AN EVALUATION OF THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DIETARY PARAMETERS AND RUMEN SOLID TURNOVER RATE

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
ESSI EVANS
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Solid Material ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Ruminant Species ◽  
Two Parameters

Data were compiled from published sources in order to relate the effects of level of feed intake, dietary energy concentration, energy intake level and dietary roughage level on the rate of turnover of solid material in the rumen for both sheep and cattle. Regression analyses were used to quantify the effects of dietary parameters and combinations of these parameters on rumen solid turnover rates. Significant simple regression relationships were established between feed intake and solid turnover rates with both sheep (r = 0.479) and cattle (r = 0.281). Solid turnover rates were negatively related to dietary digestible energy concentrations based upon data from sheep (r = −0.468), but no relationship (P > 0.05) between the two parameters was found for cattle. Solid turnover rates were increased (P < 0.05) with elevations in digestible energy intakes and with elevations in the percentage of dietary forage with sheep. From multiple regression analyses, it was learned that elevations in the energy density in the diet depressed solid turnover rates in both ruminant species.

AN EVALUATION OF THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DIETARY PARAMETERS AND RUMEN LIQUID TURNOVER RATE

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
ESSI EVANS
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Ration Composition

Data were accumulated from published sources and were combined in order to estimate the effects of level of feed intake, dietary energy concentration, energy intake level and dietary forage percentage on rumen liquid turnover rates in sheep and cattle. The effects of the dietary parameters on liquid turnover rates were estimated by regression analysis, where all possible combinations of independent variables were considered. It was found that rumen liquid turnover rates increased (P < 0.05) as feed intake increased with both sheep (r = 0.610) and cattle (r = 0.715). From multiple regression analyses it was learned that the inclusion of independent variables that were related to the physical composition of the diet along with variables for intake improved the estimation of liquid turnover rates, although the independent variable related to ration composition differed between sheep and cattle. With data from sheep experiments, elevations in the digestible energy content of the diet depressed (P < 0.05) liquid turnover rate. Based upon data from cattle, decreases in the forage portion of the diet had a similar depressing (P < 0.05) effect.

The effect of dietary energy concentration and lysine/digestible energy ratio on growth performance and nitrogen deposition of young hybrid pigs

1998 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Van Lunen ◽  
D. J. A. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Nitrogen Deposition ◽  
Deposition Rate ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Gross Energy

AbstractAn experiment was conducted to examine the effects of dietary lysine/digestible energy (DE) ratio (g/MJ) and dietary energy concentration on growth performance and body composition of young hybrid gilts from 9·1 to 25·4 kg live weight. Seven pigs were assigned to each of 10 dietary treatments consisting of lysine/DE ratios from 0·6 to 1·4 in 0·2 g/MJ increments and two DE concentrations (14·25 and 16·40 MJ/kg). Food was provided ad libitum and at 25·4 kg all pigs were slaughtered and body composition was determined. Responses to lysine/DE ratios were different for each DE concentration. The pigs given the 16·40 MJ/kg DE diets had a higher daily live-weight gain (DLWG) and nitrogen deposition rate (NDR) than those given the 14·25 MJ/kg diets up to the 1·2 g/MJ lysine/DE ratio. Beyond this point no DE effects were evident. Lipid deposition rate (LDR) was higher for all 16·40 MJ/kg diets as compared with the 14·25 MJ/kg diets and decreased with increasing lysine/DE ratio. The 14·25 MJ/kg diets resulted in increasing efficiency of nitrogen and gross energy utilization with increasing lysinel DE ratio up to the 1·0 g/MJ ratio after which it declined. Efficiency of lipid utilization decreased with increasing lysine/DE ratio for all 14·25 MJ/kg diets. The 16·40 MJ/kg diets resulted in a decrease in nitrogen and gross energy utilization efficiency with increasing lysine/DE ratio while lipid efficiency decreased up to the 1·0 g/MJ lysine/DE ratio after which it increased. Young hybrid pigs given high energy diets appear to be less sensitive to dietary lysine/DE ratio than those given lower energy diets. The optimum lysine/DE ratio for the genotype tested from 9 to 25 kg live weight was of the order of 1·2 g/MJ for both DE concentrations. The maximum DLWG and NDR of the genotype tested over the live-weight range of 9 to 25 kg appears to be of the order of 620 and 17 g/day (106 g/day protein deposition rate) respectively.

