Apparent digestibility, rumen fermentation and nitrogen balance in Tibetan and fine-wool sheep offered forage-concentrate diets differing in nitrogen concentration

2015 ◽  
Vol 153 (6) ◽  
pp. 1135-1145 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. ZHOU ◽  
J. D. MI ◽  
A. A. DEGEN ◽  
X. S. GUO ◽  
H. C. WANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Tibetan Sheep ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre

SUMMARYA comparative study of the effect of dietary nitrogen (N) content [Low: 11·0; Medium-Low (MLow): 16·7; Medium-High (Mhigh): 23·1; High: 29·2 N g/kg dry matter (DM)] on apparent digestibilities, rumen fermentation and N balance was conducted in coarse wool Tibetan sheep and Gansu Alpine fine-wool sheep at Wushaoling in the northeast of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. It was hypothesized that responses would differ between breeds and that responses would favour Tibetan over fine-wool sheep at low N intakes. Eight wethers [four Tibetan sheep and four fine-wool sheep, 20–24 months old; body weight ± standard deviation was 52 ± 3·2 kg] were used in two concurrent 4 × 4 Latin square designs. Dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre digestibilities were higher in Tibetan than fine-wool sheep when fed the Low, MLow and High N diets while N retention was higher when the animals were fed the Low and MLow N diets. Tibetan sheep had a higher rumen pH than fine-wool sheep; however, total volatile fatty acids were similar between breeds. Molar proportions of acetate were higher but propionate and butyrate lower in Tibetan than fine-wool sheep. In addition, Tibetan sheep had higher concentrations of ruminal free amino acid-N and soluble protein-N than fine-wool sheep. Plasma and saliva urea-N concentrations were higher in Tibetan than fine-wool sheep when supplied with the Low N diet. It was concluded that Tibetan sheep were better able to cope with low N feed than fine-wool sheep because of the higher N retention and higher DM and fibre digestibilities with Low and MLow diets.

Rice polishings as an alternative to sugar cane molasses as a supplement with urea to low-quality forage diets for ruminants

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Cardenas Garcia ◽  
C. J. Newbold ◽  
H. Galbraith ◽  
J. H. Topps ◽  
X. B. Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Cane Molasses ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Protein Supply

AbstractThe effect of including 14 g urea with either 75 g dry matter (DM) from sugar cane molasses (UM) or Colombian rice polishings (RP) at three levels, 68 (RP1), 137 (RP2) or 203 (RP3) g DM on grass hay DM intake and on rumen fermentation was investigated. An incomplete Latin-square design was used and each experimental period was divided into 12 days for adaptation to each diet followed by 9 days in metabolism cages when all measurements were made using five adult sheep.Pooled mean values for rumen metabolites (five samples per day) were calculated. Rumen pH was not affected by the nature of the supplements. Concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFA) (UM 92·8, RP1 84·2, RP2 86·4, and RP3 84·0 (s.e.d. 3·4) mmol/l) and lactate (UM 2·0, RP1 1/6, RP2 1/7, RP3 1/8 (s.e.d. 0·014) mmol/l) (UM v. RP, P < 0·05 and P < 0·10 respectively) were lower when RP were given, while concentration of branched and longer chain VFA (26·5, 34·0, 31·1 and 33·5 (s.e.d. 1·6) mmol/mol total VFA, UM v. RP, P < 0·01) and ammonia (98, 131, 141, 137 (s.e.d. 16·1) mg/l, UM v. RP, P < 0·05) were increased. Numbers of rumen protozoa (1·6, 3·2, 2·7, 3·3 (s.e.d. 0·75) × 105 per ml, UM v. RP, P < 0·20) tended to be higher 2 h after feeding when RP rather than UM were given. However, hay DM intake (1050, 960, 960, 880 (s.e.d. 45·3) g/day, UM v. RP, P < 0·05), and microbial protein supply (11·7, 9·3,11·1,10·8 (s.e.d. 0·59) g N per day, UM v. RP, P < 0·05), estimated from urinary purine excretion were reduced by feeding RP instead of UM.At the levels of inclusion tested RP did not increase the efficiency of rumen fermentation and were not as effective a supplement with urea as was molasses for a low-quality forage diet.

