INFLUENCE OF ROOT TEMPERATURE ON THE EARLY GROWTH AND SYMBIOTIC NITROGEN FIXATION OF NODULATED LOTUS CORNICULATUS PLANTS

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 569-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. KUNELIUS ◽  
K. W. CLARK
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Lotus Corniculatus ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Nodule Formation ◽  
Root Temperature ◽  
Nitrogen Yields

Three birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) cultivars, inoculated with one of six Lotus rhizobia strains or dependent on ammonium nitrate, were grown in diSPo growth pouches under controlled environmental conditions at five root temperatures (9–30 C) for 35 days after nodule formation. When the plants were dependent on symbiotic nitrogen fixation, the highest dry weights and nitrogen yields per plant were obtained at 18 or 24 C depending on symbiotic combination. At 9 and 12 C, nitrogen fixation was depressed and the growth was poor. The dry weights of plants at 9 C were 19 to 45% of those at 24 C. At 30 C the growth and nitrogen fixation were generally depressed. At all root temperatures the growth of plants dependent on symbiotic nitrogen fixation was inferior to that of plants receiving combined nitrogen (NH4NO3). Significant interactions indicate that the nitrogen fixing ability of cultivars was dependent on both root temperature and the strain of Lotus rhizobia.

scholarly journals Some factors limiting the success of Lotus corniculatus in hill and high country

1990 ◽  
pp. 147-150
Author(s):  
H.M. Chapman ◽  
W.L. Lowthe ◽  
K.D. Trainor
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Lotus Corniculatus ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
N Fixation ◽  
Resident Species ◽  
Seedling Vigour ◽  
Inoculation Techniques ◽  
Companion Species

Establishment and management problems have been identified as limitations to the productivity of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) in hill and high country environments. Nodulation failures owing to ineffective inoculation techniques, low seedling vigour, and slow initiation of symbiotic nitrogen fixation are major problems in establishment. Competition from resident species and inappropriate grazing management can lead to poor persistence and stand performance. Recommendations to improve establishment, persistence and productivity include inoculating at 5 times the manufacturer's stipulated rate and drilling, witbin 24 hours of inoculation, at no more than 12 mm depth Weed control is essential. Stands should be sown pure or with non aggressive companion species, and rotationally grazed. Keywords Lotus corniculatus, birdsfoot trefoil, establishment, N fixation, inoculation, management

Growth, Nodulation and Nitrogen Fixation in Stylosanthes: Effect of Different Root Temperatures at two Shoot Temperatures

1989 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Date ◽  
D. Ratcliff
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Strong Interactions ◽  
Root Temperature ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Stylosanthes Hamata ◽  
Nitrogen Yields ◽  
Controlled Environments

SUMMARYNodulated plants of Stylosanthes hamata, S. guianensis, S. humilis, S. scabra and S. fruticosa were grown in controlled environments with varied root and shoot temperatures. Measurement of dry matter and nitrogen content suggested that shoot temperature may be more important than root temperature in controlling growth and nitrogen fixation. There were strong interactions with variety. A fall in relative growth rate with increase in shoot temperature was least for S. guianensis and greatest for S. hamata and S. scabra. The optimum root temperature for growth and nitrogen fixation was approximately 30°C. Ninety percent maximum yield was achieved between root temperatures of 15–36°C for growth and 23–34°C for nitrogen fixation but varied with variety. Nitrogen fixation was more sensitive than dry weight to root temperature. The pattern of response of percentage nitrogen and nitrogen fixation efficiency reflected those for dry weight and nitrogen yields. Shoot to root ratios decreased toward the optimum root temperature then increased at the highest temperature. The reaction of varieties to root and shoot temperatures may be an important factor in determining their suitability for new regions.

