The effect of reducing energy intake through feed intake restriction on the performance of weaned barrows when amino acid intake declines either in direct proportion to energy or at a reduced rate

Amino acid intake declined either in constant proportion to energy or at a reduced rate when feed intake treatments represented 100, 70, 60 or 50% of ad libitum. Amino acid intake affected feed conversion, and energy and lysine utilization (P < 0.05). Energy studies involving feed restriction may be confounded by amino acid supply. Key words: Pigs, energy intake, amino acid intake

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THE EFFECT OF FEED RESTRICTION AT THE STARTER PHASE ON PERFORMANCE OF BROILER CHICKENS

Nigerian Journal of Animal Production ◽

10.51791/njap.v34i1.2430 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

pp. 69-76

Author(s):

M Tion ◽

M. T. Orga ◽

I. A. Adeka

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Mortality Rate ◽

Feed Intake ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Live Weight ◽

Feed Restriction ◽

Control Group ◽

Broiler Chicks ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Ad Libitum

Two hundred and twenty five day old straight run broiler chicks were utilized in completely randomized design to test the effect of restricting feed intake of four groups of chicks to 92.5% 85.0%, 77.5% and 70.0% of the unrestricted (control) group in the starter phase and following adlibitum feeding for all groups in the finisher phase. The treatments were simply designated as A, B, C, D and E. The starter phase in which the restriction was carried out lasted 28 days and the finisher phase 42 days. Parameters evaluated during the starter and finisher phases included; growth rate, feed conversion ration and mortality rate. Results show gain in weight among all groups while the group fed diet B and the control had comparable weight gain at the starter phase. The percentage weight difference between the control and each of the other dietary groups was: 4.4%, 8.4%, 8.6% and 10.4% for the treatments B, C, D and E respectively. Feed gain ration improved as the level of restriction became stricter. Following ad-libitum feeding of all grops at the finisher phase, the feed restricted groups at the starter phase voraciously increased their feed intake, thus, producing comparable performance values with the unrestricted (control) group in weight gain in the 8th week of the study. Although birds in all groups averaged more than 2000g final live weight in 10weeks, significant differences exist between groups that were fed diets C, D, and E that were restricted at the starter phase, an indication that complete compensatory growth was not obtainable. Feed gain ration improved for restricted groups. Mortality rate did not show any trend attributable to levels of feed restriction. This study shows that broiler chicks fed restricted levels of balanced diet at the starter phase but later fed ad-libitum at the finisher phase could attain a finished weight of about 2000g or more at a market age of 10 weeks (70 days) with an improvement in feed gain ration.

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Influence of timing and duration of feed restriction on growth and economic performance of finisher broiler chickens

African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development ◽

10.18697/ajfand.55.11650 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 12 (55) ◽

pp. 6976-6986

Author(s):

OA Makinde ◽

Keyword(s):

Feed Intake ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Live Weight ◽

Feed Restriction ◽

Meat Production ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Final Body Weight ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Cost Of Production

The study investigated different feed restriction programs during an 8-week broiler chicken growing cycle as a management strategy for reducing cost of production. Initially, 90 Hubbard day-old chicks fed ad libitum a commercial starter feed supplying 24% crude protein and 3000 kcal of ME/kg for 4 weeks. Thereafter, they were randomly allotted to five different feed restriction programs (R0, R5, R56, R67 and R57) utilizing finisher diets supplying 19% crude protein and 2850 kcal of ME/kg from 5-8 weeks. Each program had three replicates and six birds per replicate. Unrestricted (R0) was the control where birds fed ad libitum. In R5, birds were restricted the 5th week; R56, 5th and 6th weeks; R67, 6th and 7th weeks, and R57, 5th and 7th weeks. However, all the feed-restricted birds fed ad libitum in the 8th week. Feed restriction involved feeding one-third feed intake of R0 birds starting from 14.00 to 18.00 h daily and performance parameters recorded. Feed restriction negatively affected growth performance as the severity of restriction increased. Final body weight, carcass weight, average daily gain and average daily feed intake were similar (P>0.05) for R0 and R5 but higher than R56, R67 and R57. However, feed restriction did not significantly affect (P>0.05) carcass and breast yields or feed conversion ratio except for R67, the least (P<0.05) feed efficient. Feed cost, cost of production and revenue declined as the period of restriction increased. However, profit or profit/kg live weight, economic efficiency (EE) of feed and relative EE of feed were highest for R0 followed by R5, R56, R57 and R67 in that order. Generally, birds restricted for 1 week performed better than those restricted for 2 weeks and birds restricted continuously for 2 weeks before the last week of re-alimentation and slaughter were inferior to others. These results suggest that the duration and timing of feed restriction can reduce cost in broiler meat production without seriously affecting performance or economics of production depending on the restriction program applied.