Effects of urea and saccharose on intake and digestion of a Digitaria decumbens hay by black belly sheep

1999 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 403-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Archimède ◽  
G. Aumont ◽  
G. Saminadin| ◽  
E. Deprès ◽  
P. Despois ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Ruminal Bacteria ◽  
Digitaria Decumbens ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Kinetics Of

AbstractEffects of incorporation of urea and saccharose in diets, on intake and digestion by sheep of a 35-day-old pangola (Digitaria decumbens) hay, have been studied according to a 4 × 4 Latin-square design. Sixteen rams were given four diets: hay (C); hay plus urea (U, 23 g/kg hay); hay plus saccharose (S, 60 g/kg hay), hay plus urea and saccharose (SU). Acid-detergent fibre and crude protein (CP) content of the roughage were 395 and 78 g/kg dry matter (DM) respectively. Intake of hay (g DM per kg live weight0.75), supplemented with urea and sugar (42⋅9), was lower (F < 0.05) than with other diets (47.2, s.e. 1.6). The organic matter (OM) total tract and ruminal digestibility of the diet C, S, U and SU were 0.622, 0.590, 0.615 and 0.587 (s.e. 0.007); 0.361, 0.380, 0.378 and 0.345 (s.e. 0.015) respectively. Effective degradation and nylon bag kinetics of DM degradation were higher with U and SU compared with S or C. Few differences were observed between diets for ruminal concentration of volatile fatty acids. The ruminal ammonia concentrations were higher (P < 0.05) for the diets with urea than without urea (78 v. 215 mg/l). The efficiencies of the microbial synthesis (g nitrogen per kg OM fermented in the rumen) were, 23.6, 22.4, 24.9 and 29.3 (s.e. 1.7) for the diets C, U, S and SU respectively.Even though additional urea increased nitrogen availability for ruminal bacteria, urea supplementation did not affect significantly intake or digestion of the pangola hay of medium CP content used in this experiment.

INFLUENCE ON SOME RUMEN AND BLOOD PARAMETERS OF FEEDING ACETOHYDROXAMIC ACID IN A UREA-CONTAINING RATION FOR LAMBS

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. JONES ◽  
J. D. MILLIGAN
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Design Experiment ◽  
Acetohydroxamic Acid ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid Concentration

A 4 × 4 latin square design experiment, involving four fistulated Dorset–Columbia crossbred lambs, was used to determine the effects of feeding the urease inhibitor acetohydroxamic acid (AHA) with a urea-containing ration on some parameters of the rumen fermentation and blood. AHA, administered in the feed at concentrations up to and including 1.5%, markedly depressed rumen urease activity and the peak concentration of rumen ammonia. The maximum AHA concentration achieved in the rumen solution was 32.29 ± 14.26 mg per 100 ml, and thereafter the concentration dropped by 66% during the next 2 h. No evidence was found for an effect of AHA upon rumen pH, viable bacterial count, total protozoal count, total volatile fatty acid concentration, molar ratios of acetate, propionate and n-butyrate, or upon blood urea-nitrogen concentration. Traces of AHA were found in peripheral blood both 1 and 3 h after feeding, showing that AHA is absorbed from the ruminant digestive tract. It was concluded that AHA did not influence major parameters of the rumen fermentation at concentrations that effectively inhibited rumen urease.

