Effect of nitrogen fertilizer residues on the response of irrigated bromegrass to fertilizer nitrogen

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 381-386
Author(s):  
A. J. Leyshon ◽  
C. A. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
N Rates

Two nitrogen (N) fertilizer response trials were superimposed, in 2 consecutive years, on a set of large plots of irrigated bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) that had been fertilized with different rates of fertilizer N up to 200 kg ha−1 for the previous 9 and 10 yr, respectively. During those years, forage dry matter responded in direct proportion to fertilizer N rate. In the subsequent two trials we determined the residual effects of the prior fertilizer treatments on the response of bromegrass to new applications of N fertilizer, and the N rate required to achieve maximum yields. The yield response of the bromegrass to the applied N was a function of prior fertilizer history and the moisture conditions. In the first trial, under good moisture conditions, the previously unfertilized plots had maximum yields at a N rate of 382 kg N ha−1; yields declined at higher rates. Responses of previously fertilized plots to additional N were linear. The y-intercepts (where no N was applied) were higher for plots that had been fertilized at higher N rates in the initial 9-yr study while the slopes of the yield responses were less steep. In contrast, in the second trial, conducted in a year when irrigation water was restricted, all forage yield responses to N fertilizer were curvilinear, Y-intercepts were again higher on plots that had been fertilized at higher N rates in previous years. In this case, however, the slopes of the N responses became progressively steeper with increasing N rate while increasingly larger quadratic coefficients resulted in maximum yields being attained at progressively lower N rates. Nevertheless, maximum yields were higher than those of the previously unfertilized plots. Changes in the response curves were attributed to alterations in the soil organic N and to a lesser extent, to changes in the capability of the bromegrass to respond to fertilizer N. Soil tests found no carry-over of fertilizer N as residual inorganic N but the initial potential rate of mineralization (N0k) reflected changes in the quality of soil organic matter influencing the response to N fertilizer applications. The results suggest the need for soil testing laboratories to take into account the prior fertilizer history of the grass stand when developing recommended N fertilizer rates for irrigated bromegrass. Key words: Bromegrass, N fertilization, residual N, mineralizable N

Yield response of forage grasses to N fertilizer as related to spring soil nitrate sorbed on anionic exchange membranes

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 203-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Ziadi ◽  
R. R. Simard ◽  
G. Allard ◽  
G. Parent
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Soil Nitrate ◽  
Forage Grasses ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Fertilizer Rate ◽  
Anionic Exchange ◽  
N Fertilizer Rate

Soil N availability is an important factor in forage grass production. Maximising N fertilizer efficiency is essential to improve profitability and to reduce the environmental risk associated with residual excess soil N. The objectives of this study were (i): to determine the effects of N fertilizer on yield, N uptake and NO3–N concentration of forage grasses produced in Western Quebec; and (ii) to compare spring soil NO3−measured by anionic exchange membranes (NO3AEMs) and by water extraction (NO3w) as a criterion to predict fertilizer N requirements of forage grasses. The yield response of grasses, especially timothy (Phleum pratense L.), to different rates of NH4NO3 (0 to 240 kg N ha−1) on heavy clay soils (Humic Gleysols) was studied from 1994 to 1996 at four sites in the Abitibi-Temiscamingue area, Quebec (Canada). Nitrogen significantly (P < 0.001) increased forage yield, N uptake, and NO3–N concentration. The economically optimum N fertilizer rate (Nop) for forage yield varied from 25 to 240 kg N ha−1 depending on sites and years, and averaged 125 kg N ha−1. The Nop can be predicted more adequately by NO3AEMs (R2 = 0.45) than by NO3w (R2 = 0.09). Based only on the relationship between the relative yield and spring soil nitrate, NO3AEMs could be used as a criterion for fertilizer N recommendation of forage grasses in this cool continental climate. Key words: N fertilizer, nitrate, grass, economically optimum N fertilizer rate

Effect of the number of parents and their combining ability on the performance of synthetic varieties in tall fescue

2007 ◽  
Vol 58 (11) ◽  
pp. 1100 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Piano ◽  
P. Annicchiarico ◽  
M. Romani ◽  
L. Pecetti
Keyword(s):  
Inbreeding Depression ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Combining Ability ◽  
Diallel Cross ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Temperature Pattern ◽  
Synthetic Varieties ◽  
Yield Values ◽  
Yield Responses

