BORON CONCENTRATION IN THE SOIL SOLUTION UNDER IRRIGATION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. W. JAME ◽  
W. NICHOLAICHUK ◽  
A. J. LEYSHON ◽  
C. A. CAMPBELL
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Model ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Solution Concentration ◽  
Saturation Extract ◽  
Alfalfa Field ◽  
Soil Saturation ◽  
The Relationship

Current irrigation water criteria for boron (B) are based upon the B concentration of either the irrigation water or the soil saturation extract. The effects of the leaching fraction (LF) and the boron adsorption capacity (BAC) of the soil upon the soil solution concentration have not been considered. The objectives of this paper were (i) to develop a predictive model relating soil solution B concentration at equilibrium to the B concentration in irrigation water and the LF, and (ii) to show how the relationship between the B concentration of the soil solution under field conditions and the B concentration of the soil saturation extract can be modelled. The predictive model, derived from the mass balance concept, indicated that at equilibrium the value of the soil solution B in well-drained soil would be close to that of irrigation water, at the soil surface and will increase with depth with the highest value being near the bottom of the root zone where its magnitude is determined primarily on the degree of leaching. For irrigation water concentrations between 0.5 and 10 mg B/L, the weighted average B concentration of the soil solution in the profile of an alfalfa field would be about 1.9–2.7 times the irrigation water concentration at a LF of 0.1; it would be 1.4–1.9 times for a LF of 0.25; and 1.3–1.5 times for a LF of 0.4. The model of the relationship between soil solution B at field capacity and saturation extract B indicates the importance of the BAC of the soil. Without considering BAC, the ratio between the two would be 2. However, the model indicates that the ratio ranges from 1.0 to 1.8 depending upon the B concentration in the solution and the BAC of the soil. This suggests that the B concentration of the soil saturation extract does not provide a true representation of the soil solution B. In assessing B toxicity, the saturation extract concentration should be converted to the soil solution concentration at the actual water content of the soil.

scholarly journals Concentration of injetion solution and its effects on soil and on yield of fertirrigated banana cv. Terra Maranhão

2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 1104-1113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugênio F. Coelho ◽  
Torquato M. de Andrade Neto ◽  
Damiana L. Barros
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Urea Concentration ◽  
Injection Solution ◽  
Combined Application ◽  
Saturation Extract ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Micro Irrigation

The Fertigation is the combined application of water and nutrients to a crop. It can be adapted to all types of agricultural crops. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of urea concentration in irrigation water on electrical conductivity of the soil solution and saturation extract along the first cycle of banana cv. Terra Maranhão. The experiment followed a completely randomized design with six treatments and ten replications. Treatments regarded for using three urea concentrations (1.0; 2.5 and 4.0 g L-1) in irrigation water applied by two micro irrigation systems (microsprinkler and drip). Results showed that there was a linear elevation of electrical conductivity of saturation extract and soil solution with the increase on concentration of urea in the injection solution. Urea should be used under concentrations up to 2.5 g L-1 in irrigation water without causing increase on electric conductivity of soil solution and saturation extract, considering 1.1 dS m-1 as the tolerated value for the crop. Nitrate in the soil solution increased significantly with the increase of urea concentration in the injection solution. The maximum concentration of nitrate in the soil occurred for 4,0 g L-1 concentration of the injection solution.

scholarly journals Using Soil Solution Monitoring to Determine the Effects of Irrigation Management and Fertigation on Nitrogen Availability in High-density Apple Orchards

1998 ◽  
Vol 123 (4) ◽  
pp. 706-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Neilsen ◽  
P. Parchomchuk ◽  
G.H. Neilsen ◽  
E.J. Hogue
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Loam Soil

Direct application of fertilizers in irrigation water (fertigation) is an efficient method of supplying nutrients to fruit trees. Information is needed on the relationship between irrigation and N inputs on N availability in order to target nutrient applications to meet plant demands. Soil solution was collected from permanently installed suction lysimeters and NO3-N concentration was measured over the growing season in three experiments: 1) comparison of sprinkler irrigation + broadcast fertilizer with weekly fertigation + daily drip irrigation; 2) comparison of (NH4)2SO4 or Ca(NO3)2 as N sources under daily fertigation; and 3) comparisons of combinations of irrigation applied at either fixed rates or to meet evaporative demand and fertilizer (Ca(NO3)2) applied daily either at fixed rates or to maintain a given concentration in the fertigation solution in two soil types—loamy sand and silt loam. Trials are located in high density apple plantings of either `Gala' or `Empire' apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) on M.9 rootstock. Nitrate-N concentration in the soil solution measured at 30 cm deep remained higher, over more of the growing season, for weekly fertigation + daily drip irrigation than for a single broadcast fertilizer application + sprinkler irrigation. With daily Ca(NO3)2 fertigation, soil solution NO3- N concentrations increased and decreased rapidly with the onset and end of fertigation respectively, remained relatively constant during the intervening period and were directly proportional to either the amount of N or the amount of irrigation water added. Daily fertigation with (NH4)2SO4 resulted in less control of NO3-N availability in the root-zone than with Ca(NO3)2, which may be problematic for precise timing of N nutrition. Except for the fixed irrigation rate applied to the loamy sand soil, soil solution NO3-N concentrations at 30 cm beneath the emitter were similar to average concentrations in the fertigating solution, for all methods of irrigation management in both soil types. Elevated NO3-N concentrations in soil solution below the root zone (75 cm deep) were detected in the loamy sand regardless of methods of N application and irrigation although there was some evidence of less leaching to this depth, under scheduled irrigation. In the silt loam soil, considerably lower concentrations of NO3-N were found beneath the root zone than at 30 cm deep for all of irrigation procedures and frequently there was insufficient water moving to 75 cm to provide sample. Tree growth in the loamy sand was less than in the silt loam soil; was limited by low application of irrigation water in 1992 and 1993; was unaffected by NO3-N concentration in the root zone, indicating that N inputs could be minimized by adding N to maintain concentrations of 75 μg·mL-1 or possibly less. Nitrogen inputs may also be reduced if fertilizer N and irrigation water could be retained within the root zone. For coarse-textured soils this will require precise additions of water and possibly soil amendments to improve water holding capacity.

