EFFECT OF DEFOLIATING TIMOTHY CULTIVARS DURING PRIMARY GROWTH ON YIELD, QUALITY AND PERSISTENCE

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. KUNELIUS ◽  
K. B. McRAE
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Atlantic Canada ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Total N ◽  
Primary Growth

A forage system based on timothy (Phleum pratense L.) cultivars of different maturities is recommended in Atlantic Canada. Early and later maturing cultivars are grown to spread the harvesting of timothy, at optimal primary growth maturities, to about 3 wk. At some locations the resulting harvest period has been considerably shorter and for this reason the timothy system was examined in a 4-yr field study. Four timothies, representing very early, early, midseason, and late cultivars, were cut at five dates with primary growth stages ranging from vegetative to full heading. Regrowth was cut about 45 days after cut 1. Total dry matter yield and total N concentration of combined cuts 1 and 2 were generally influenced by cutting schedules but not by cultivars. The in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) was dependent on both cutting schedule and cultivar. The early-maturing cultivar Clair reached its peak IVDMD earlier than later maturing Champ, Itasca, or Bounty. At termination of the field study, there were fewer timothy tillers per square metre and ground cover by timothy was slightly less for those cuts taken during stem elongation. The results suggest that three out of four cultivars were of similar maturity and had similar total N and IVDMD. We conclude that the currently recommended timothy cultivars in Atlantic Canada do not provide a sufficient range in maturity for the average growing season in the region to warrant multiple cultivars on individual farms. At present, timothy stands may be cut prior to and during stem elongation to lengthen the harvest period.Key words: Timothy, in vitro dry matter digestibility, total nitrogen

EFFECTS OF CUTTING MANAGEMENT ON YIELDS, DIGESTIBILITY, CRUDE PROTEIN, AND PERSISTENCE OF TIMOTHY, BROMEGRASS, AND ORCHARD GRASS

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. KUNELIUS ◽  
L. B. MACLEOD ◽  
F. W. CALDER
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Yield Distribution ◽  
Orchard Grass ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Primary Growth ◽  
Cutting Management

Climax timothy (Phleum pratense L.), Saratoga bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), and Frode orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.) were harvested over a 3-yr period at eight developmental stages of primary growth and aftermath after a 40–64-day regrowth interval. Total dry matter (DM) yields generally increased up to flowering and ranged from 4,370 to 11,840 kg/ha, depending on grass species, cutting management, and season. Aftermath DM rarely exceeded 3,500 kg/ha. The stage of development at initial harvest had only a limited influence on aftermath production. Within the season, orchard grass had a more uniform yield distribution than timothy or bromegrass. The yield distribution of the three grasses was most uniform where the initial harvest was taken at the immature stages of development. Stand persistence was satisfactory under all cutting managements. Per cent in vitro digestible dry matter (IVD) of primary growth ranged from 76.5 to 37.0. In the 2nd and 3rd yr, decline in IVD of primary growth averaged 0.69, 0.66, and 0.82% per day for timothy, bromegrass, and orchard grass, respectively, over a 24-day period. In the 1st yr, this decline was somewhat higher. The IVD of aftermath tended to be higher when the regrowth period was shortest, although this was inconsistent, particularly for timothy and bromegrass. Total digestible DM yields increased up to heading stage. Percent crude protein (CP) of primary growth ranged from 18.2 to 7.1 under various cutting managements and decreased at an average daily rate of 0.33–0.37. Percent CP of aftermath ranged from 15.0 to 9.6. Longer regrowth periods generally resulted in lower percent CP. Cutting management had little effect on average seasonal CP yields.

Assessment of the nitrogen status of field-grown canola (Brassica napus) by plant analysis

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 83 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Hocking ◽  
P. J. Randall ◽  
D. De Marco ◽  
I. Bamforth
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Total N ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
N Status

Summary. Field trials were conducted over 2 seasons at Greenethorpe and Canowindra in the Cowra region of New South Wales to develop and calibrate plant tests for assessing the nitrogen (N) status of canola (Brassica napus). Plants were tested at 3 and 7 growth stages up to the start of flowering at Greenethorpe and Canowindra, respectively. The petiole of the youngest mature leaf (YML) was the most suitable plant part to sample for tests based on nitrate-N. Suitable plant parts for tests based on total N were the YML petiole or lamina, or the whole shoot. There was good agreement between the 2 sites in the just-adequate fertiliser N rates (rates giving 90% of maximum yield) and the critical N concentrations in the plant parts tested. Critical nitrate-N concentrations in the fresh YML petiole for dry matter production at the time of sampling the plants decreased from 1.62 to 0.14 mg nitrate-N/g fresh weight between the 4–5 leaf rosette stage (4–5 RS) and the start of flowering (SF). Critical nitrate-N concentrations in the dry YML petiole decreased from 16.5 to 0.8 mg/g dry weight between 4–5 RS and SF. Critical total N concentrations decreased from 4.5 to 2.0, 7.2 to 5.0 and 6.2 to 2.8% dry weight, in the YML petiole, YML lamina, and whole shoot, respectively, between 4–5 RS and SF. Critical nitrate-N and total N concentrations for assessing potential seed yield were similar to those for dry matter production at the time of sampling for each of the growth stages. The critical total N concentrations obtained for the YML petiole and lamina, and the whole shoot before the start of stem elongation are likely to be less precise than the critical nitrate-N concentrations in the YML petiole because of the limited response of total N concentrations to increasing rates of fertiliser N. However, total N in the YML petiole or lamina, or in the whole shoot may be a better indicator of N status for plants sampled after the start of stem elongation as nitrate-N concentrations become low and more variable, and it is harder to identify the YML. The decline in critical N concentrations must be taken into account when interpreting the results of plant tests for diagnosing the N status of canola, as sampling needs to correspond to the plant growth stage for which a particular critical N concentration has been obtained.

