POSTWEANING PLASMA AMINO ACID PATTERNS AND NITROGEN CONSTITUENTS IN YEARLING BULLS AND HEIFERS WITH DIFFERENT RATES OF GROWTH

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 451-457
Author(s):  
J. A. BOLING ◽  
F. A. THRIFT ◽  
D. L. CROSS
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Plasma Amino Acids ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Similar Genetic Background ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Rates Of Growth ◽  
Daily Gain

Jugular blood samples were collected from 63 yearling Hereford bulls and 76 yearling Hereford heifers of similar genetic background at the end of a 160-day postweaning test. Plasma protein, amino nitrogen, and urea were determined on samples from all animals. Plasma free amino acids were determined on the 12 highest and 12 lowest gaining bulls and heifers, selected on the basis of 365-day weight. Plasma protein averaged 8.41 g/100 ml, amino nitrogen 56.38 μg/ml, and urea nitrogen 17.19 mg/100 ml for the 63 bulls. In the 76 heifers, plasma protein averaged 7.52 g/100 ml, amino nitrogen 52.90 μg/ml, and urea nitrogen 7.65 mg/100 ml. Plasma protein, amino nitrogen, and urea nitrogen were not significantly different (P > 0.05) between the high- and low-gaining groups within sexes. The concentrations (μmoles/100 ml) of the individual plasma amino acids did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) between the high- and low-gaining groups of bulls or heifers. When calculated on a proportional basis (molar %), the individual plasma amino acids also did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) between the two groups within sexes. Proline and tyrosine were negatively correlated (P < 0.01) to postweaning gain in the bulls, whereas isoleucine and aspartic acid were negatively correlated (P < 0.05) to postweaning average daily gain in the heifers.

Caecal microbiome and metabolites associated with different growth performances of broilers

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue Chen ◽  
Wei Zhao ◽  
Yang-zhi Liu ◽  
Natnael Demelash ◽  
Zhe Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Hexadecanoic Acid ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Growth Performances ◽  
Daily Gain

We investigated changes in the caecal microbial composition and metabolic compounds of broiler chickens weighing approximately 0.8–1.5 kg. Arbor Acres (AA) broilers (n =186) were divided into four groups (A–D) according to body weight on day 35. The results showed that there were significant differences in the average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), and feed-to-gain ratio (F:G) of chickens (P less than 0.05). The abundance of 11 genera were found to be significantly different in the four groups (P less than 0.05). The broilers with poor performance had increased levels of D-mannose, hexadecanoic acid, cholesterol, L-valine, L-leucine, glutamic acid, glucopyranose, á-D-allopyranose, and phosphoric acid (P less than 0.05) in the cecum. Microbial compositions were different in the ceca of broilers with different growth performances, and higher growth performance correlated with changes in metabolic pathways related to energy, amino acids, and others.

scholarly journals Social relationships enhance the time spent eating and intake of a novel diet in pregnant Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae) heifers

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3329
Author(s):  
Dong-Han Shin ◽  
Hyun-Min Kang ◽  
Seongwon Seo
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Daily Gain

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of social relationships on the feed intake, eating behavior, and growth, upon exposure to a novel diet, in Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae) heifers during pregnancy. Twenty-four pregnant Hanwoo heifers, averaging 438 ± 27.8 kg in weight, 21 months in age, and 194 ± 8.5 days in pregnancy, were involved in a two-month (eight weeks) experiment. The heifers were randomly assigned to either the single housing group (SG; one individual per pen, n = 12), or the paired housing group (PG; two individuals per pen, n = 12). All pens were of the same size (5 × 5 m) and provided with one feed bin, which automatically recorded the individual feed intake and eating behavior. As the experiment began, the diet of the heifers was switched from a total mixed ration (TMR; 250 g/kg ryegrass straw and 750 g/kg concentrate mix) to a forage-only diet (mixed hay cubes composed of 500 g/kg alfalfa, 250 g/kg timothy, and 250 g/kg blue grass hay). The heifers were fed ad libitum twice a day. The individual feed intake and eating behavior were recorded daily throughout the experiment, and body weights (BWs) were measured every four weeks before the morning feeding. PG animals visited the feed bin 22% less often than SG. PG, however, stayed 39% longer in the feed bin and consumed 40% more feed per visit, compared with SG. Consequently, PG heifers spent 23% more time in eating and had 16% more daily dry matter intake than SG during the experiment. Average daily gain during the experimental period tended to be greater in PG than in SG. When pregnant Hanwoo heifers encountered a novel diet, social relationships (i.e., presence of a pen-mate) enhanced their time spent eating and feed intake. Social interactions, even with an unfamiliar individual, may be helpful for pregnant Hanwoo heifers cope with a diet challenge compared to solitary situation.

