Gut-Brain Connection: Microbiome, Gut Barrier, and Environmental Sensors

AbstractA comprehensive review is presented on the advances achieved in past years on fundamental and applied materials science of diamond films and engineering to integrate them into new generations of microelectromechanical system (MEMS) and nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). Specifically, the review focuses on describing the fundamental science performed to develop thin film synthesis processes and the characterization of chemical, mechanical, tribological and electronic properties of microcrystalline diamond, nanocrystalline diamond and ultrananocrystalline diamond films technologies, and the research and development focused on the integration of the diamond films with other film-based materials. The review includes both theoretical and experimental work focused on optimizing the films synthesis and the resulting properties to achieve the best possible MEMS/NEMS devices performance to produce new generation of MEMS/NEMS external environmental sensors and energy generation devices, human body implantable biosensors and energy generation devices, electron field emission devices and many more MEMS/NEMS devices, to produce transformational positive impact on the way and quality of life of people worldwide.

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Differences in Intestinal Barrier Development between Intrauterine Growth Restricted and Normal Birth Weight Piglets

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11040990 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 990 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jarosław Olszewski ◽

Romuald Zabielski ◽

Tomasz Skrzypek ◽

Piotr Matyba ◽

Małgorzata Wierzbicka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intestinal Barrier ◽

Goblet Cells ◽

Normal Birth Weight ◽

Intestinal Function ◽

Gut Barrier ◽

Intrauterine Growth ◽

Normal Birth ◽

Gut Mucosa ◽

Average Size ◽

Distal Jejunum

Intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) piglets are born at term but have low birth mass and a characteristic shape of the head. Impaired general condition, especially in intestinal function, leads to an increase in the occurrence of diarrhoea and high mortality in the first days of life. So far, the mechanical and immunological gut barrier functions in IUGR are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to microscopically evaluate the early postnatal changes in the gut mucosa occurring in IUGR piglets. Whole-tissue small intestine samples were collected from littermate pairs (IUGR and normal) on postnatal day (PD) 7, 14 and 180 and analysed by light microscopy. We found that in the IUGR piglets, the percentage of intraepithelial leukocytes was reduced in the duodenum on PD 7, but it increased in the proximal and middle jejunum both on PD 7 and PD 14, which suggested the development of an inflammatory process. The number of goblet cells was also reduced on PD 14. The average size of the Peyer’s patches in the distal jejunum and ileum showed significant reduction on PD 7 as compared to normal pigs; however, on PD 14, it returned to normal. On PD 180, we did not find any differences in the measured parameters between the IUGR and the normal pigs. In conclusion, we found that in one-week-old IUGR pig neonates, the gut barrier and the immune system structures display signs of retarded development but recover within the second postnatal week of life.

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The synergy of dietary supplements Lactobacillus salivarius LI01 and Bifidobacterium longum TC01 in alleviating liver failure in rats treated with d-galactosamine

Food & Function ◽

10.1039/d1fo01807h ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Aoxiang Zhuge ◽

Shengjie Li ◽

Yin Yuan ◽

Bo Li ◽

Lanjuan Li

Keyword(s):

Liver Injury ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Liver Failure ◽

Dietary Supplements ◽

Bifidobacterium Longum ◽

Gut Barrier ◽

Lactobacillus Salivarius

L. salivarius LI01 and B. longum TC01 synergize in liver injury via altering gut microbiota and protecting gut barrier.

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Neurocosmetics in Skincare—The Fascinating World of Skin–Brain Connection: A Review to Explore Ingredients, Commercial Products for Skin Aging, and Cosmetic Regulation

Cosmetics ◽

10.3390/cosmetics8030066 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 66

Author(s):

Vito Rizzi ◽

Jennifer Gubitosa ◽

Paola Fini ◽

Pinalysa Cosma

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Inflammatory Responses ◽

Skin Aging ◽

Cosmetic Products ◽

Sensitive Skin ◽

Functional Ingredients ◽

Major Application ◽

Regulatory Aspect ◽

Brain Connection ◽

Definition Of

The “modern” cosmetology industry is focusing on research devoted to discovering novel neurocosmetic functional ingredients that could improve the interactions between the skin and the nervous system. Many cosmetic companies have started to formulate neurocosmetic products that exhibit their activity on the cutaneous nervous system by affecting the skin’s neuromediators through different mechanisms of action. This review aims to clarify the definition of neurocosmetics, and to describe the features of some functional ingredients and products available on the market, with a look at the regulatory aspect. The attention is devoted to neurocosmetic ingredients for combating skin stress, explaining the stress pathways, which are also correlated with skin aging. “Neuro-relaxing” anti-aging ingredients derived from plant extracts and neurocosmetic strategies to combat inflammatory responses related to skin stress are presented. Afterwards, the molecular basis of sensitive skin and the suitable neurocosmetic ingredients to improve this problem are discussed. With the aim of presenting the major application of Botox-like ingredients as the first neurocosmetics on the market, skin aging is also introduced, and its theory is presented. To confirm the efficacy of the cosmetic products on the market, the concept of cosmetic claims is discussed.

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