A note on the effects of the ratio of protein to digestible energy and digestible energy concentration in the diet on performance and nitrogen metabolism of piglets weaned at 21 days of age

1982 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Newport ◽  
H. D. Keal
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Improved Performance

ABSTRACTPiglets were weaned at 21 days of age, and given diets containing 13·5 or 17·0g crude protein per MJ digestible energy and either 14·7 or 16·8 MJ digestible energy per kg in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment until 56 days of age. There was no effect on performance or food intake when the diets were offered ad libitum, but energy intake was increased with the higher concentration of dietary energy. The higher levels of both protein and energy improved performance in a metabolism experiment with food intake restricted to 0·80 ofad libitumintake, and the higher protein level increased nitrogen retention (g/day per kg live weight) and plasma urea nitrogen. These results suggest that the level of food intake can affect the response to changes in dietary energy and protein concentrations, and indicate that conclusions from metabolism experiments using restricted feeding may be inappropriate under other conditions.

The influence of feeding level from 20 to 45 kg live weight on the performance and body composition of female and entire male pigs

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
M. R. Taverner ◽  
D. M. Curic
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Ad Libitum

ABSTRACTForty-two pigs representing equal numbers of entire males and females were used to study the effects on the performance and body composition of four restricted levels of feeding (14·5, 20·3, 24·9 and 29·4 MJ digestible energy per day), and of offering the same diet (14·5 MJ digestible energy per kg and 210 g crude protein per kg) ad libitum between 20 and 45 kg live weight.Over the four restricted feeding treatments there were no significant differences between the sexes for the performance and body composition of four restricted levels of feeding (14·5, 20·3, 24·9 and 29·4 MJ digestible energy per day), and of offering the same diet (14·5 MJ digestible energy per kg and 210 g crude protein per kg) ad libitum between 20 and 45 kg live weight.Although ad libitum energy intake was the same for both sexes (34·2 MJ digestible energy per day), raising digestible energy intake from that provided by the highest restricted feeding treatment (29·4 MJ/day) to ad libitum resulted in marked differences between the sexes for performance and body composition.For males, raising digestible energy intake from 29·3 to 34·2 MJ/day improved the rate of live-weight gain and protein deposition by 0·15 and 0·10 respectively but had no further effect on food conversion ratio or body fat. The same increase in digestible energy intake for females improved growth rate by only 0·065, had no further effect on the rate of protein deposition but increased markedly food conversion ratio and body fat.

The effect of dietary energy concentration and lysine/digestible energy ratio on growth performance and nitrogen deposition of young hybrid pigs

1998 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Van Lunen ◽  
D. J. A. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Nitrogen Deposition ◽  
Deposition Rate ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Gross Energy

AbstractAn experiment was conducted to examine the effects of dietary lysine/digestible energy (DE) ratio (g/MJ) and dietary energy concentration on growth performance and body composition of young hybrid gilts from 9·1 to 25·4 kg live weight. Seven pigs were assigned to each of 10 dietary treatments consisting of lysine/DE ratios from 0·6 to 1·4 in 0·2 g/MJ increments and two DE concentrations (14·25 and 16·40 MJ/kg). Food was provided ad libitum and at 25·4 kg all pigs were slaughtered and body composition was determined. Responses to lysine/DE ratios were different for each DE concentration. The pigs given the 16·40 MJ/kg DE diets had a higher daily live-weight gain (DLWG) and nitrogen deposition rate (NDR) than those given the 14·25 MJ/kg diets up to the 1·2 g/MJ lysine/DE ratio. Beyond this point no DE effects were evident. Lipid deposition rate (LDR) was higher for all 16·40 MJ/kg diets as compared with the 14·25 MJ/kg diets and decreased with increasing lysine/DE ratio. The 14·25 MJ/kg diets resulted in increasing efficiency of nitrogen and gross energy utilization with increasing lysinel DE ratio up to the 1·0 g/MJ ratio after which it declined. Efficiency of lipid utilization decreased with increasing lysine/DE ratio for all 14·25 MJ/kg diets. The 16·40 MJ/kg diets resulted in a decrease in nitrogen and gross energy utilization efficiency with increasing lysine/DE ratio while lipid efficiency decreased up to the 1·0 g/MJ lysine/DE ratio after which it increased. Young hybrid pigs given high energy diets appear to be less sensitive to dietary lysine/DE ratio than those given lower energy diets. The optimum lysine/DE ratio for the genotype tested from 9 to 25 kg live weight was of the order of 1·2 g/MJ for both DE concentrations. The maximum DLWG and NDR of the genotype tested over the live-weight range of 9 to 25 kg appears to be of the order of 620 and 17 g/day (106 g/day protein deposition rate) respectively.