The effect of moderate amino acid excesses on the food intake and growth rate of growing pigs

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 148-148
Author(s):  
S. Langer ◽  
M.F. Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Normal Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Diet Formulation ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Daily Gain

Food intake is one of the most important factors governing animal performance. Amongst the dietary variables that affect food intake, both deficiencies and excesses of protein and amino acids are known to be important. Moreover, excesses of certain amino acids may alter protein utilisation and consequently animal performance. Although large amino acid excesses have been shown in various experiments to alter food intake of weanling or growing pigs (Baker, 1993) the effects of the moderate amino acid excesses that may arise in normal diet formulation have been little studied. The objective of this experiment was to study if a 100% excess of single amino acids in a diet with an 'ideally' balanced amino acid pattern could alter daily food intake, average daily gain or food conversion ratio in growing pigs. The excesses used were relatively small to investigate the effect of excess within the range that might be found in practice.

Plasma amino-acids in human cancer: the individual role of tumour, malnutrition and glucose tolerance

1988 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 213-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Cascino ◽  
C. Cangiano ◽  
F. Ceci ◽  
F. Franchi ◽  
E.T. Menichetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Plasma Amino Acids ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Role

scholarly journals 206 Meta-analysis of the response of piglets to dietary valine: impact of other branched chain amino acids

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 18-18
Author(s):  
Maroua Zouaoui ◽  
Aude Simongiovanni ◽  
Marie-Pierre Létourneau-Montminy
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Multiple Regression Models ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract Branched chain amino acids (BCAA), valine (Val), isoleucine (Ile) and leucine (Leu) share the same metabolic pathways. An excess of Leu stimulates the catabolism of Val and Ile that may lead to a decrease in piglet growth performance. The objective of this study is to quantify the response of piglets to dietary Val and the influence of Leu and Ile on this response through a meta-analysis approach. A total of 16 articles published between 2001 and 2018, including 23 experiments and 126 treatments were used. Multiple regression models were fitted with the MIXED procedure of Minitab software with the random effect of the experiment. The Y variables were Average Daily Gain (ADG), Average Daily Feed Intake (ADFI) and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR). The main X variable was the Standardized Ileal Digestible Val (ValSID) and the other ones were Leu (LeuSID) and Ile (IleSID). The response of ADG, ADFI and FCR to ValSID was curvilinear (P&lt; 0.001: ADG, R2 = 0.93%; ADFI, R2= 0.97%; FCR, R2=0.93%). Results showed that increasing dietary LeuSID reduced ADG and ADFI (P&lt; 0.05) but also that the response of piglets to ValSID was stronger in high LeuSID diet (P &lt; 0.05; Interaction ValSIDxLeuSID; ADG and ADFI). Based on these models, increasing dietary ValSID from 7 to 8.5g/kg generates in wheat-based diets (10 g /kg of LeuSID) an improvement of ADG of 4.7% and ADFI of 2.5% compared to 7.4% for ADG and 5.2% for ADFI in corn-based diets (14 g/ kg of LeuSID). The response of ADG, ADFI and FCR to ValSID was not modified by IleSID. This study showed that ADG, ADFI and FCR are improved with increasing dietary Val and this effect was modulated by dietary Leu content except for FCR. Results can help piglet nutritionists to optimize dietary Val levels based on other BCAA content.

scholarly journals 88 Dietary supplementation of branched-chain amino acids higher than recommended levels in nursery pigs fed with moderately low protein diet: effects on growth performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 82-82
Author(s):  
Mohammad Habibi ◽  
Cedrick N Shili ◽  
Julia Sutton ◽  
Adel Pezeshki
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract Feed cost and excess nutrients excretion are threatening the swine industry. Moderately low protein (MLP) diets are less expensive and reduce the nitrogen excretion, but they may have negative influence on growth performance of pigs. The aim of current study was to investigate the effect of MLP diets supplemented with branched-chain amino acids (BCAA; leucine, isoleucine and valine) higher than Nutrients Requirements of Swine (NRC) recommendation on the growth performance of nursery pigs. Forty-eight weaned barrows at 3 weeks of age were weighed, individually housed and randomly assigned to 6 dietary treatments including: 1) PCON: 20% crude protein (CP), 2) NCON: 14% CP; 3) C25: NCON+ limiting amino acids (LAA, i.e. lysine, methionine, threonine, and tryptophan) 25% more than NRC levels, 4) C50: NCON+LAA 50% higher than NRC recommendations; 5) CB25: NCON + (LAA+BCAA) 25% more than NRC; 6) CB50: NCON + (LAA+BCAA) 50% higher than NRC. The data were analyzed with univariate GLM with Tukey’s post-hoc test (SPSS®). The CB50 had higher final body weight, average daily gain, average daily water intake and average daily feed intake than C50 with the latter tended to be higher than NCON. Average daily feed intake, average daily gain and gain to feed ratio tended to be greater for CB25 and CB50 relative to C25 and C50, respectively. Compared to C50, CB50 improved the mean and cumulative feed intake in all the weeks. CB50 also tended to improve the body weight gain and gain: feed in week 2 relative to C50. In conclusion, supplementing MLP diets with limiting amino acid at 25% or 50% higher than NRC recommendations was failed to recover the negative effects of these diets on growth performance. Adding BCAA more than NRC levels to MLP diets improved the growth performance with the effects of added BCAA level being negligible.