EFFECTS OF HARVEST SCHEDULES AND NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON YIELDS, QUALITY, AND GROUND COVER OF BROMEGRASS

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 257-259
Author(s):  
H. T. KUNELIUS
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Bromus Inermis ◽  
Considerable Reduction ◽  
Total N

Dry matter (DM) and in vitro digestible DM (IVDDM) yields of bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) were greater for schedule with harvest at full heading whereas percentage total N and percentage IVDDM were greater for heads emerging schedule. Applied N increased DM production from 26.2 to 4.3 kg DM/kg N. Total N concentrations of tissue and N yields had linear responses to applied N. There was a considerable reduction in the ground cover by bromegrass that was not influenced by rates of N or harvest schedule.

The assessment of herbage legume varieties. II. In vitro digestibility, water soluble carbohydrate, crude protein and mineral content of primary growth of clover and lucerne

1966 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Ellis Davies ◽  
G. ap Griffith ◽  
A. Ellington
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Primary Growth

The primary growth of eight varieties of three species–white clover (3), red clover (4) and lucerne (1)–was sampled at fortnightly intervals and the percentage dry matter, in vitro digestibility, crude protein, water soluble carbohydrates, P, Ca, K, Na and Mg were determined.Differences between species were nearly always significant and the general order of merit was white clover, red clover and lucerne. The exceptions were for dry-matter percentage where this order was reversed, and red clover had the lowest Na and highest Mg content.

Single-cut red clover combined with late timothy may be valuable in short-term rotations

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. Kunelius ◽  
K. B. McRae ◽  
S. A. E. Fillmore ◽  
G. Dürr
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Short Term

Late-maturing cultivars of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and timothy (Phleum pratense L.) may be grown in short-term rotations with other crops and harvested for hay and silage. Harvesting forage in mid-summer is often advantageous for field curing, but the quality of mature forage may be low. We studied how harvests at different developmental stages affected yield, composition of herbage, and species persistence. The late-maturing single-cut red clover cultivar Altaswede and late timothy cultivar Farol were grown alone and in combination with and without applied N. Total forage, and red clover and timothy dry matter yields, increased between the first (27 June) and third (11 July) dates of harvest. Timothy grown alone or combined with red clover and fertilized with N produced greater forage yields than red clover alone or red clover + timothy without applied N. The in vitro digestibility of dry matter declined from 670 to 625 g kg−1 and crude protein from 134 to 109 g kg−1 between 27 June and 11 July. Water soluble carbohydrates in forage were low (36–66 g kg−1) in cuts 1 and 2. Macronutrient and micronutrient concentrations were generally highest at the first date of harvest on 27 June. Nutrient concentrations in cut 2 were similar for the three harvest schedules. We conclude that growing late-maturing single-cut red clover combined with late timothy produced high yields with good nutritional quality even at advanced stages of maturity. Single-cut red clover persisted for the first production year making this combination suited for short-term rotations that involve late harvesting of the primary growth. Key words: Red clover, Trifolium pratense, timothy, Phleum pratense, composition

RESPONSE OF ORCHARD GRASS TO MULTIPLE HARVESTS AND RATES OF NITROGEN IN POST-SEEDING YEARS

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 763-770
Author(s):  
H. T. KUNELIUS ◽  
MICHIO SUZUKI
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Total N ◽  
Orchard Grass ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L ◽  
N Rates

Frode orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.) was fertilized with 99–495 kg N/ha/yr in three equal applications and harvested three or four times per season over a 3-yr period to determine the productivity, quality of forage and persistence of stands. The application of N resulted in significant (P =.001) linear and quadratic increases in dry matter (DM) yields. Higher DM yields were obtained with the 3-harvest system while the yield distribution within the season was more uniform for the 4-harvest system. Total N concentrations of orchard grass increased linearly with the N rates. Total N yields were dependent on the rates of applied N with the recovery of applied N ranging from 39 to 70% at 99–297 kg N/ha/yr, respectively. The in vitro disappearance of DM was slightly reduced by the high N rates in the 1st and 2nd harvests. The nitrate-N concentrations were highest in the early and late summer ranging from.11 to.29% at 297–495 kg N/ha/yr, respectively. The persistence of orchard grass was better under the 4- than the 3- harvest system.