Factors involved in the amelioration of retarded symbiosis in Tinaroo glycine

1974 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 577 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Diatloff
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Root Nodules ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
Nodule Formation ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Slow Development ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Envelope Membranes

Root nodules formed on Tinaroo glycine (Glycine wightii) were slow to pigment and begin fixing nitrogen. Various carbon and nitrogen compounds enhanced nodule pigmentation, the greening of the plants, and the rate of nitrogen fixation at 42 days. Of these inositol, glucose, ammonium nitrate (as both foliar and root applications) and coconut milk were most effective. Riboflavin, sodium glutamate and nodule infusion had little effect. There were no structural differences between nodules enhanced respectively by glucose and ammonium nitrate. Nodules on control plants showed slow development of the bacteroids and envelope membranes, with copious starch accumulation in uninvaded host cells. It was concluded that the retarded symbiosis in formed nodules was due initially to tardy nodule formation depleting the nitrogen reserves in the seeds before nitrogen fixation began. Because of the interaction of photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation, self-regeneration of nitrogen fixation in chlorotic plants was slow without an external stimulus. It is suggested that by selecting lines of the legume with larger seeds or by incorporating nitrogen in seed pellets the problem might be overcome.

scholarly journals Physical Environment and Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation II. Root Temperature Effects on the Relative Nitrogen Assimilation Rate

1965 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 295 ◽  
Author(s):  
AH Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Temperature Effects ◽  
Nitrogen Assimilation ◽  
Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Root Temperature ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates

Nitrogen fixation by six varieties of Trifolium subterraneum L., each inoculated with a number of strains of Rhizobium trifolii, was examined over a range of root temperatures. Significant differences in the rate of nodule establishment and early nitrogen fixation were found between varieties, and between bacterial strains. In order to minimize the effect of such differences, relative nitrogen assimilation rates (RN) and relative growth rates (R w) were used to compare the different legume-bacteria associations.

scholarly journals Genome Editing in Cowpea Vigna unguiculata Using CRISPR-Cas9

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 2471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Ji ◽  
Chunyang Zhang ◽  
Zhongfeng Sun ◽  
Longlong Wang ◽  
Deqiang Duanmu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Nodule Formation ◽  
Guide Rnas ◽  
Legume Crop ◽  
Receptor Like Kinase ◽  
Agronomical Traits

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is widely cultivated across the world. Due to its symbiotic nitrogen fixation capability and many agronomically important traits, such as tolerance to low rainfall and low fertilization requirements, as well as its high nutrition and health benefits, cowpea is an important legume crop, especially in many semi-arid countries. However, research in Vigna unguiculata is dramatically hampered by the lack of mutant resources and efficient tools for gene inactivation in vivo. In this study, we used clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9). We applied the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing technology to efficiently disrupt the representative symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) gene in Vigna unguiculata. Our customized guide RNAs (gRNAs) targeting symbiosis receptor-like kinase (SYMRK) achieved ~67% mutagenic efficiency in hairy-root-transformed plants, and nodule formation was completely blocked in the mutants with both alleles disrupted. Various types of mutations were observed near the PAM region of the respective gRNA. These results demonstrate the applicability of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in Vigna unguiculata, and therefore should significantly stimulate functional genomics analyses of many important agronomical traits in this unique crop legume.

Influence of chlorsulfuron on rhizobial growth, nodule formation, and nitrogen fixation with chickpea

2004 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. 1059 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Anderson ◽  
J. A. Baldock ◽  
S. L. Rogers ◽  
W. Bellotti ◽  
G. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Nodule Formation ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Legume Crops ◽  
Cell Inoculum

Sulfonylurea residues have been found to inhibit the growth of some legume crops and pastures in seasons following application. Negative effects of these herbicides on symbiotic nitrogen fixation by legume crops and pastures have been demonstrated. Reductions in nitrogen fixation may result from a direct effect of the herbicide on rhizobial growth and/or an indirect effect on plant growth. In this study the influence of chlorsulfuron on the growth of chickpea rhizobia [Mesorhizobium ciceri (CC1192)], the growth of chickpea plants, and the extent of nodulation and nitrogen fixation by the chickpea/rhizobia symbiosis were examined. In vitro studies (in yeast mannitol broth and a defined medium) showed that chlorsulfuron applied at double the recommended field application rate did not influence the growth of chickpea rhizobia. An experiment using 14C-labelled chlorsulfuron was conducted to determine if rhizobial cells exposed to chlorsulfuron could deliver the herbicide to the point of root infection and nodule formation. Approximately 1% of the herbicide present in the rhizobial growth medium remained with the cell/inoculum material after rinsing with 1/4 strength Ringer’s solution. This was considered unlikely to affect chickpea growth, nodulation, or nitrogen fixation. A pot experiment was used to define the influence of chlorsulfuron on the growth, nodulation, and nitrogen fixation of chickpeas. The presence of chlorsulfuron in the soil reduced the nodulation and nitrogen fixation of the chickpea plants. Pre-exposing rhizobia to chlorsulfuron before inoculating them into pots with germinating chickpea seeds, reduced the number of nodules formed by 51%. Exposure of chickpeas and chickpea rhizobia to chlorsulfuron can adversely affect the formation and activity of symbiotic nitrogen-fixing nodules, even when only the rhizobial inoculant is exposed briefly to the herbicide.