scholarly journals Effects of glutamine on growth performance of weanling piglets

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 444-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zou XT ◽  
Zheng GH ◽  
Fang XJ ◽  
Jiang JF
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Serum Urea ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Serum Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Weanling Piglets ◽  
Daily Gain

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of glutamine on growth performance of weanling piglets. Sixty piglets weaned at 21 days of age were randomly assigned to two groups (10 piglets per pen, 3 pens per group). The control group received a maize-soybean meal-based diet. The treatment group received a maize-soybean meal-based diet supplemented with 1.0% free l-glutamine. Piglets were fed the diets for 20 days. Results showed that piglets fed the glutamine diet had lower diarrhoea ratio and shorter diarrhoea duration than those fed the control diet during 20 days after weaning. During the first ten days after weaning, pigs supplemented with glutamine had a 12.05% lower feed:gain ratio than those fed the control diet (P &lt; 0.05). During the second ten days after weaning, they had a 27.75% higher average daily gain than those fed the control diet (P &lt; 0.05); there were no differences in the feed:gain ratio and average daily feed intake. During the first ten days after weaning, the serum urea nitrogen of pigs supplemented with glutamine was reduced by 17.36% (P &gt; 0.05) compared to the control. During the second ten days after weaning, serum urea nitrogen was reduced by 4.27% and serum concentrations of total protein increased by 18.70% in pigs supplemented with glutamine compared to the control (P &gt; 0.05). There were no differences in albumin, T<sub>3,</sub> T<sub>4</sub> and growth hormone. &nbsp;

SOME EFFECTS OF FLUCTUATING LOW AMBIENT TEMPERATURES ON BEEF CATTLE

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. HIDIROGLOU ◽  
J. R. LESSARD
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
The Other ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Diurnal Fluctuations ◽  
Maintenance Requirements ◽  
Daily Gain

Feed consumption, average daily gain, liver vitamin A, plasma protein, hemoglobin, leucocytes and the development of the chest were measured in an experiment in which 60 yearling Hereford steers were maintained outside or in a loose housing, closed pole barn. During the course of the experiment, temperature varied from −43 to 13 C, with wide diurnal fluctuations. The steers wintered outside had higher hemoglobin values and required 16% more total digestible nutrients for maintenance than those wintered inside. The maintenance requirements of those wintered inside were 42% greater than proposed NRC requirements. No major differences were observed among the other parameters studied except average daily gain, in which case the steers inside gained 15% faster.

RAPESEED, PEANUT AND SOYBEAN MEALS AS PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTS: DIETARY AMINO ACID COMPOSITION AND POSTPRANDIAL PLASMA AMINO ACID PATTERN AS INDICES OF PERFORMANCE OF PIGS

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. OROK ◽  
J. P. BOWLAND
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Plasma Amino Acid ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Chemical Score ◽  
Daily Gain

Postprandial plasma amino acid concentration and chemical score were compared with average daily gain to assess the supplemental values of prepress solvent-extracted rapeseed (RSM), solvent-extracted peanut (PNM) and solvent-extracted soybean meals (SBM) by identifying the limiting amino acids in each of the supplements. Eight diets utilizing these supplements as sole or combined supplements were involved, and to one of these diets lysine was added. Blood was sampled by anterior vena cava puncture at 13–14 wk of age following 8–9 wk on test. Preprandial samples were taken after a 24-h fast followed by other samples at 1, 2, 3 and 4 h postprandial, respectively. A quadratic equation was used to estimate the peak and peaking time for each replicate by treatment combination. Chemical score based on National Academy of Sciences–National Research Council (NAS–NRC (1973)) requirement identified lysine as the first limiting amino acid. The deficiency was most acute with PNM, followed by RSM, which was consistent with dietary lysine analysis. Postprandial plasma amino acid levels corresponded with dietary levels, but in diets containing RSM, relatively high plasma lysine values were not reflected in high average daily gain, suggesting that plasma lysine levels are doubtful indicators of expected performance for pigs fed different protein supplements. Significant (P < 0.01) variation in peaking time between plasma amino acids within each diet could explain some of the discrepancies in the relationship of plasma lysine levels to average daily gain.

The effect of moderate amino acid excesses on the food intake and growth rate of growing pigs

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 148-148
Author(s):  
S. Langer ◽  
M.F. Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Normal Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Diet Formulation ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Daily Gain

Food intake is one of the most important factors governing animal performance. Amongst the dietary variables that affect food intake, both deficiencies and excesses of protein and amino acids are known to be important. Moreover, excesses of certain amino acids may alter protein utilisation and consequently animal performance. Although large amino acid excesses have been shown in various experiments to alter food intake of weanling or growing pigs (Baker, 1993) the effects of the moderate amino acid excesses that may arise in normal diet formulation have been little studied. The objective of this experiment was to study if a 100% excess of single amino acids in a diet with an 'ideally' balanced amino acid pattern could alter daily food intake, average daily gain or food conversion ratio in growing pigs. The excesses used were relatively small to investigate the effect of excess within the range that might be found in practice.

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