Response of dry bean white mould [Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, causal organism] to fungicides

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
pp. 905-910 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Mahoney ◽  
C. M. McCreary ◽  
C. L. Gillard
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Causal Organism ◽  
Dry Bean ◽  
Thiophanate Methyl ◽  
White Mould ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Serious Disease

Mahoney, K. J., McCreary, C. M. and Gillard, C. L. 2014. Response of dry bean white mould [ Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, causal organism] to fungicides. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 905–910. White mould [Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, causal organism] is a serious disease of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Producers frequently rely on preventative fungicides, yet, this represents a significant production cost. Studies were conducted in 2009, 2010, and 2011 to determine fungicide efficacy under conditions optimized for white mould. Disease incidence×severity ratings were used to calculate the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). After harvest, a return on investment (ROI) was calculated. AUDPC values were similar across boscalid, fluazinam, fluopyram, and thiophanate-methyl and lower than Bacillus subtilis, CaCl2, and the untreated. Yield was greatest for fluazinam and fluopyram, followed by thiophanate-methyl. Bacillus subtilis and CaCl2 yields were similar to the untreated. In early-planted environments, using fluazinam and fluopyram resulted in a $500 ha−1 greater ROI than the untreated with $554 gained for every tonne per hectare of dry bean harvested. In late-planted environments, fluazinam and fluopyram averaged about $200 ha−1 greater ROI than the untreated and $494 was returned for every tonne per hectare of dry bean. When dry bean yield potential is reduced under conditions of increased white mould severity, profit margins become narrowed and producers may have to select fungicides that are both efficacious and economical.

scholarly journals Field Evaluations of Leaf Spot Resistance and Yield in Peanut Genotypes in the United States and Bolivia

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Gremillion ◽  
A. K. Culbreath ◽  
D. W. Gorbet ◽  
B. G. Mullinix ◽  
R. N. Pittman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Cercospora Arachidicola ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Progress Curve

Field experiments were conducted in 2002 to 2006 to characterize yield potential and disease resistance in the Bolivian landrace peanut (Arachis hypogaea) cv. Bayo Grande, and breeding lines developed from crosses of Bayo Grande and U.S. cv. Florida MDR-98. Diseases of interest included early leaf spot, caused by the fungus Cercospora arachidicola, and late leaf spot, caused by the fungus Cercosporidium personatum. Bayo Grande, MDR-98, and three breeding lines, along with U.S. cvs. C-99R and Georgia Green, were included in split-plot field experiments in six locations across the United States and Bolivia. Whole-plot treatments consisted of two tebuconazole applications and a nontreated control. Genotypes were the subplot treatments. Area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) for percent defoliation due to leaf spot was lower for Bayo Grande and all breeding lines than for Georgia Green at all U.S. locations across years. AUDPC for disease incidence from one U.S. location indicated similar results. Severity of leaf spot epidemics and relative effects of the genotypes were less consistent in the Bolivian experiments. In Bolivia, there were no indications of greater levels of disease resistance in any of the breeding lines than in Bayo Grande. In the United States, yields of Bayo Grande and the breeding lines were greater than those of the other genotypes in 1 of 2 years. In Bolivia, low disease intensity resulted in the highest yields in Georgia Green, while high disease intensity resulted in comparable yields among the breeding lines, MDR-98, and C-99R. Leaf spot suppression by tebuconazole was greater in Bolivia than in the United States. This result indicates a possible higher level of fungicide resistance in the U.S. population of leaf spot pathogens. Overall, data from this study suggest that Bayo Grande and the breeding lines may be desirable germplasm for U.S. and Bolivian breeding programs or production.

scholarly journals Influence of Tillage Practices on Anthracnose Development and Distribution in Dry Bean Fields

Plant Disease ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Ntahimpera ◽  
H. R. Dillard ◽  
A. C. Cobb ◽  
R. C. Seem
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Colletotrichum Lindemuthianum ◽  
Dry Bean ◽  
Initial Inoculum ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Bean Cultivar ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Bean Anthracnose ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Over Time

Three tillage practices—chiseling, rototilling, and moldboard plowing—were evaluated in 1993 and 1994 to determine their impact on initial disease development, distribution, and progression over time in a field of the susceptible kidney bean cultivar Horizon. The tillage treatments were administered in the spring in a field infested in 1992 with the bean anthracnose pathogen, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum race β. Initial disease incidence was highest in the chiseled plots, where more bean debris was left on the surface than in the other treatments. Significantly higher final disease incidence and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) occurred in the chiseled plots than in the rototilled and moldboard plowed plots. There was a significant correlation (r = 0.75) between the percentage of debris left on the surface and subsequent disease incidence on pods in the field. Anthracnose incidence or severity in the field was highly correlated with disease incidence on harvested pods (r values ranged between 0.87 and 0.98). Results from the ordinary runs analysis showed that anthracnose occurred randomly within the field early in the season, indicating that initial inoculum was from bean debris within the field. Later in the season, plant-to-plant spread resulted in a more clustered distribution of diseased plants.