The effect of dietary inclusion of yeast culture (Yea-Sacc) on patterns of rumen fermentation, food intake and growth of intensively fed bulls

1992 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Mutsvangwa ◽  
I. E. Edwards ◽  
J. H. Topps ◽  
G. F. M. Paterson
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Yeast Culture ◽  
Plasma Urea

AbstractThe effects of a barley beef diet without (control) and with a yeast culture (YC) on rumen fermentation, in vivo diet digestibility, nitrogen retention, live-weight gain and food intake were evaluated using 13 Limousin × British Friesian bulls per treatment. The YC was composed of the yeast species Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its growth medium dried in such a manner that it maintained its fermentative capacity. The addition of YC significantly increased the concentration of acetate (P < 0·05) while propionate concentration tended to be higher for bulls given YC (P > 0·05). The acetate: propionate ratio remained unchanged. Concentration of total volatile fatty acid (VFA) was significantly higher in YC bulls compared with control bulls (P < 0·05). The in vitro studies using the Menke gas test confirmed these findings. Mean in vitro gas production in bulls receiving YC was lower than that in the controls (P < 0·05) and methane production was significantly reduced by the addition of YC after 12h (P < 0·01). Ruminal ammonia concentrations were not affected by treatment but ruminal pH was significantly depressed by the addition of YC (P < 0·05).Apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and neutral-detergent fibre were unaffected by treatment but tended to be higher with the control diet. Nitrogen retention was not affected by the addition of YC and mean values for allantoin excretion and plasma urea were similar.In a 28-week feeding trial, dry-matter intake was significantly greater for bulls given YC (5·55 kg/day) than for control bulls (5·32 kg/day, P < 0·05) but average daily gain, 1·55 and 1·58 kg/day for control and YC respectively, and food conversion efficiency were not improved significantly by YC (P > 0·05).

Energy: protein interactions in growing boars of high genetic potential for lean growth. 1. Effects on growth, carcass characteristics and organ weights

1992 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Rao ◽  
K. J. McCracken
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Thickness Measurements

AbstractSeven replicates of five littermate boar Landrace pigs were used to evaluate the effects of (a) reducing the food intake within the practical range or (b) reducing energy intake without reducing protein intake, between 33 and 90 kg live weight on growth, nitrogen balance and carcass characteristics. Three levels of food intake (ad libitum, 0·90 and 0·80 ad libitum) were used and the dietary protein contents ranged from 250 to 312 g crude protein per kg dry matter (DM) to equalize protein intake with reduced food intake. All the diets were of similar amino acid composition, and lysine per kg DM ranged from 14·3 to 17·9 g. The food was given twice daily. Balance trials were conducted at 45 and 65 kg live weight and all pigs were slaughtered at 90 kg live weight to assess carcass characteristics. Reducing food intake or only energy intake significantly reduced live-weight gain (P < 0·001). Reducing food intake decreased nitrogen retention (P < 0·01) during the 65-kg balance period. Reducing food intake had no effect on fat thickness measurements but measurements at shoulder (P < 0·001), mid back (P < 0·001), C(P< 0·01) and P2 (P < 0·05) decreased and lean: fat in rumpback increased (P < 0·05) when energy intake was reduced. The weights of small intestine (P < 0·001), large intestine (P < 0·05), liver (P < 0·05) and kidneys (P < 0·05) were significantly reduced as food intake was reduced. Energy is more limiting than protein when the intake of a diet providing for optimal growth of high potential boars is reduced between 33 and 90 kg live weight.