scholarly journals Physical Environment and Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation VII. Effect of Fluctuating Root Temperature on Nitrogen Fixation

1969 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 839 ◽  
Author(s):  
AH Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Dark Period ◽  
Light Period ◽  
Continuous Illumination ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Rhizobium Trifolii ◽  
Symbiotic System ◽  
Root Temperature

The effect of exposing nodulated plants to daily periods of high, moderate, or low root temperatures was examined, using Trifolium 8ubterraneum and three strains of Rhizobium trifolii. With strains whose nitrogen fixation was severely retarded by continuous exposure to high root temperatures, the results from treatments involving exposure of 4, 8, 12, and 20 hr/day to 30�C and continuous illumination were consistent with the effect being on the rate of nitrogen fixation, without any permanent impairment to the symbiotic system. With a 12 hr/day light period, a daily 12-hr exposure to 30�C during the dark period reduced total nitrogen fixation as much as exposure to 30�C during the light period. This indicated that the rate of nitrogen fixation during normal dark periods could be as high as that during periods of illumination. Similar conclusions were drawn from the same type of experiments involving daily exposure to moderate (14 and 16�C) root temperatures.

Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation at the Late Stage of Nodule Formation in Lotus japonicus and Other Legume Plants

2000 ◽  
Vol 113 (4) ◽  
pp. 467-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigeyuki Tajima ◽  
Kenichi Takane ◽  
Mika Nomura ◽  
Hiroshi Kouchi
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Lotus Japonicus ◽  
Nodule Formation ◽  
Legume Plants

scholarly journals Physical Environment and Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation III. Root Temperature Effects on Shoot and Root Development and Nitrogen Distribution In Trifolium Subterraneum

1966 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 219 ◽  
Author(s):  
AH Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Temperature Effects ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Root Nodules ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Root Temperature ◽  
Nitrogen Distribution ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth

Root and shoot growth, and the distribution of nitrogen to the roots and shoots, were examined in five varieties of Trifolium subterraneum. The plants were grown between 5 and 30�0 root temperature, and received their nitrogen from root nodules, or as ammonium nitrate.

scholarly journals Introduction of H2-Uptake Hydrogenase Genes Into Rhizobial Strains Improves Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation in Vicia sativa and Lotus corniculatus Forage Legumes

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Sotelo ◽  
Ana Claudia Ureta ◽  
Socorro Muñoz ◽  
Juan Sanjuán ◽  
Jorge Monza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Rhizobium Leguminosarum ◽  
Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Root Nodules ◽  
Lotus Corniculatus ◽  
Vicia Sativa ◽  
Uptake Hydrogenase ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Mesorhizobium Loti

Biological nitrogen fixation by the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis allows the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia within root nodules mediated by the nitrogenase enzyme. Nitrogenase activity results in the evolution of hydrogen as a result of a side reaction intrinsic to the activity of this enzyme. Some rhizobia, and also other nitrogen fixers, induce a NiFe uptake hydrogenase (Hup) to recycle hydrogen produced by nitrogenase, thus improving the efficiency of the nitrogen fixation process. In this work we report the generation and symbiotic behavior of hydrogenase-positive Rhizobium leguminosarum and Mesorhizobium loti strains effective in vetch (Vicia sativa) and birsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) forage crops, respectively. The ability of hydrogen recycling was transferred to these strains through the incorporation of hup minitransposon TnHB100, thus leading to full recycling of hydrogen in nodules. Inoculation of Vicia and Lotus plants with these engineered strains led to significant increases in the levels of nitrogen incorporated into the host legumes. The level of improvement of symbiotic performance was dependent on the recipient strain and also on the legume host. These results indicate that hydrogen recycling has the potential to improve symbiotic nitrogen fixation in forage plants.

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