Changes of rumen pH, fermentation and microbial population as influenced by different ratios of roughage (rice straw) to concentrate in dairy steers

2013 ◽  
Vol 152 (4) ◽  
pp. 675-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. WANAPAT ◽  
P. GUNUN ◽  
N. ANANTASOOK ◽  
S. KANG
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
16S Rna

SUMMARYThe current study was designed to determine the effect of roughage to concentrate ratio (R : C) on rumen pH, fermentation and bacterial population in dairy steers. Four rumen fistulated dairy steers (170±20 kg) were randomly assigned according to a 4×4 Latin square design, in which the steers were fed with four dietary treatments with different R : C ratios of 0·8 : 0·2, 0·6 : 0·4, 0·4 : 0·6 and 0·2 : 0·8, respectively. All animals were kept in individual pens and received feed according to the respective R : C ratios at 0·025 body weight (BW)/d; urea-treated rice straw (prepared using 3·5 kg urea+100 kg water sprayed onto 100 kg of rice straw) was used as a roughage source. The experiment was conducted for four periods of 21 days each. During the first 14 days, feed intake was measured and the animals were then moved to metabolism crates for total urine and faecal collection for 7 days. Total dry matter intake (DMI) was similar among treatments. Energy intake increased as the proportion of concentrate in the diet increased. Apparent digestibilities of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) were improved, while neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) were reduced when the levels of concentrate increased. A decreasing ratio of R : C reduced rumen pH linearly, from 6·4 to 5·9 at 0·2 : 0·8. High levels of concentrate impacted on volatile fatty acids (VFA) molar proportions and decreased acetate (C2) linearly, while propionate (C3) was increased, leading to decreased C2 : C3 ratio. Numbers of protozoa, fungi and proteolytic bacteria were not affected by R : C ratio. Cellulolytic bacteria decreased linearly while amylolytic bacteria increased linearly with 0·60 and 0·80 concentrates. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) based on 16S RNA revealed thatFibrobacter succinogenesnumbers were increased when steers were fed with R : C ratio of 0·8 : 0·2. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)-producing bacteria, especially those ofButyrivibrio fibrisolvens, increased linearly with R : C ratios of 0·8 : 0·2 and 0·6 : 0·4, whileMegasphaera elsdenii, a lactate-utilizing bacterium and reported producer oftrans-10,cis-12 CLA increased linearly with R : C ratio of 0·8 : 0·2. In addition, microbial CP synthesis increased quadratically when steers were fed high levels of concentrate. However, the efficiency microbial N synthesis (EMNS) based on OM, truly digested in the rumen, was not affected by different R : C ratios. From the current study, it can be concluded that roughage to concentrate ratio of 0·4 : 0·6 had positive effects for the creation of healthy rumen (rumen pH and ecology), and improved energy intake and rumen fermentation, particularly propionic acid and microbial protein synthesis, in dairy steers fed urea-treated rice straw as a roughage source.

scholarly journals The effect of dietary content of plant protein on the utilization of urea in the bovine rumen

1971 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Anna Nikolić ◽  
M. Jovanović ◽  
D. Stošić ◽  
A. Pavličević
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Plant Nitrogen ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Total Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
True Protein

1. Four young Friesian bulls with rumen fistulas were given four isocaloric all-concentrate diets containing different amounts and sources of nitrogen in a Latin square arrangement. Diet HP (high-protein) contained 2·31% plant nitrogen; diet MPU (medium-protein with urea) 1·67% plant nitrogen and 0·69% urea nitrogen (total 2·36%); diet LPU (low-protein with urea) 0·95% plant nitrogen and 0·69% urea nitrogen (total 1·65%); diet HPU (high-protein with urea) 2·28% plant nitrogen and 0·69% urea nitrogen (total 2·97%), calculated on an air-dry basis.2. The rumen pH varied between 5·8 and 6·1 with diets HP, MPU and HPU, but was significantly lower with diet LPU with values between 5·4 and 5·8.3. The results showed no differences between the isonitrogenous diets HP and MPU except that replacement of plant nitrogen with urea was followed by an increase in the concentration of ammonia in the rumen. With the diets containing urea, the concentrations of rumen ammonia varied inversely with the amount of dietary plant nitrogen supplied, indicating a negative effect of plant nitrogen on urea utilization.4. Concentrations of alkali-labile nitrogen (amide) were not increased with diets containing urea except with diet HPU, which produced the highest concentrations of ammonia in the rumen.5. The concentration of true protein in the rumen and the amino acid distribution were similar with all four diets, indicating the ability of the microflora to adapt to qualitative and quantitative differences in dietary nitrogen intake.6. Ration acceptability was lower with diets LPU and HPU than with diets HP and MPU.7. Large differences between individual animals in rumen pH, percentage of dry matter and total nitrogen concentration in the rumen were noted.