scholarly journals Effect of feeding varying levels of dietary crude protein and digestible energy levels on nitrogen retention, urinary and blood plasma constituents in pigs fed from 9 to 60kg

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-124
Author(s):  
M. O. Oyeleke
Keyword(s):  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Urea Concentration ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Nitrogen Economy ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Protein X

This study was designed to investigate the effects and possible interactions of varying crude protein (CP) and digestible energy levels (DE) on Nitrogen Retention, (NR), Urinary and blood plasma constituents in pigs reared from 6 to 60 kg liveweight. One hundred and twenty eight Large White x Landrace pigs weighing 9+1.5kg were assigned to sixteen groups of eight pigs, comprising four females and four castrated males in a 4x4 factorial design, the factors were four crude protein levels: (18, 21, 24 and 27%) and four digestible energy levels: (3,000; 3,300: 3,600 and 3,900 kcal/kg) nitrogen retention studies were conducted during the 4 week after the animals were 4 weeks on test diets. There were 6 pigs (3 females and 3 males) in the nitrogen balance trials. Apparent protein digestibility was calculated from the faecal collection. Urinary urea, citrulline and allocation were also determined. Six out of the eight experimental pigs per diet were selected for bleeding and the plasma urea concentrations were determined. There was a significant ( 0.05) Protein x Energy, Energy X Sex and Protein x Energy x Sex interactions. Females retained significantly higher proportions of their nitrogen intake than the castrated males, the lowest nitrogen retention was obtained on the lowest protein and lowest energy combination. The best nitrogen retention in males was obtained on the 21% protein diet with 3,600 kcal DE/kg, while in females; the best was obtained on the diet containing 24% Protein. Total urinary urea concentration was significantly (p 0.01) influenced by both protein and energy levels and significant Protein x Energy interactions also occurred. Dietary protein, expectedly, significantly influenced plasma urea concentrations tending to be lowest on the two intermediate energy levels; 3,300 and 3,600 kcal DE /kg. Nitrogen retention was optimum between 18 and 21% protein levels and castrated males tended to show optimum nitrogen economy on lower protein levels than female pigs. Total urea concentration paralleled nitrogen retention profile. The Kiriyama Index(A/U x IP) may be a precise method to determine protein requirement for pigs in the humid tropical environment. Digestible energy levels of between 3,300 and 3,600 kcal/kg would be adequate for maximum nitrogen economy.

The utilization of dietary energy by steers during periods of restricted food intake and subsequent realimentation

1977 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. P. Ledger
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Additional Energy ◽  
Total Distance ◽  
Daily Energy

SUMMARYAn investigation was carried out to determine the daily energy intakes necessary to maintain, the live weights of ‘maintenance-stabilized’ steers (i.e. those held at constant live weight in pens for not less than 15 weeks) when walked at 5 km/h for distances of 5, 10 and 15 km/day.The experiment utilized groups of Boran Zebu and Hereford × Boran Zebu steers at live weights of 275 and 450 kg.Fed a standard diet of energy concentration 10·477 MJ metabolizable energy (ME)/kg D.M. it was found that the Hereford × Boran steers required significantly less food per day, at both live weights, than did the Borans to maintain live weight when walking distances of 15 km/day.Based on the data relating to the total distance walked of 1120 km in 133 days it was calculated that the additional energy cost of maintaining live weight when walking was close to 4·184 kJ ME/kg/km walked. The efficiency of conversion of ME for walking was 50%.For ‘maintenance-stabilized’ steers it was calculated that the 275 kg steers required 24, 49 and 73% more daily D.M. intake and the 450 kg steers 34, 69 and 97% more daily D.M. intake when walked 5, 10 and 15 km/day respectively than would have been the case if they had been kept inactive in pens.

