungal activity in vitro and significantly inhibited the fungal biofilm formation, whereas it had no inhibitory effect on fungal hypha formation. Expression of azole-targeting enzyme gene ERG11 and efflux pump genes CDR1, CDR2, and MDR1 was significantly down-regulated when ganetespib was used in combination with FLC. In a mouse model infected with FLC-resistant C. albicans, the combination of ganetespib and FLC effectively reversed the FLC resistance and significantly decreased the kidney fungal load of mouse.

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The efficacy of sarang semut extract (Myrmecodia pendens Merr & Perry) in inhibiting Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilm formation

Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) ◽

10.20473/j.djmkg.v50.i2.p55-60 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 55

Author(s):

Zulfan M. Alibasyah ◽

Ambrosius Purba ◽

Budi Setiabudiawan ◽

Hendra Dian Adhita ◽

Dikdik Kurnia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oral Cavity ◽

Porphyromonas Gingivalis ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Positive Control ◽

Host Cells ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Natural Material ◽

Violet Crystal ◽

Mass Profile

Background: Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is a pathogenic bacteria present in the oral cavity involved in the pathogenesis of chronic periodontitis and biofilm. This mass of microorganisms represents one of the virulent factors of P. gingivalis which plays an important role as an attachment initiator in host cells. Sarang semut is a natural material possessing the ability to inhibit the growth of P. gingivalis. Purpose: This study aims to analyze the effect of sarang semut extract on the formation of P. gingivalis biofilm. Methods: The study used methanol sarang semut extract and P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 and phosphomycin as a positive control. Treatment was initiated by means of culturing. Biofilm test and P. gingivalis biofilm formation observation were subsequently performed by means of a light microscope at a magnification of 400x. Results: The formation of P. gingivalis biofilms tended to increase at 3, 6, and 9 hours. Results of the violet crystal test showed that concentrations of 100% and 75% of the sarang semut extract successfully inhibited the formation of P. gingivalis biofilm according to the incubation time. Meanwhile, the sarang semut extracts at concentrations of 50%, 25%, 12.5%, and 6.125% resulted in weak inhibition of the formation of P. gingivalis biofilm. The biofilm mass profile observed by a microscope tended to decrease as an indicator of the effects of the sarang semut extract. Conclusion: Sarang semut extract can inhibit the formation of P. gingivalis biofilm, especially at concentrations of 100% and 75%. Nevertheless, phosphomycin has stronger antibiofilm of P. gingivalis effects than those of the sarang semut extract at all of the concentrations listed above.

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Comparative assessment of fungicidal activity of widespread wild-growing and endemic species of the Allium genus growing in Tajikistan

Health care of Tajikistan ◽

10.52888/0514-2515-2021-350-55-61 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 55-61

Author(s):

F. D. Mirzoeva ◽

S. Satorov

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Antifungal Activity ◽

Endemic Species ◽

Fungicidal Activity ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Comparative Assessment ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Geographical Regions ◽

The Republic

Aim. To conduct a comparative assessment of the fungicidal activity of widespread and endemic species of the genus Allium growing in Tajikistan.Material and methods. The initial ethanol extracts were obtained from fresh plants of 15 onion species from different climatic and geographical regions of the Republic of Tajikistan. The antifungal activity of species of the genus Allium was studied against the yeast-like fungi Candida albicans using the disk diffusion method.Results: The highest fungicidal effect on the reference strain of Candida albicans was demonstrated by alcoholic extracts of the widespread wild species A. elatum Regel, A. oschaninii O. Fedtsch, A. obliguum L, and endemic species A. shugnanicum Vved. Low antifungal activity was found in extracts of 4 widespread wild-growing plant species - A. altaicum Pall, A. suworowii Regel, A. carolinianum DC, A.longicuspis L.Conclusions. The antifungal activity of 13 species of widespread wild-growing and 2 endemic species (A.shugnanicum Vved and A. pamiricum Wendelbo) was studied for the first time. A. elatum Regel, A. oschaninii O. Fedtsch, A. obliguum L, and endemic species A. shugnanicum Vved had a maximal inhibitory effect on the yeast fungus. The extracts obtained from the bulbs and seeds of the studied plants are characterized by the highest antifungal activity.

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