Galley common bean

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-311
Author(s):  
S. J. Park ◽  
T. Rupert ◽  
K. Yu
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Plant Type ◽  
Navy Bean ◽  
Dry Bean ◽  
White Mould ◽  
White Bean ◽  
Cultivar Description ◽  
Determinate Growth ◽  
Determinate Growth Habit

Galley, white bean (navy bean) (Phaseolus vulgaris L), has good yield potential with dull white seed coat luster and semi-determinate growth habit with upright plant type. It is resistant to lodging, early medium season maturity in southwestern Ontario. Key words: Phaseolus vulgaris, dry bean, cultivar description, plant type, white mould

Evaluation of Wounds as a Factor to Infection of Cabbage by Ascospores of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Plant Disease ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 316-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hudyncia ◽  
H. D. Shew ◽  
B. R. Cody ◽  
M. A. Cubeta
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Spore Trapping ◽  
Eastern North Carolina

A semi-selective medium was used to examine the aerobiology of ascospores of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in five commercial cabbage fields in eastern North Carolina. Ascospores were present in all five fields from 26 September to 30 November. However, numbers of ascospores varied greatly depending on location, sampling date, and time. In general, peak ascospore deposition occurred between 11:00 A.M. and 1:00 P.M., with the number of colonies recovered ranging from 3 to 55/dish (9 cm in diameter). Peak ascospore numbers at all locations were found from mid- to late October, but a second, smaller peak was also evident at each location in late November. Information obtained was employed to evaluate the role of wounding in infection of cabbage by ascospores of S. sclerotiorum in controlled environmental chambers. A method for production and release of ascospores of S. sclerotiorum was employed in controlled-environment chambers for the inoculation of cabbage plants with one of three representative foliar wounds: a bruise, a cut, or a non-lethal freeze. Wounding treatments were applied to 7-week-old cabbage plants, misting was added to maintain continuous leaf wetness, and ascospores were released from apothecia twice daily for four consecutive days. Spore trapping with a semi-selective medium indicated that inoculum was evenly distributed within the chambers and deposition was similar to levels recorded in the field. At 31 days after inoculation, disease incidence ranged from 0% on the control to 96% on the freeze treatments. Freeze-treated plants showed the highest disease severity throughout the entire incubation period. Mean area under the disease progress curve of severity values were 0, 0.2, 34 and 60 for the control, cut, bruise, and freeze treatments, respectively. Results indicate that freeze and bruise injuries are important factors associated with infection of cabbage by S. sclerotiorum.

scholarly journals Evaluation of wheat genotypes resistance to Fusarium head blight in Paraguay

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cinthia Carolina Cazal-Martínez ◽  
Yessica Magaliz Reyes-Caballero ◽  
Pastor Enmanuel Pérez-Estigarribia ◽  
Andrea Alejandra Arrúa-Alvarenga ◽  
Juliana Moura Mendes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Wheat Genotypes ◽  
Progress Curve

ABSTRACT Fusarium head blight (FHB), or scab, caused by a Fusarium spp. complex, is an important wheat disease in Paraguay. Among the strategies used to control it, the genetic resistance is considered highly efficient and cost effective. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the effects of F. graminearum on six wheat genotypes, including two comparison varieties, in two seeding dates. The genotypes were artificially inoculated in the spike, at the flowering stage, by injecting a pool of four pathogenic F. graminearum isolates. The FHB development was evaluated by scoring the disease incidence and severity, percentage of diseased spikelets and damaged kernels, as well as using the area under the disease progress curve. Besides the kernel infection, its impact on the development of mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol) and interactions with the genotypes were also evaluated. The results identified an advanced breeding line (Lin 84) with a resistance level to FHB comparable to that of the universally known resistance sources (Sumai 3 and Frontana). The other three genotypes (Caninde 11, Caninde 12 and Caninde 21), in spite of presenting a higher grain yield potential, were evaluated as moderately susceptible to susceptible. These results suggest that, although it is possible to transfer the FHB resistance to a higher agronomic type, combining such resistance with a higher grain yield potential remains an ongoing challenge.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Fungicides on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Their Potential for Control of Sclerotinia Stem Rot on Soybean