The influence of sex (boars and gilts) on growth, carcass and pork eating quality characteristics

1999 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 487-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Blanchard ◽  
M. Ellis ◽  
C. C. Warkup ◽  
J. P. Chadwick ◽  
M. B. Willis
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Eating Quality ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum

AbstractBoar and gilt pigs from three genotypes (with 0, 0·25 and 0·50 Duroc inclusion level) were reared from 30 to 90 kg live weight on seven feeding regimens which involved combinations of diet formulation and feeding level. A diet of conventional energy and protein level (CEP; 14·2 MJ/kg digestible energy, 205 g/kg crude protein, 10 g/kg lysine) and a diet of higher energy and lower protein (HELP; 14·7 M]/kg digestible energy, 166 g/kg crude protein, 7·0 g/kg lysine) were used. One treatment involved feeding the HELP diet ad libitum, with the other six treatments involving feeding the CEP diet ad libitum, restricted, or in combinations of ad libitum and restricted. A total of 721 animals comprising similar numbers of boars and gilts were used to estimate sex differences for growth performance, carcass and meat quality, and eating quality. Tissue growth rates were predicted from regression equations based on P2fat depths or ham-joint dissection, developed from subsamples of animals that were subjected to full-side dissection. Overall when compared with gilts, boars grew faster (838 v. 799 gtday, P < 0·001), had improved food conversion ratios (2·39 v.2-55, P < 0·001) but had similar daily food intakes and lean and subcutaneous fat growth rates. Lean tissue food conversions did not differ significantly between the sexes. Killing-out proportions were higher for gilts (0·766 v. 0·749 , P < 0·001), however P2 backfat thickness and lean proportions did not differ between the sexes. The firmness of the mid-back fat, assessed subjectively and using a penetrometer, was greater for gilts than for boars. The tenderness of pork loin chops, assessed by a trained sensory panel, was judged to be better for boars than for gilts but there was no sex difference in overall acceptability. The fat from boars had a higher level of abnormal odour and boar odour. There was a sex × dietary treatment interaction for boar odour with the HELP diet producing the highest levels and the biggest difference between the sexes for odour scores.

The effect of breed (Large White × Landrace ν. purebred Meishan) on the diets selected by pigs given a choice between two foods that differ in their crude protein contents

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Kyriazakis ◽  
K. Leus ◽  
G. C. Emmans ◽  
C. S. Haley ◽  
J. D. Oldham
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Large White ◽  
Protein Food ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Continuous Access ◽  
Better Than

AbstractTwo pig breeds, one improved (Cotswold Fl hybrid Large White × Landrace pigs = LWX) and the other unimproved (Chinese Meishan pigs = CM) were used to test the proposition that the genotype of the pig has an effect on the selection of a diet from two foods that differ in their crude protein content. From 21 to 34 kg live weight, the pigs were given access to either one of three foods or a choice of two foods with similar digestible energy concentration (16 MJ digestible energy per kg) but a different crude protein (CP) concentration. This resulted in four dietary treatments: (i) free and continuous access to low (L) crude protein food alone (130 g CP per kg, no. = 4 of each breed); (ii) free and continous access to high (H) crude protein food alone (252 g CP per kg, no. - 4 of each breed); (Hi) free and continuous access to moderate (M) crude protein food alone (206 g CP per kg, no. = 4 of each breed) and (iv) free and continuous access to both foods L and H as a choice (no. = 6 of each breed). On all treatments the LWX performed significantly better than the CM pigs in terms of live-weight gain and food conversion efficiency (P< 0·001). The LWX and CM pigs given access to a single food contained the same amounts of protein in their bodies at 34 kg live weight, but the CM pigs had a considerably higher lipid (P< 0·001) and a lower water content (P< 0·001). When given a choice, the LWX pigs selected a significantly higher proportion of foodH(521v.226 (s.e.d. 49) g food H per kg for LWX and CM respectively) and therefore, a higher CP content in their diet (194v.144 (s.e.d. 5·4) g CP per kg respectively) than the CM pigs. The performance of pigs given a choice between two foods, in terms of live weight and rate of protein gain, was comparable with the best performance achieved on a single food (M) for the LWX, and better than the best performance on a single food (L) for the CM pigs. Thus, when given a choice between an appropriate pair of foods that differ in their crude protein content, pigs are able to select a diet that meets their requirements and allows them to express the growth characteristics typical for their breed (genotype).