scholarly journals The effects of intraruminal infusions of urea, casein, glucose syrup and a mixture of casein and glucose syrup on nitrogen digestion in the rumen of cattle receiving grass-silage diets

1987 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Rooke ◽  
N. H. Lee ◽  
D. G. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Glucose Syrup ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Microbial N

1. In an incomplete 5 x 5 Latin square experiment, four cattle were given grass silage in two meals per d to satisfy 1.15 maintenance energy requirements. In addition, water or casein (21 g nitrogen and 0.17 kg organic matter (OM)/d) or urea (U; 28 g N/d) or a glucose syrup (G; 0.87 kg OM/d) or casein and glucose syrup (CG; 17 g N and 0.93 kg OM/d) were infused intraruminally at a constant rate.2. A 24 h collection of duodenal digesta was made using chromic oxide for flow estimation and 35S as a marker of microbial N entering the small intestine. Samples of rumen fluid were also taken for estimation of rumen pH, and concentrations of ammonia-N and volatile fatty acids.3. The intraruminal infusions had no significant effects on rumen pH, concentrations of volatile fatty acids or their molar proportions. Infusion of either C or U significantly (P < 0.05) increased rumen NH3-N concentrations whereas infusions of either G or CG lowered rumen NH3-N concentrations.4. Infusions of C or U had no significant effect on the quantities of OM, acid-detergent fibre (ADF) or N constituents which entered the small intestine.5. Infusions of G or CG increased the quantities of OM (G P < 0.05, CG P < 0.01), ADF (CG P < 0.05), non-NH3-N (G P < 0.05, CG P < 0.01), amino acid N (G P < 0.05, CG P < 0.01) and microbial N (G P < 0.05, CG P < 0.01) which entered the small intestine.6. The efficiency of rumen microbial N synthesis was unchanged by the infusion of C, U or G (P > 0.05) but increased significantly (P < 0.05) when CG were infused.

Effect of dietary monensin and tetronasin on rumen fermentation in sheep

1990 ◽  
Vol 1990 ◽  
pp. 31-31
Author(s):  
C. J. Newbold ◽  
R. J. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Mixed Diet ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Nutritional Effects

Tetronasin is an ionophore which improves feed conversion efficiency in ruminants (Bartleet al, 1988). Its nutritional effects are at least partly derived from its influence on nitrogen and energy metabolism in the rumen. The mode of action of tetronasin is therefore similar to monensin and although it is more potent than monensin, it has a similar spectrum of antimicrobial activity (Newboldet al, 1988). The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of the inclusion of tetronasin or monensin in the diet on the rumen fermentation.Three mature sheep weighing approximately 50 kg and fitted with rumen cannulae were fed 1 kg/d of a mixed diet of hay, barley, molasses, fishmeal and vitamins/minerals (500, 299.5, 100, 91 and 9.5 g/kg dry matter respectively) in two equal meals. A control diet (no addition, C), tetronasin (10 ppm in the diet, T) or monensin (33 ppm, M) were compared in a 3 x 3 Latin square. Periods were 28 days long with samples taken on two consecutive days during the last 5 days. Samples of rumen fluid were withdrawn at 0, 1, 2, 4 and 6 h after the morning feed for the determination of pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA) L-lactic acid and ammonia concentrations.