The effect of dietary energy concentration and total lysine/digestible energy ratio on the growth performance of weaned pigs

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. F. Oresanya ◽  
A. D. Beaulieu ◽  
E. Beltranena ◽  
J. F. Patience
Keyword(s):  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Commercial Practice ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
Poor Understanding ◽  
Key Words Pig ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Daily Gain

Amino acids should be defined in relation to dietary energy concentration in diets for young pigs. However, the literature contains diverse estimates of the optimum lysine:digestible energy (DE) ratio for weanling pigs performing at levels commonly observed in commercial practice. Further, there is a poor understanding of the reponse of the weanling pig to dietary energy concentration. A growth experiment was conducted to define the optimum total lysine:DE ratio for pigs from 4 to 8 wk of age. Dietary treatments were arranged as a 2 × 5 factorial: low (LDE, 3.4 Mcal kg-1) or high DE (HDE, 3.6 Mcal kg-1) and the following total lysine:DE ratios: 3.7, 4.0, 4.3, 4.6, or 4.9 g Mcal-1). The experiment ran for 28 d, beginning 7 d post-weaning, using four pigs per pen and six pens per diet for a total of 240 pigs (27 ± 2 d; 7.5 ± 1.1 kg). No DE × lysine:DE ratio interactions were detected for any performance parameter (P > 0.05). The average daily feed intake (ADFI) was 4% greater with pigs on LDE than HDE diets (DE,P < 0.05), but was not affected by lysine:DE ratio (P > 0.05). Conversely, DE did not affect average daily gain (ADG) (P > 0.05), but increased quadratically (day 0 to 14; P < 0.05) and (day 0 to 28; P < 0.10) with increasing lysine:DE ratio. Feed efficiency increased linearly with increasing lysine:DE ratio (P < 0.05) and was 4% greater with the HDE than LDE diets (P < 0.05). The optimum total lysine:DE ratio for ADG was determined to be 4.46 and 4.27 g Mcal-1 for pigs between 7.5 to 13 kg and 7.5 to 22.5 kg BW, respectively. Key words: Pig, total lysine, digestible energy, growth

Response of modern hybrid pigs to dietary energy concentration

1989 ◽  
Vol 1989 ◽  
pp. 80-80
Author(s):  
S.A. Chadd ◽  
D.J.A. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Recent Experiment ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Constant Energy ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
Ad Libitum

In a recent experiment using the same improved genotype, pigs over the liveweight range 25 to 120 kg were found to have modest voluntary energy intakes (Chadd and Cole, 1988) particularly when compared with former intake prediction equations. It follows that the response of such pigs in terms of voluntary feed intake behaviour when provided with diets differing in energy concentration may have also changed. Diets that are formulated to be low in energy density and therefore bulky in nature are likely to represent more of a limitation to voluntary feed intake than previously. Former experiments designed to examine the pig's ability to adjust feed intake in order to maintain a constant energy intake have produced results varying from complete to incomplete compensation.A study was undertaken to examine the response of a modern genotype in terms of voluntary feed intake, digestible energy (DE) intake, growth performance and associated carcass characteristics, when offered a range of dietary energy concentrations ad libitum and taken to a heavy slaughter weight.

A note on the effects of the ratio of protein to digestible energy and digestible energy concentration in the diet on performance and nitrogen metabolism of piglets weaned at 21 days of age

1982 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Newport ◽  
H. D. Keal
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Improved Performance

ABSTRACTPiglets were weaned at 21 days of age, and given diets containing 13·5 or 17·0g crude protein per MJ digestible energy and either 14·7 or 16·8 MJ digestible energy per kg in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment until 56 days of age. There was no effect on performance or food intake when the diets were offered ad libitum, but energy intake was increased with the higher concentration of dietary energy. The higher levels of both protein and energy improved performance in a metabolism experiment with food intake restricted to 0·80 ofad libitumintake, and the higher protein level increased nitrogen retention (g/day per kg live weight) and plasma urea nitrogen. These results suggest that the level of food intake can affect the response to changes in dietary energy and protein concentrations, and indicate that conclusions from metabolism experiments using restricted feeding may be inappropriate under other conditions.