The effects of dietary fibre, source of fat and dietary energy concentration on the voluntary food intake and performance of growing pigs

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
M. R. Taverner
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Voluntary Food Intake

ABSTRACTNinety entire male pigs were used in two experiments to investigate the effects of energy concentration on the performance of growing pigs given diets containing relatively high or low levels of fibre. A blended fat product was also compared with tallow as a source of dietary energy for pigs in the first experiment.In experiment 1, 60 pigs growing between 20 and 45 kg live weight were given 10 diets containing approximately 120 g acid-detergent fibre per kg (80 g crude fibre per kg), and 10, 30, 50, 75 or 100 g/kg of either tallow or the blended fat product.Although the source of fat had no significant effect on food intake or growth performance, voluntary energy intake and growth rate increased with increase in the level of fat added to the diet and with concomitant increase in dietary digestible energy (DE) concentration up to 50 g/kg and 13·2 MJ/kg respectively. Further increase in the level of fat added to the diet and in DE concentration resulted in a decline in voluntary food intake, whilst energy intake and growth rate remained relatively constant at 27 MJ/day and 720 g/day respectively.In experiment 2, 30 pigs were used to investigate the animals' response to five levels of dietary DE concentration (11·8 to 15·1 MJ DE per kg) between 20 and 50 kg live weight. The highest level of acid-detergent fibre in the diets was 62 g/kg (50 g crude fibre per kg) and this declined with increase in energy concentration to 30 g/kg (25 g crude fibre per kg) in the diet of highest energy concentration.Voluntary food intake was not significantly affected by dietary energy concentration, and voluntary energy intake and growth rate increased linearly with increase in dietary energy concentration up to 14·5 MJ DE per kg. Maximum energy intake (31 MJ DE per day) and growth rate (905 g/day) in experiment 2 was proportionately 0·15 and 0·26 higher than that achieved by pigs given the higher fibre diets in experiment 1.The results for voluntary food intake and growth rate suggested that the pig's demand for energy and consequently its response to dietary energy concentration was affected by dietary fibre concentration.

Some aspects of the energy and nitrogen metabolism of boars, gilts and barrows given diets containing different concentrations of protein

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. Holmes ◽  
J. R. Carr ◽  
G. Pearson
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake

ABSTRACTFour diets which varied in crude protein concentration from 140 to 240 g crude protein per kg dry matter were given to gilts in experiment 1, and two diets containing 140 and 200 g crude protein per kg dry matter were given t o boars and barrows in experiment 2. Two levels of feeding were offered in both experiments and energy and nitrogen balances were measured at 30 and 90 kg live weight in both experiments, and also at 50 kg in experiment 1. Nitrogen intake had a small negative influence on energy retention by pigs of all sexes, an effect which was independent of the large positive effect of metabolizable energy intake. The ratio of metabolizable energy concentration to digestible energy concentration decreased in association with increases in crude protein concentration of the diets. The results show that comparisons of feeds on the basis of their digestible energy concentrations would lead to overestimation of the energy values of those containing high protein concentrations. Live weight (or age) and metabolizable energy intake exerted positive influences on the amount of energy retained per kg live-weight gain, whereas nitrogen intake exerted a negative influence. Values for energy retained per kg live-weight gain predicted from multiple regression equations, together with calculated values for maintenance and net efficiency, were used to predict the energy retention and growth rate of pigs in various circumstances.Nitrogen retention increased in association with increases in nitrogen intake for pigs of all sexes at 30 kg live weight; there was also a corresponding increase for boars at 90kg live weight, but not for gilts or barrows at this weight. Boars retained more nitrogen than did barrows at 30 and 90 kg live weight only if given the diet with the higher concentration of protein.Metabolizable energy intake appeared to exert a small positive influence on the nitrogen retention by pigs of all sexes at 90kg live weight; however, it appeared to have no influence on nitrogen retention by pigs at 30kg live weight.

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