EFFECT OF DIET COMPLEXITY AND FEED RESTRICTION ON THE INCIDENCE AND SEVERITY OF DIARRHEA IN EARLY-WEANED PIGS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 907-913 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. O. BALL ◽  
F. X. AHERNE
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Feeding Method ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Pig Performance ◽  
Postweaning Diarrhea ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding ◽  
Crossbred Pigs ◽  
Restricted Feed Intake

Seventy-two crossbred pigs were weaned at 3 wk of age and fed either a simple or semicomplex diet. Each diet was fed at three levels of feed intake: ad libitum, restricted intake by limiting time exposed to the feeder and restricted feed intake by regulating the amount of feed per day. The effects of diet and feeding system were assessed by monitoring piglet performance and incidence and severity of diarrhea. Diet complexity did not significantly affect pig performance. Restriction of feed intake significantly reduced performance compared to that of pigs fed ad libitum. There was no significant difference in performance between pigs fed by either of the two methods of feed restriction. The diarrhea which occurred with pigs fed the semicomplex diet was significantly more severe (P < 0.01) than that which occurred with those fed the simple diet. Restriction of feed intake by weight of food fed significantly reduced the incidence and severity of postweaning diarrhea. Limiting time exposed to the feeder was not a satisfactory method of reducing diarrhea as it resulted in greater incidence of diarrhea than did ad libitum feeding. Diarrhea significantly reduced performance. Restricting feed intake by the methods used in this experiment reduced performance more than did the diarrhea. The number of days taken to reach 90-kg liveweight was not affected by diet complexity, feeding method or diarrhea in the immediate postweaning period. Key words: Diet complexity, feed restriction, pig diarrhea

Methods of feeding growing pigs to maximise feed intake

1986 ◽  
Vol 1986 ◽  
pp. 128-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.L. Lightfoot ◽  
A.W. Armsby ◽  
C.F. Widdows
Keyword(s):  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feeding Method ◽  
Genetically Improved ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding

An experiment was carried out to determine which feeding method maximised feed intake of growing pigs and to record growth rates, feed conversion efficiency and backfat measurements. There is an increasing tendency for dry fed pigs to be fed ad libitum or to appetite in order to increase growth rates and throughput of building.Limited information is available on how the modern genetically improved pig will respond to high levels of feeding and whether ad libitum feeding will encourage higher feed intake than feeding to appetite either wet or dry.

Response of three strains of egg-type pullets to three feed restriction regimes imposed during rearing

1979 ◽  
Vol 19 (100) ◽  
pp. 547 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Abu-Serewa
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Computer Simulation Model ◽  
Feed Cost ◽  
Biological Responses ◽  
Heavy Medium ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding

The productivity of heavy-, medium- and light-weight White Leghorn x Australorp pullets (216 of each strain) was established on three feed restriction regimes. The pullets were either restricted from 6 to 21 weeks of age to 80% of feed intake of pullets fed ad libitum, restricted in feeding time to 6 hours in every 48 from 6 to 21 weeks, or fed a diet containing 10% protein from day-old to 16 weeks of age. All restricted pullets ate between 19 and 37% less feed during rearing, were between 11 and 34% lighter at 21 weeks of age, and attained 50% production by 10 to 32 days later than pullets fed ad libitum. Strains differed in their responses to feed restriction as measured by mean body weight at 21 weeks, feed intake during lay, and feed per dozen eggs. Strain x rearing interactions were not observed for rate of lay, mean egg weight, total egg mass or rate of mortality. The biological responses were analyzed in economic terms using a computer simulation model. Restricting the feed intake of the heavy strain by any of these methods was more profitable, at ruling 1976 prices, than ad libitum feeding, because of the saving in feed cost and marked improvement in productivity. Performances were not improved by restriction in the light strain pullets, but feed cost was reduced by all three methods. With the medium strain, limiting the quantity of feed was more profitable than the other two methods.