The influence of digestible energy concentration of the diet on feed intake and rate of gain by beef steers

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-369
Author(s):  
R. Hironaka ◽  
G. C. Kozub
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Level ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
The Other ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acid ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Different Levels

Eighty Hereford steers were fed diets with different levels of protected tallow. One-half of the steers received all-concentrate diets with 0–20% tallow, and the other half received 50% concentrate and 50% cubed alfalfa hay diets with 0–10% tallow. As the level of protected tallow in the diet increased, daily feed intake declined in both diets, but daily digestible energy (DE) intake declined then increased with the all-concentrate diets but increased then declined with the hay-concentrate diets. Digestible energy required per unit gain was not affected with the all-concentrate diets but increased then declined as the level of protected tallow was increased with the hay-concentrate diets. Carcass measurements were not influenced by the level of protected tallow in the all-concentrate diets. Carcass backfat declined with an increase in level of protected tallow in the hay-concentrate diets. Blood plasma nonesterified fatty acid levels increased as the level of protected tallow in the diet increased. Packed cell volume increased as protected tallow in the diet increased in the steers fed all-concentrate but not in those fed hay-concentrate. Blood glucose level was not affected by level of protected tallow in the diet. Key words: Steers, digestible energy concentration, protected tallow

Validation of intake estimates in grazing beef cattle

1982 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. W. Moir ◽  
J. P. Ebersohn ◽  
J. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Grazing Cattle ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Level Of Agreement

SUMMARYGrowing beef cattle grazed six pasture types (all-grass or grass-legume mixtures) for 4 months on each. Live weight (mean of ten animals) and dietary energy concentration were measured at 2- or 3-weekly intervals. Values for feed intake estimated by back-calculating from feeding standards were on average 2·5% higher (range, 10% less to 12 % higher) than intake values estimated directly from dietary energy concentration and live weight. In contrast to this level of agreement of means, differences between methods within pastures were so large as to suggest the presence of overriding effects on predictors of voluntary intake. It was concluded that until these overriding effects are explained, there are no means of validating measured intakes in grazing cattle, or of accurately predicting the amount of beef produced from pasture.

scholarly journals Using different levels of energy and protein and their effects on bodyweight and blood chemistry of ostriches

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tahereh Nikravesh-Masouleh ◽  
Alireza Seidavi ◽  
Magdalena Solka ◽  
Mohammad Dadashbeiki
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Bodyweight Gain ◽  
Transferase Activity ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Protein Levels

AbstractTo determine the effect of different dietary energy and protein levels on bodyweight and blood chemistry, 36 ostriches at 2 to 9 weeks of age for feeding conditions and 18 for blood chemistry parameters was used. The birds were divided into six treatment groups. Energy and protein levels of diet were 2400 and 2600 kcal/kg and 20%, 22%, and 24%, respectively. The feed intake and bodyweight gain were determined a weekly. Blood chemical parameters including glucose, HDL, LDL, total cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein, albumin, globulin, aspartate amino-transferase and alanine amino-transferase activity were determined. The highest weight gain during the whole experiment was observed in ostriches offered 2400 kcal · kg−1 dietary energy and 20% protein. The lowest level of total cholesterol and protein was observed in treatment V (2600 kcal · kg−1 dietary energy and 22% protein). The lowest level of glucose and triglycerides was noted after treatment I. The highest albumin and globulin concentrations were in treatment III (2400 kcal · kg−1 dietary energy and 24% protein) and treatment II (2400 kcal · kg−1 dietary energy and 22% protein), respectively. The energy level had no effect (P < 0.05) on feed intake and weight gain in all experimental period. The results of this study showed that with increasing energy and protein levels, most blood parameters increased in ostriches but total cholesterol did not.

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