Finding the optimal parent number for synthetic varieties has a crucial importance in forage breeding. The objective of this work was exploring this number for Mediterranean tall fescue selected for forage yield. The general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining ability of parents, and their effects on the performance and the inbreeding depression of synthetics, were also assessed. The full-sib families from the diallel cross of 20 genotypes chosen from well performing populations were evaluated for fresh biomass over 13 harvests in Sanluri (Sardinia, Italy). The Syn 1 and Syn 2 of 15 synthetics varying in parent number (4, 8, 12, 16 or 20) and, within same number, in mean GCA of parents were evaluated for dry matter yield over 11 harvests in Lodi (northern Italy) in a greenhouse simulating the temperature pattern of a Mediterranean environment. The yield responses of Syn 2 synthetics with 2 to 20 parents with highest mean GCA were predicted from yield values of S1 and F1 progenies, also evaluated in Lodi. The variance of GCA effects was almost 2-fold larger than that of SCA effects. The observed vigour loss from Syn 1 to Syn 2 of the 4-parent synthetics (−6%) tended to be greater than those of higher parent number groups. The 4-parent synthetics with larger SCA effects tended to greater inbreeding depression. The comparison among synthetics with different parent number and highest GCA of their parents indicated the superiority of the 4-parent synthetic over any other in both generations (P < 0.05). The predicted yield response was maximised by the 3-parent synthetic. The results and other considerations suggest adoption of 4- to 6-parent synthetics.

N credit of soybean to a following corn crop in central Ontario

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wu Ding ◽  
D. J. Hume ◽  
T. J. Vyn ◽  
E. G. Beauchamp
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Quadratic Regression ◽  
Corn Crop ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
N Rates ◽  
Key Words Nitrogen ◽  
Corn Grain

Field studies were conducted to determine the nitrogen (N) fertilizer replacement value (NFRV) when soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merrill) preceded corn (Zea mays L.) in the rotation (S-C), compared to corn preceding corn (C-C). Large, replicated blocks of soybean and corn were established in 1993 and 1994 near Elora, Ontario. In the following year, each large block was subdivided into smaller plots. Fertilizer N was applied at six rates from 0 to 200 kg N ha−1 to the second-year corn crop. Corn grain yield responses to fertilizer N were fitted by quadratic regression. Maximum economic rate of N was calculated for each crop sequence and NFRV's were determined. Corn yields were consistently higher when grown after soybean (S-C) than after corn (C-C). Maximum corn yields were 10.4 and 12.3 Mg ha−1 in 1994 and 1995, respectively. NFRVs for S-C, compared to C-C, were 41 and 59 kg N ha−1 in the two years. As a result of these studies and numerous other experiments, recommended fertilizer N rates have been changed to 30 kg N ha−1 less for S-C than for C-C in central Ontario. Key words: Nitrogen credit, corn, soybean, fertilizer N, replacement value, crop rotation

NITROGEN FERTILIZER REQUIREMENTS FOR BARLEY WHEN APPLIED WITH CATTLE MANURE CONTAINING WOOD SHAVINGS AS A SOIL AMENDMENT

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. MACKAY ◽  
J. M. CAREFOOT ◽  
T. G. SOMMERFELDT
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Soil Tests ◽  
Weather Factors ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Chernozemic Soil ◽  
Mineralizable N

In an 8-yr experiment on an irrigated Dark Brown Chernozemic soil, four rates of N (0, 34, 67 and 101 kg ha−1), applied annually with 45 t ha−1 of manure containing softwood shavings (avg. of 46% dry wt) produced a linear yield response (from 3.5 with the check to 4.3 t ha−1 at the highest rate) of barley grain (Hordeum vulgare L. 'Galt'). There were large differences in yields among years, which could be attributed to weather factors, but there was no significant N × year response. Protein content increased linearly (from 11.2 to 13.5%), and both kernel weights and "test weights" (kg hL−1) decreased slightly but significantly with N applications. There was a pronounced "residual" effect of N rates on both grain yield (from 3.8 to 6.3 t ha−1) and protein content (from 10 to 13%) in the first year after applications of manure and N fertilizer ceased. These effects decreased rapidly and had practically disappeared by the end of the 3rd yr, although yields of all treatments remained high (about 5 t ha−1). Organic matter and N contents of the soil were increased by 70 and 41%, respectively, from the cumulative applications of shavings manure. It is concluded that application of manure containing large quantities of softwood shavings has a negligible effect on the N fertilizer requirements of the crop being grown. Beneficial residual effects of N fertilizer applied with the manure may result because of buildup of NO3-N throughout the soil profile, and likely also because of N release from readily mineralized organic compounds or microbial biomass. However, this effect was not reflected in soil tests for readily mineralizable N by NO3 incubation or KCl digestion methods and the effects were practically dissipated after 3 yr. The recovery of applied N fertilizer by the crops was high at all rates (61–79%), and essentially all of the N applied (fertilizer + manure) was accounted for by crop removal + increased soil N. Key words: Mineralizable-N soil tests, Chernozemic soil, repeated fertilizer applications, residual effects

Triticale out-performs wheat on range of UK soils with a similar nitrogen requirement