Restricted floor feeding or ad libitum feeding of growing pigs using a prototype micro-processor controlled feed dispenser

1987 ◽  
Vol 1987 ◽  
pp. 105-105
Author(s):  
A.L. Lightfoot ◽  
A.W. Armsby ◽  
C.F. Widdows
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Weight Range ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Pig Performance ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding

An experiment at Terrington compared restricted floor feeding with ad libitum hopper feeding of group housed pigs over a weight range of about 35-90 kg. A prototype micro-processor controlled feed dispensing system, developed from the “Pig Code” electronic sow feeder, was used to automatically record ad libitum feed intake. Two dispensers were used to investigate the effect of feeder siting on pig performance and pen cleanliness.

EFFETS DES METHODES DE RATIONNEMENT SUR LES PERFORMANCES ET LA QUALITE DES CARCASSES DES PORCS DE MARCHE

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAUL FLIPOT ◽  
G. L. ROY
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Restricted Diet ◽  
Mineral Supplementation ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Vitamin And Mineral Supplementation ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding ◽  
Crossbred Pigs ◽  
Feeding Systems

Growth, feed efficiency, and carcass data were obtained on ninety-four (94) crossbred pigs, to study the effect of types of feed restriction. The feeding treatments used in this experiment were as follows: (1) ad libitum; (2) 30–45 min per meal twice a day; (3) restricted to 85% of treatment 1, but with a 15% increase in protein, vitamin, and mineral supplementation; the pigs were started on this treatment at 27 kg of body weight; (4) same as treatment 3, but starting at 57 kg of body weight; (5) fasting once a week, starting at 27 kg of body weight; (6) same as treatment 5, but starting at 57 kg of body weight. During the rest of the week, pigs on treatments 5 and 6 were fed as on treatment 2. The pigs fed ad libitum were superior (P = 0.05) in growth rate and feed efficiency to those on a restricted diet. Those which fasted once a week starting at a body weight of 27 kg were significantly inferior (P = 0.05) to those on the other treatments. Backfat thickness and loin length were increased (P = 0.05) by the ad libitum feeding treatment, whereas carcass length and weight, ham weight, and rib eye area were not significantly affected (P = 0.05) by the feeding systems. Castrated males were superior (P = 0.05) to females in growth and inferior (P = 0.05) in carcass quality. The females had longer carcasses, leaner hams, and larger rib eye areas (P = 0.05) than the males. Crossbred Poland China × Yorkshire–Lacombe (P × Y–Lc) had heavier and fatter carcasses (P = 0.05) than crossbred Poland China × Yorkshire–Landrace (P × Y–Ld). However, rib eye area and dressing percentage were superior (P = 0.05) for the P × Y–Lc cross.

scholarly journals Response of broilers to 3 weeks feed restriction initiated at different time periods

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-162
Author(s):  
J. O. Oyedeji ◽  
J. O. Atteh
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Economic Gain ◽  
Economic Data ◽  
Benefit Ratio ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding

One hundred and forty four Anak broilers were subjected to either ad libitum feeding or 50% ad libitum feeding for a period of 3 weeks starting from 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th or 6th week of age and then returned to ad libitum feeding to market age. Feed intake was significantly reduced (P<0.05). Initiation of broilers to 50% of ad libitum feeding at the 2nd week of age produced a significantly higher weight gain and better feed to gain ratio compared with the control (P<0.05). Initiation of broilers to 50% ad libitum feeding beyond the 3rd week resulted in poorer performance of broilers compared with the control (P<0.05). Feed restriction as applied in this study did not have any significant effects on broilers initiated at the 2nd or 3rd week and the control. However, retention of these nutrients were significantly reduced (P<0.05) in birds initiated into feed restriction beyond the 3rd week. The economic data showed that 50% of ad libitum feeding initiated at the 2nd Week of age resulted in significant reduction in the cost of production and cost to benefit ratio (P<0.05). The benefit in terms of Naira and kobo was also significantly increased (P<0.05). It was then concluded that, initiating broilers to 50% of ad libitum feeding for 3 weeks starting at the 2nd week of age offered a better economic gain than the usual ad libitum feeding.