Plant Disease ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Mueller ◽  
A. E. Dorrance ◽  
R. C. Derksen ◽  
E. Ozkan ◽  
J. E. Kurle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
The United States ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Sclerotinia Stem Rot ◽  
Thiophanate Methyl ◽  
Application Systems

Sclerotinia stem rot of soybean, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is a major disease in the north central region of the United States. One approach to managing Sclerotinia stem rot on soybean is the use of fungicides. S. sclerotiorum was assayed for sensitivity to benomyl, tebuconazole, thiophanate methyl, and vinclozolin in pure cultures on agar medium, inoculated soybean seedlings, detached inoculated leaves, and in experimental field plots. To evaluate the inhibitory effect of four fungicides on growth of S. sclerotiorum in vitro, potato dextrose agar (PDA) was amended with the fungicides at six concentrations. Based on measurements of fungal radial growth, vinclozolin was the most effective in inhibiting S. sclerotiorum mycelial growth at 1.0 μg a.i./ml of PDA. Ranges of reduction of radial growth of 91 isolates of S. sclerotiorum on PDA amended with thiophanate methyl and vinclozolin were 18 to 93% and 93 to 99%, respectively, when compared with the nonamended agar control. Benomyl, thiophanate methyl, and vinclozolin applied to greenhouse-grown seedlings prevented S. sclerotiorum from expressing symptoms or signs on leaf tissue. Detached leaves sprayed with thiophanate methyl and then inoculated with mycelial plugs of S. sclerotiorum did not express symptoms or signs. Of 13 different environments in Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and Wisconsin from 1995 through 2000, six had low Sclerotinia stem rot incidence (<1%), three environments had low to moderate Sclerotinia stem rot incidence (5 to 25%), and four environments had high Sclerotinia stem rot incidence (>25%). When disease incidence was high, no consistent control of Sclerotinia stem rot was observed with benomyl or thiophanate methyl using different application systems. However, under low disease incidence, spray systems that were able to penetrate the canopy reduced the incidence of Sclerotinia stem rot an average of 50%.

AAC Burdett pinto dry bean

2015 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Balasubramanian ◽  
H.-H. Mündel ◽  
S. Chatterton ◽  
R. L. Conner ◽  
A. Hou
Keyword(s):  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Dry Bean ◽  
White Mould ◽  
Pinto Bean ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
High Yield Potential

Balasubramanian, P., Mündel, H.-H., Chatterton, S., Conner, R. L. and Hou, A. 2015. AAC Burdett pinto dry bean. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 179–181. AAC Burdett is an early-maturing pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar with an upright, indeterminate bush growth habit, lodging resistance, white mould avoidance and high yield potential. AAC Burdett was developed at the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) Research Centre, Lethbridge, AB. AAC Burdett is suitable for irrigated production in Alberta and Saskatchewan.

STUDIES ON THE FUSARIUM OF MUSKMELON WILT: I. PATHOGENIC AND CULTURAL STUDIES WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE CAUSE AND NATURE OF VARIATION IN THE CAUSAL ORGANISM

1945 ◽  
Vol 23c (1) ◽  
pp. 16-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Ultra Violet ◽  
Aerial Mycelium ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Cultural Interaction ◽  
Causal Organism ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
General Application ◽  
Serious Disease ◽  
The Stability

During the past decade a serious disease of muskmelon has appeared in Ontario. From diseased plants a Fusarium has been isolated, which proved to be highly pathogenic to muskmelons in infection experiments. Results indicate that the wilt organism occurs in nature as a form (or forms) that, when cultured on most artificial media, produces abundant aerial mycelium and this has been termed the 'wild type.' Mutation toward loss of aerial mycelium and darkening of the submerged mycelium is frequently observed in culture and, since many of the mutants are more aggressive than the parent, they tend to displace it. Evidence is presented that the wild type is genetically very stable in its natural environment. Since, moreover, certain of the commoner mutants caused less disease incidence under field conditions than the wild type, it is considered that variation of the sort observed in culture, if it does occur in the field, is unlikely to be of importance in the field pathology of the disease. The stability of the wild type in sterilized soil and soil agar indicates that these substrates may be of value for maintaining Fusaria in the pure state. Mutations were induced by irradiating spores with ultra-violet light. In general, these resembled those that appeared spontaneously and both groups were less pathogenic than the wild type. A phenomenon termed 'cultural interaction' was observed between certain of the mutant cultures and the wild type. Since this appeared to be of a specific nature, it may be of some taxonomic value in diagnosing species of Fusarium. The suggestion is offered that the concept of the 'wild type' may be of general application throughout the genus Fusarium.

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