2016 ◽  
Vol 155 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. ROQUES ◽  
D. R. KINDRED ◽  
S. CLARKE
Keyword(s):  
Harvest Index ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Consistent Difference ◽  
Total N ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Uk ◽  
N Rates

SUMMARYTriticale has a reputation for performing well on poor soils, under drought and with reduced inputs, but there has been little investigation of its performance on the better yielding soils dominated by wheat production. The present paper reports 16 field experiments comparing wheat and triticale yield responses to nitrogen (N) fertilizer on high-yielding soils in the UK in harvest years 2009–2014. Each experiment included at least two wheat and at least two triticale varieties, grown at five or six N fertilizer rates from 0 to at least 260 kg N/ha. Linear plus exponential curves were fitted to describe the yield response to N and to calculate economically optimal N rates. Normal type curves with depletion were used to describe protein responses to N. Whole crop samples from selected treatments were taken prior to harvest to measure crop biomass, harvest index, crop N content and yield components. At commercial N rates, mean triticale yield was higher than the mean wheat yield at 13 out of 16 sites; the mean yield advantage of triticale was 0·53 t/ha in the first cereal position and 1·26 t/ha in the second cereal position. Optimal N requirement varied with variety at ten of the 16 sites, but there was no consistent difference between the optimal N rates of wheat and triticale. Triticale grain had lower protein content and lower specific weight than wheat grain. Triticale typically showed higher biomass and straw yields, lower harvest index and higher total N uptake than wheat. Consequently, triticale had higher N uptake efficiency and higher N use efficiency. Based on this study, current N fertilizer recommendations for triticale in the UK are too low, as are national statistics and expectations of triticale yields. The implications of these findings for arable cropping and cereals markets in the UK and Northern Europe are discussed, and the changes which would need to occur to allow triticale to fulfil a role in achieving sustainable intensification are explored.

Relationship of the Illinois soil nitrogen test to spring wheat yield and response to fertilizer nitrogen

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (5) ◽  
pp. 837-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
S J Steckler ◽  
D J Pennock ◽  
F L Walley
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Available N ◽  
Nitrate N

The Illinois soil N test (ISNT) has been used to distinguish between soils that are responsive and non-responsive to fertilizer N in Illinois. We examined the suitability of this test, together with more traditional measures of soil fertility, including spring nitrate-N and soil organic carbon (SOC), for predicting yield and N fertilizer response of wheat (Triticum aestivum) on hummocky landscapes in Saskatchewan. The relationship between ISNT-N and wheat yield and fertilizer N response was assessed using data and soils previously collected for a variable-rate fertilizer study. Soils were re-analyzed for ISNT-N. Our goal was to determine if ISNT-N could be used to improve the prediction of crop yields. Although ISNT-N was correlated with both unfertilized wheat yield (r = 0.467, P = 0.01) and fertilizer N response (r = -0.671, P = 0.01) when data from all study sites were combined, correlations varied according to landscape position and site. Stronger correlations between nitrate-N and both unfertilized wheat yield (r = 0.721, P = 0.01) and fertilizer N response (r = -0.690, P = 0.01) indicated that ISNT-N offered no advantage over nitrate-N. Although both tests broadly discriminated between sites with high or low N fertility, few relationships were detected on a point-by-point basis within a field. Stepwise regression equations predicting yield and yield response did not include ISNT-N, due in part to the high degree of collinearity between ISNT-N and other variables such as SOC, suggesting that ISNT-N alone was not a key indicator of soil N supply. Key words: Illinois soil nitrogen test, potentially available N, soil N, fertilizer N recommendations

scholarly journals Pasture yield responses to irrigation in Canterbury

1994 ◽  
pp. 165-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.D. Mcbride
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Drop Out ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Response Data ◽  
Term Trial ◽  
Water Restrictions ◽  
Yield Responses

Major findings from 13 pasture irrigation experiments conducted in Canterbury are discussed. Yields and response curves on 8 of the experimental sites were very similar to those of the long-term trial (34 years) site at the Winchmore Research Station. Irrigating when soil moisture dried to 50% asm (available soil moisture), increased annual pasture DM yields by an average of 5.2 t/ha DM (80% increase over the non-irrigated yield). Response per irrigation and yield variation between years decreased as the number of irrigations increased. During water restrictions, irrigators often choose to either keep watering their whole farm with a longer irrigation return period, or drop out paddocks and fully irrigate the remainder. The irrigation response data are used to discuss these and other possible strategies. Keywords: irrigation, pasture yields, response curves, water restrictions

Yield and protein responses to nitrogen, and nitrogen fertiliser requirements of grain sorghum, in relation to soil nitrate levels