scholarly journals THE EFFECTS OF LEVELS OF ISOLATION, OR VARIETAL DIFFERENCES IN, HIGH FIBRE HULL FRACTION OF LOW GLUCOSINOLATE RAPESEED MEALS ON RAT OR PIG PERFORMANCE

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 743-752 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. KENNELLY ◽  
F. X. AHERNE ◽  
A. J. LEWIS
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Gain Ratio ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pig Performance ◽  
Daily Gain

Forty-eight crossbred pigs of average initial weight 21 kg were fed 10% Tower rapeseed meal (RSM) and 10% Candle RSM as partial replacements for soybean meal (SBM). Diets were formulated to be isocaloric. Pigs fed the SBM diet consumed less feed, gained significantly (P < 0.01) faster and were more efficient at converting feed to gain than those fed the RSM diets. Performance of pigs fed Candle RSM was not significantly different to that obtained with Tower RSM. In a second experiment, dehulled Tower RSM and Tower RSM hulls were mixed in amounts to produce RSM with crude fibre levels of 6.8, 10.8, 13.5 and 15.8%. The simulated RSM and Tower and Candle RSM were used to completely replace SBM in the diets of weanling (75 g) Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats fed SBM had significantly (P < 0.05) higher average daily gain (ADG) than those fed Tower or Candle RSM, or diets containing the rapeseed meats. There was no significant (P < 0.05) difference in ADG, feed intake or feed to gain ratio of rats fed either Tower or Candle RSM. Feed intake, feed to gain ratio and fecal volatile fatty acid concentrations increased while average daily gain decreased with increasing level of hulls in simulated RSM diets. There was no significant difference (P < 0.05) in thyroid weight between rats fed SBM, Tower RSM or Candle RSM.

scholarly journals Short-term consequences of a sudden increase in feed allowance in broiler breeder hens

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. E. Robinson ◽  
M. W. Yu ◽  
M. E. Lupicki ◽  
R. T. Hardin
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Liver Fat ◽  
Sudden Increase ◽  
Broiler Breeder ◽  
Breeder Hens ◽  
Preovulatory Follicles ◽  
Broiler Breeder Hens ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding

The immediate effects of a sudden increase in feed allowance on selected morphological and reproductive traits were investigated in broiler breeder hens at 44 wk of age. Fifty Indian River hens were individually caged at 40 wk of age. Prior to 40 wk of age the birds had been feed restricted in accordance with the breeder's recommended feeding program. Five treatment groups (T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5) of 10 birds each were formed based on level of feeding and duration of exposure to such feeding. T1, T2 and T3 birds were feed restricted (128 g of daily feed bird−1) from 40 to 44, 40 to 45 and 40 to 46 wk of age, respectively. T4 and T5 birds were also feed restricted at the same level as the other groups to 44 wk of age and then were full fed from 44 to 45 and 44 to 46 wk of age, respectively. To facilitate study of follicular recruitment and yolk deposition, hens were fed 10 g of oil-soluble red and black dyes, daily, on alternate days, beginning at 42 wk of age. Birds were killed on day 0 (44 wk; T1), day 7 (45 wk; T2, T4), or day 14 (46 wk; T3, T5). Full-fed hens consumed approximately 100 g more feed per day than did feed-restricted hens, with marked increases in feed intake on the first day of full feeding. After 7 d of ad libitum feeding, significant increases were seen in body weight, liver weight, percent liver fat, plasma lipid concentration, ovary weight, and the incidence of a double hierarchy (simultaneous development) of large follicles. After 14 d of ad libitum feeding, significant increases were also observed in absolute fat-pad weight, individual weights of the four largest preovulatory follicles and number of large preovulatory follicles. The increased number of large follicles in the ovary was not associated with any change in egg production. It is apparent that the morphological disruptions associated with overfeeding broiler breeder hens can be identified within 7 d of full feeding, while any effects on egg production are not seen within the first 14 d of ad libitum feeding. Key words: Broiler breeder, feed intake, yolk deposition, ovarian morphology, egg production

scholarly journals Feed Restriction Reveals Distinct Serum Metabolome Profiles in Chickens Divergent in Feed Efficiency Traits