Rumen fermentation patterns in sheep receiving silages of different chemical composition supplemented with concentrates rich in starch or in digestible fibre

1994 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Martin ◽  
D. G. Chamberlain ◽  
S. Robertson ◽  
D. Hirst
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Fermentation Pattern

SUMMARYIn each of two experiments, eight silages supplemented with concentrates containing a high proportion of either starch or digestible fibre were given to rumen-cannulated sheep. The silages constituted c. 65% of the total dry matter and differed widely in chemical composition, reflecting differences in the extent of fermentation in the silo.Rumen pH was lower (P < 0·01 and P < 0·001 for Expts 1 and 2 respectively) and the concentration of total volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen was higher (P < 0·001 for Expt 2) for the starchy concentrate. Silages differed in their effects on ruminal proportions of acetate (P < 0·001 and P < 0·01 for Expts 1 and 2 respectively) and, inversely, of propionate (P < 0·001 for Expt 1). There was evidence of a strong relationship between the molar proportion of propionate in the rumen and the concentration of lactic acid in the silage. The results indicate that the production of propionate during the metabolism of silage lactic acid by the rumen microbial population was the predominant influence on rumen fermentation pattern.It is suggested that this relationship is the basis of some of the differences in milk production reported for silages showing restricted as opposed to extensive fermentation.

scholarly journals Effect of time of supplementary feeding on intake, apparent digestibility and rumen fermentation of grass hay by sheep

1994 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Carro ◽  
A. R. Mantecón ◽  
I. A. Wright ◽  
I. J. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Forage Intake ◽  
Male Sheep

AbstractEffects of time of supplementation on forage intake, nutrient apparent digestibility and rumen fermentation were studied with 12 mature castrated male sheep (wethers) offered grass hay from 16.30 h to 09.30 h and supplemented with a cereal-based concentrate given at either 09.30 or 16.00 h. Voluntary intake of hay organic matter (OM) was decreased by feeding the concentrate (P< 0·01). Offering concentrate at 09.30 h after hay was available, increased intake of hay and total OM compared with offering it at 16.00 h before hay was available (P< 0·05). Daily pattern of hay intake was not changed when concentrate was offered at 09.30 h compared with feeding hay alone, but concentrate given at 16.00 h resulted in a lower hay intake between 16.30 and 18.00 h. Sheep offered concentrate at 09.30 h had higher rumen ammonia levels than those offered concentrate at 16.00 h, but there were no differences in the apparent digestibility of the nutrients, rumen pH and molar proportions of the main volatile fatty acids. There were also no differences between groups in the blood plasma concentrations of 3-hydroxybutyrate (30HB), nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) and glucose. It is concluded that feeding supplement after rather than before a period of intake of forage or a bout of grazing may offer a means of minimizing reduction of forage intake as a consequence of feeding concentrate.

scholarly journals Concentrate containing calcium salts of fatty acids rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids can change rumen fermentation in grazing goats

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 2621
Author(s):  
Ludmila Couto Gomes ◽  
Claudete Regina Alcalde ◽  
Julio Cesar Damasceno ◽  
Luiz Paulo Rigolon ◽  
Ana Paula Silva Possamai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Calcium Salts ◽  
Linear Effect ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Ruminal Ph

Feeding goats with calcium salts of fatty acids (CSFA) can supply ruminants with lipids, with minimal effects on ruminal fermentation and fiber digestibility. However, there is a shortage of information on the effect of CSFA on characteristics of rumen fermentation in grassland goats. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the addition of CSFA to concentrate on the parameters of rumen fermentation of grazing goats. Five rumen cannulated goats were distributed in a Latin square 5x5 design (treatments: 0%, 1.5%, 3.0%, 4.5% and 6.0% CSFA. The pH, ammonia N and volatile fatty acids (VFA) content were analyzed in the ruminal fluid at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours after concentrate supplementation. The pH and ammonia N concentration showed a linear effect with the addition of CSFA. There was no effect observed for the VFA molar concentration after grazing goats were fed with the experimental diet. In conclusion, further research is needed to investigate the addition of CSFA to goat diets because there is evidence that CSFA increases ruminal pH and decreases excess ruminal ammonia without changing the VFA concentration in the rumen fluid.

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