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 1187 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. C. R. Holford ◽  
J. F. Holland ◽  
A. J. Good ◽  
C. Leckie
Keyword(s):  
Yield Response ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Soil Nitrate ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
The North ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Protein Response

Sorghum fertiliser experiments at 40 sites on the north-western slopes andplains of New South Wales demonstrated that many soils are severely deficientin nitrogen (N), but most yield responses to fertiliser N occurred on sites inthe southern part of the region. Grain yields responded to fertiliser in fewerthan half of the experiments but protein concentrations responded in about75%.There were 4 distinct types of protein response curve, and the type of curvewas related to the degree of N deficiency. In the most deficient experiments(mean protein 6·1% or less), response curves were convex to thex -axis or linear; at intermediate deficiency (mean protein7·2%), response curves were sigmoid; and at low deficiency (meanprotein 9·7%), response curves were Mitscherlich. Yield responsenever occurred where grain protein was >10%.Maximum grain yield responses and amounts of fertiliser N for maximum profit,estimated by fitting the Mitscherlich equation to response curves, weresignificantly correlated with soil nitrate N levels at various depths in thesouthern experiments, but not in the northern experiments. This difference inN responses appeared to be caused by lower rainfall and higher soil N in mostof the northern experiments. Nitrate-N levels in soils sampled to 15 or 30 cmdepth were better correlated with yield response ( r> 0·81) and fertiliser requirement (r >0·72) than N levels to deeper depths.There was little or no fertiliser N recovery in the grain in the northern experiments but substantial recovery in the south where it was generallygreater than recovery by wheat in earlier experiments in the same region.Fertiliser requirement in relation to soil nitrate-N levels was lower thanthat of these wheat experiments. This was attributed to mid-spring soilsampling for sorghum which underestimates the soil N available to the sorghum

Superphosphate on wheat: The cumulative effect of repeated applications on yield response

1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
VF McClelland
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Cumulative Effects ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Experimental Site ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Rotation System ◽  
Repeated Applications ◽  
Yield Responses

The cumulative effects of repeated applications of superphosphate on wheat yield responses, over a period of 26 years (10 cycles of a rotation system), were examined. Since cumulative effects are the sum of current and residual effects and current effects diminish with repeated applications of superphosphate, this approach enabled residual effects to be inferred. Residual effects were apparent at all rates of application (30, 60, 90, and 120 lb/acre), being greater at the three higher levels. The influence of rainfall in the growing period (April to October) on cumulative effects was also examined. April rainfall increased yield at all levels of application, whereas September rainfall increased yield only at 90 and 120 lb/acre of superphosphate. The results indicate that, for this particular experimental site, residual phosphorus has become more important in determining yield responses than currently applied phosphorus.

Nitrogen response characteristics of wheat protein in relation to yield responses and their interactions with phosphorus

1992 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 969 ◽  
Author(s):  
ICR Holford ◽  
AD Doyle ◽  
CC Leckie
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Nitrogen Deficiency ◽  
Dilution Effect ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Nitrogen Response ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Protein Response

Wheat fertilizer experiments at 58 sites on the north-western slopes and plains of New South Wales clearly demonstrated a widespread and severe deficiency of nitrogen on many soils. The frequency (70%) and magnitude of responses to nitrogen were much greater than previously recorded. Nitrogen fertilizer required to achieve near-maximum yields was also much greater, with more than half the experiments requiring more than 30 kg N/ha and 23 experiments requiring more than 60 kg/ha. Deficiency of nitrogen for grain protein was almost universal with only two experiments failing to respond to nitrogen fertilizer. The yield response curves for all except three experiments were well fitted by the exponential (Mitscherlich) equation, but the majority of protein response curves were convex to the X axis, or linear, so that maximum protein concentrations could not be estimated. There were four distinct types of protein response curves, and their occurrence seemed to be related to the degree of nitrogen deficiency. Where nitrogen was most deficient (mean protein <10.5%), response curves were convex or linear; at intermediate deficiency (mean protein 11.7%), response curves were sigmoid, and at low deficiency (mean protein 13.4%), curves were exponential. Yield response rarely occurred where grain protein was greater than 12%. In 10 experiments with convex or sigmoid curves, the first increment of fertilizer depressed protein levels, due to the dilution effect of a large yield response. Increasing amounts of phosphorus fertilizer increased the response to nitrogen in nine experiments and in most of these the response curvature was correspondingly decreased, especially at the highest rate of phosphate. These interactions showed that nitrogen was the primary limiting factor in most of these experiments. P fertilizer tended to depress protein concentrations, especially in the absence of N fertilizer, but it had no consistent effect on protein response to N. Because of the dominance of convex protein response curves, much higher levels of fertilizer N were required to give maximum protein responses than were required to give maximum incremental yield responses. It was usually uneconomic therefore to use fertilizer solely to maximize protein increases.

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