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EVALUATION OF TWO METHODS OF FEED RESTRICTION FOR GROWING-FINISHING HOGS

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas80-019 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 60 (1) ◽

pp. 149-158 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R. R. GRANDHI ◽

J. H. STRAIN

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Feed Intake ◽

Backfat Thickness ◽

Feed Restriction ◽

Intermittent Fasting ◽

Carcass Quality ◽

Economic Returns ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Daily Feeding ◽

Ad Libitum

Two experiments, using 680 barrows and gilts of Lacombe and Yorkshire breeding, were conducted during winter and summer months to evaluate the effect of (a) ad libitum self-feeding, (b) no feeding for 2 or 3 intermittent days each week and (c) limited daily feeding from 60 or from 70 kg body weight, on growth, feed conversion, carcass quality and net economic returns. Daily liveweight gains were significantly reduced by all methods of feed restriction in both experiments. Intermittent fasting 3 days each week decreased the weight gains by severely reducing daily feed intake. Feed conversion was poor in all feed-restricted groups during winter; however, it was slightly improved during summer by intermittent fasting. Regression of backfat thickness on body weight indicated a lower rate of fat deposition in feed-restricted groups. All methods of feed restriction significantly reduced the backfat thickness and improved the carcass index. This improvement of carcass quality was greater for the limit-fed group in both experiments. Intermittent fasting significantly reduced the dressing percentage and gave smaller loin eye area than limited feeding. Economic returns were superior in hogs limit-fed from 60 kg to slaughter and were greater during summer than winter.

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METABOLIC ALTERATIONS IN SURGICAL PATIENTS. I. THE EFFECT OF ALTERING THE ELECTROLYTE, CARBOHYDRATE AND AMINO ACID INTAKE*

Annals of Surgery ◽

10.1097/00000658-195309000-00016 ◽

1953 ◽

Vol 138 (3) ◽

pp. 434-452 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

William E. Abbott ◽

Harvey Krieger ◽

Louis I. Babb ◽

Stanley Levey ◽

William D. Holden

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Surgical Patients ◽

Metabolic Alterations ◽

Acid Intake ◽

Amino Acid Intake

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Are Dietary Amino Acids or Protein Quality Associated with Infant Length Gain from 6 to 12 Months in Rural Malawi? (P10-010-19)

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzz034.p10-010-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Andrew Matchado ◽

Kathryn Dewey ◽

Christine Stewart ◽

Per Ashorn ◽

Ulla Ashorn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Breast Milk ◽

Protein Quality ◽

Complementary Food ◽

Complementary Foods ◽

Acid Intake ◽

Dietary Amino Acid ◽

Amino Acid Intake ◽

Length Gain

Abstract Objectives 1) to estimate the probability of inadequate amino acid intake among infants 9–10 months of age in rural Malawi 2) to evaluate whether dietary amino acid intake or protein quality are associated with length gain from 6 to 12 months of age Methods We assessed total amino acid intake from breast milk and complementary foods in 285 infants. Breast milk intake and complementary foods were estimated using dose-to-mother deuterium oxide dilution method and repeat 4-pass interactive 24-hour recall interviews, respectively. Amino acid composition values were taken from FAO human milk profile, Tanzania Food Composition table and International Minilist. Protein quality was estimated using Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS). Probability of intake below Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for each amino acid was estimated using National Cancer Institute (NCI) method. We estimated protein quality of complementary food using median DIAAS. We assumed a DIAAS of ≥0.75 to represent a diet or food with good protein quality. Relationships between amino acid intake or protein quality with length gain were assessed using regression models. Length was measured at 6 and 12 months of age and length for age z-score (LAZ) velocity was calculated (ΔLAZ/months). Results The probability of inadequate amino acid intake from breast milk and complementary food that included a lipid-based nutrient supplement (LNS) was 3% for lysine, 0% for tryptophan, threonine, valine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, sulfur containing amino acids (SAA), and aromatic amino acids (AAA). Without LNS, the probability was 7% for lysine and 0–2% for the other amino acids. The median (interquartile range) DIAAS for complementary food with and without LNS was 0.70 (0.28) and 0.64 (0.32), respectively. Dietary amino acid intake and protein quality were not significantly associated with length gain velocity from 6 to 12 months even after adjusting for confounding factors. Conclusions The prevalence of inadequate amino acid intake in 9–10 months old infants in rural Malawi is very low. However, in conditions of frequent clinical or sub-clinical infections this situation may be different. Linear growth at 6–12 months does not appear to be limited by dietary amino acid intake or protein quality in this setting. Funding Sources The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