Influence of water stress on parameters associated with herbage quality of Panicum maximum var. trichoglume

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 127 ◽  
Author(s):  
JR Wilson ◽  
TT Ng
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Physiological Age ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Influence Of Water

Plants of Panicum maximum var. trichoglume grown in soil in pots under a controlled environment were subjected to water stress and the effect on forage quality was assessed. Stress was applied as a series of drying and re-wetting cycles, and harvests of total laminae, stem, root, and also specific laminae, were taken 5, 10, 17, 27 and 57 days after the commencement of stress treatment. When compared with control plants of similar chronological age, the dry matter digestibility (estimated by an in vitro technique) of the stressed plants was lower in leaves 4, 6 and 8, similar in total green laminae and in leaves 10 and 12, and higher in stem and dead laminae. The cell wall content of various tissues of the stressed plants was lower than that of the controls. Water stress delayed stem elongation and flowering. It is postulated that stress also delayed the normal ontogenetical changes of the leaves. If comparison was made on a physiological age basis then stress markedly lowered the dry matter digestibility but had little effect on the cell wall content. The broader implication of delayed ontogeny is briefly discussed. The decrease in dry matter digestibility in stressed plants was not associated with changes in the proportions of cellulose, hemicellulose or lignin, but reflected a decline in digestibility of cell wall material.

Effects of herbicides on wallaby grass (Danthonia spp.) 1. Establishment

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 753 ◽  
Author(s):  
GM Lodge ◽  
MG McMillan ◽  
AJ Schipp ◽  
AS Cook
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
New South ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Metsulfuron Methyl ◽  
Tiller Stage ◽  
South Wales

Two experiments were conducted at Tamworth, New South Wales, to assess the effects of herbicides applied post-sowing pre-emergence, and at 2 post-emergence growth stages, on Danthonia (wallaby grass) dry matter yield, plant number, and plant phytotoxicity. Phytotoxicity was scored visually on a 0-5 scale (0, no phytotoxicity; 5, 100% phytotoxicity). In the post-sowing pre-emergence study, no Danthonia plants survived on plots sprayed with metribuzin (375 g a.i./ha), chlorsulfuron (45 g a.i./ha), or simazine (750 and 1500 g a.i./ha). Phytotoxicity was also high at lower rates of metribuzin (187.5 g a.i./ha) and chlorsulfuron (22.5 g a.i./ha). Dry matter yields and plant numbers on 2,4-D amine and ester treatments were not significantly different from those of unsprayed controls. On metsulfuron-methyl (3 and 6 g a.i./ha) and triasulfuron (21.4 g a.i./ha) treatments, plant numbers were similar to the controls, but Danthonia yields were lower (P<0.05). In seedling stands, the only herbicide that reduced (P<0.05) Danthonia dry matter yield compared with the unsprayed control plots was metsulfuron-methyl applied at 6, 12, and 18 g a.i./ha at the 2-4 tiller stage, and at 12 and 18 g a.i./ha at early stem elongation. At both times of application, Danthonia plant numbers were lowest (P<0.05) on the metsulfuron-methyl 12 and 18 g a.i./ha treatments. Phytotoxicity scores were >2 and highest (P<0.05) on all metsulfuron-methyl plots. These studies indicated that a range of chemicals could be used to control broadleaf weed seedlings, without damaging Danthonia seedlings.

SEEDING YEAR YIELDS AND QUALITY OF ORCHARD GRASS AS INFLUENCED BY N RATES AND HARVEST SYSTEMS

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 427-431
Author(s):  
H. T. KUNELIUS ◽  
MICHIO SUZUKI
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Total N ◽  
Orchard Grass ◽  
Application Systems ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L ◽  
N Rates

Frode orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.) was seeded at 20 kg/ha without a companion crop in 1971 and 1972. Nitrogen was applied at 37–185 kg/ha at seeding and after the first harvest, and the stands were subjected to three harvest systems. Total dry matter (DM) yields increased up to 74 kg N/ha/application. Systems with the latest first harvest and longest regrowth intervals produced highest DM yields. Early seeding was important for the production of high DM yields. Late fall harvest in October resulted in poor winter survival. The total N concentrations of orchard grass ranged from 2.58 to 4.40%, with small or no increases beyond 111 kg N/ha/application. In vitro disappearance of DM was not affected by N rates but varied from 60.7 to 69.8% with the highest readings for the early or short regrowth interval harvests. Nitrate-N concentrations of orchard grass were < 0.15% at 37 kg N/ha/application. At or above 74 kg N/ha/application, nitrate-N usually exceeded 0.15% level which might be potentially toxic to livestock consuming the forage.

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