Metabolites ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Metzler-Zebeli ◽  
Sina-Catherine Siegerstetter ◽  
Elizabeth Magowan ◽  
Peadar Lawlor ◽  
Niamh O’Connell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Serum Glucose ◽  
Arachidonic Acid Metabolism ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Almost All

Restrictive feeding influences systemic metabolism of nutrients; however, this impact has not been evaluated in chickens of diverging feed efficiency. This study investigated the effect of ad libitum versus restrictive feeding (85% of ad libitum) on the serum metabolome and white blood cell composition in chickens of diverging residual feed intake (RFI; metric for feed efficiency). Blood samples were collected between days 33 and 37 post-hatch. While serum glucose was similar, serum uric acid and cholesterol were indicative of the nutritional status and chicken’s RFI, respectively. Feed restriction and RFI rank caused distinct serum metabolome profiles, whereby restrictive feeding also increased the blood lymphocyte proportion. Most importantly, 10 amino acids were associated with RFI rank in birds, whereas restrictive feeding affected almost all detected lysophosphatidylcholines, with 3 being higher and 6 being lower in restrictively compared to ad libitum fed chickens. As indicated by relevance networking, isoleucine, lysine, valine, histidine, and ornithine were the most discriminant for high RFI, whereas 3 biogenic amines (carnosine, putrescine, and spermidine) and 3 diacyl-glycerophospholipids (38:4, 38:5, and 40:5) positively correlated with feed intake and body weight gain, respectively. Only for taurine, feed intake mostly explained the RFI-associated variation, whereas for most metabolites, other host physiological factors played a greater role for the RFI-associated differences, and was potentially related to insulin-signaling, phospholipase A2, and arachidonic acid metabolism. Alterations in the hepatic synthesis of long-chain fatty acids and the need for precursors for gluconeogenesis due to varying energy demand may explain the marked differences in serum metabolite profiles in ad libitum and restrictively fed birds.

Effect of residual feed intake phenotype–nutritional treatment interaction on the growth performance, plasma metabolic variables and somatotropic axis gene expression of growing ewes

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (10) ◽  
pp. 1593 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. Nie ◽  
Z. Y. Wang ◽  
S. Lan ◽  
H. Zhang ◽  
Y. J. Wan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Mrna Abundance ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Somatotropic Axis ◽  
Nutritional Treatment ◽  
Treatment Interaction ◽  
Ad Libitum

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of residual feed intake (RFI) phenotype and nutritional treatment interaction on the growth performance, plasma variables and gene expression levels within the somatotropic axis. Growing ewes [n = 52, initial bodyweight (BW) = 17.5 ± 0.5 kg, 2 months of age] were offered ad libitum access to diets for 63 days and ranked based on RFI phenotype. Thirty ewes with the highest and lowest RFI values were selected and randomly assigned to three nutritional treatments based on dry matter intake (DMI), which are ad libitum (AL), low restriction (LR) and high restriction (HR) groups, respectively. Each nutritional treatment group included ewes with high (n = 5) and low RFI (n = 5) values. During nutritional treatment (from Day 64 to Day 138), plasma samples were obtained to measure metabolite and hormone concentrations. Tissues of the hypothalamus, pituitary, liver, and Longissimus dorsi muscle (LM) were harvested at the end of the experiment (Day 138) to measure the gene expression level within the somatotropic axis. Muscle growth hormone receptor mRNA abundance of low RFI ewes tended to be greater (P = 0.09) under AL feeding, but this difference was abolished by underfeeding (P > 0.10). Low RFI ewes under HR treatment showed slightly greater growth performance, which was accompanied with lower pituitary somatostain receptor 2 mRNA abundance (P < 0.05), plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentration (P < 0.05), and greater concentration of triglyceride (P < 0.05), compared with ewes classified as high RFI group. Our results suggested that ewes categorised as low RFI showed higher resistance to the condition of high feed restriction, which might be attributed to less intensity of fat mobilisation under negative energy balance. The mechanism underlying resistance to such feed restriction was presumably through action of somatostain receptor 2 and was potentially mediated by inhibitory effects of somatostatin on growth hormone release but not basal growth hormone secretion.

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