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The Effect of Total Sulfur Amino Acid Intake on Early Chick Growth

Poultry Science ◽

10.3382/ps.0470831 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 47 (3) ◽

pp. 831-836 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

R.B. Bishop ◽

H.R. Halloran

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Sulfur Amino Acid ◽

Total Sulfur ◽

Chick Growth ◽

Acid Intake ◽

Amino Acid Intake

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Insulin secretion, body composition and pig performance are altered by feeding pattern

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an13120 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 54 (3) ◽

pp. 319 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Ronald E. Newman ◽

Jeffery A. Downing ◽

Peter C. Thomson ◽

Cherie L. Collins ◽

David J. Henman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insulin Secretion ◽

Feed Intake ◽

Plasma Insulin ◽

Feeding Strategy ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Carcass Composition ◽

Production Performance ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Entire Male

Three studies investigated the effect of feeding strategy on production performance and endocrine status of growing pigs. For Experiment 1, 20 entire male pigs (70.0 ± 4.6 kg) were allocated randomly to individual pens in one of four climate-controlled rooms. Pigs were fed for 23 days either ad libitum or entrained to feed bi-phasically for two 90-min periods. For Experiment 2, 20 entire male pigs (41.2 ± 3.5 kg) were housed as per Experiment 1. Pigs were fed for 49 days either ad libitum or fed bi-phasically for two 60-min periods. For Experiment 3, 100 female pigs (66.1 ± 3.5 kg) were randomly allocated to individual pens within a commercial piggery and fed for 42 days either ad libitum or bi-phasically for two 60-min periods. Ear vein catheters were inserted into 10 pigs from each group and hourly blood samples were collected for 24 h in Experiments 1 and 2 and for 11 h in Experiment 3. Plasma insulin, non-esterified fatty acid and glucose concentrations were determined in Experiments 1 and 2, and glucose and insulin concentrations in Experiment 3. Feed intake and performance were recorded in all experiments and carcass composition was assessed by computed tomography for Experiment 2. There were no differences in final liveweight between the two treatment groups for all experiments. Pigs fed for two 90-min periods (Experiment 1) showed no difference in feed intake when compared with feeding ad libitum. Pigs in Experiment 2 fed for two 60-min intervals consumed 2.49 kg/pig.day compared with those fed ad libitum that consumed 2.68 kg/day (P = 0.057). In Experiment 3, pigs fed twice daily consumed 2.82 kg/pig.day compared with 2.91 kg/pig.day in ad libitum-fed pigs (P = 0.051). Bi-phasic fed pigs in Experiment 2 had improved (P < 0.05) feed conversion efficiency compared with pigs fed ad libitum. For all experiments, there was no difference in plasma glucose concentrations between the two treatments. In all three experiments, the circulating insulin concentrations for pigs fed ad libitum remained at a constant level throughout the sampling period. However, plasma insulin concentrations for the bi-phasic fed pigs significantly increased ~1 h after both feeding periods during all three experiments. Insulin secretion of pigs fed for two 90-min periods differed from that of pigs fed for two 60-min periods. Plasma insulin concentration increased five-fold following feeding for 60 min, compared with that in pigs fed for 90 min, which increased two-fold. Bi-phasic-fed pigs from Experiment 2 had reduced (P < 0.05) total carcass fat and significantly increased muscle when compared with pigs fed ad libitum. The data showed that feeding pigs at two succinct periods aligned insulin secretion to the time of feeding. Pigs fed for 60 min, unlike those fed for 90-min intervals, had reduced feed intake in comparison to those fed ad libitum. This may suggest that the duration of the feeding bout is important for this response and this may in turn influence both energy balance and the way energy is partitioned.

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