scholarly journals CULTIVO DO MILHETO IRRIGADO COM ÁGUA SALINA EM DIFERENTES COBERTURAS MORTAS

Irriga ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-360
Author(s):  
Amitair Ferreira Lima ◽  
Geocleber Gomes De Sousa ◽  
Maria Vanessa Pires De Souza ◽  
Francisco Barroso Da Silva Junior ◽  
Silas Primola Gomes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Soil Protection ◽  
Saline Stress ◽  
Saturation Extract ◽  
Soil Saturation ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
E Mail

CULTIVO DO MILHETO IRRIGADO COM ÁGUA SALINA EM DIFERENTES COBERTURAS MORTAS     AMITAIR FERREIRA LIMA1; GEOCLEBER GOMES DE SOUSA2; MARIA VANESSA PIRES DE SOUZA3; FRANCISCO BARROSO DA SILVA JUNIOR4; SILAS PRIMOLA GOMES2 E CLARISSA LIMA MAGALHÃES5   1 Engenheira agrônoma formada pela Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira (Avenida da abolição, 3, Centro, 62.790-000, Redenção/Ce, Brasil). E-mail: [email protected] 2 Prof. Doutor, Instituto de Desenvolvimento Rural, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira (Avenida da abolição, 3, Centro, 62.790-000, Redenção/Ce, Brasil). E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 3 Mestranda pelo programa de pós graduação em fitotecnia da Universidade Federal Rural do Semiárido, Campus Mossoró (Av. Francisco Mota, 572, Bairro Costa e Silva, CEP: 59.625-900, Mossoró/RN, Brasil). E-mail: [email protected] 4 Mestrando pelo programa de pós graduação em ciência do solo da Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici (Av. Mister Hull, 2977, Pici, 60.021-970, Fortaleza/Ce, Brasil). E-mail: [email protected] 5 Discente no curso de agronomia da Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira (Avenida da abolição, 3, Centro, 62.790-000, Redenção/Ce, Brasil). E-mail: [email protected]     1 RESUMO   Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho, avaliar o crescimento e acúmulo de biomassa de plantas de milheto irrigadas com água salina em solo com diferentes coberturas. O experimento foi realizado em agosto de 2018, a pleno sol na horta didática da Universidade da integração internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira (UNILAB), Redenção, Ceará. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado (DIC), em esquema fatorial 5x4, com 4 repetições. O primeiro fator referente aos valores de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação - CEa: A1 (1,0 dS m-1), A2 (2,0 dS m-1), A3 (3,0 dS 11 m-1), A4 (4,0 dS m-1) e A5 (5,0 dS m-1), versus as coberturas adotadas, C1 (sem cobertura-controle), C2 (palha de arroz), C3 (bagana de cana-de-açúcar) e C4 (resíduos vegetais de espontâneas). Aos 35 dias após a semeadura, foram avaliadas: altura das plantas (AP), número de folhas (NF), diâmetro do colmo (DC), comprimento de raiz (CR), área foliar (AF), matéria seca da parte aérea (MSPA), da raiz (MSR) e total (MST), pH do solo e a condutividade elétrica do extrato de saturação do solo (CEes). O aumento da condutividade elétrica na água de irrigação, promoveu aumento da salinidade no extrato de saturação do solo, assim como reduções na emissão do número de folhas no milheto e o uso da cobertura morta amenizou os efeitos da salinidade contida na água, nas variáveis: MSPA, MSR, MST, DC e AP, sendo a cobertura de casca de arroz a alternativa mais eficiente na atenuação desses efeitos.   Palavras-chave: Penissetum glaucum L., estresse salino, proteção do solo     LIMA, A. F.; SOUSA, G. G.; SOUZA, M. V. P.; SILVA JUNIOR, F. B.; GOMES, S. P.; MAGALHÃES, C. L. CULTIVATION OF MILLET IRRIGATED WITH SALINE WATER IN DIFFERENT MULCHES     2 ABSTRACT   The objective of this work was to evaluate the growth and accumulation of dry matter of millet plants irrigated with saline water in soil with different mulches. The experiment was carried out in August 2018, under full sun in the didactic garden of the University of the International Integration of Afro-Brazilian Lusophony (UNILAB), Redenção, Ceará. The experimental design was completely randomized (DIC), in a 5x4 factorial scheme, with four replicates. The first factor referring to the values of electrical conductivity of the irrigation water: A1 (1.0 dS m-1), A2 (2.0 dS m-1), A3 (3.0 dS m-1), A4 (4.0 dS m-1) and A5 (5.0 dS m-1), versus the coverages adopted, C1 (without cover), C2 (rice straw), C3 (sugarcane bagana) and C4 (vegetable spontaneous waste). At 35 days after sowing, plant height (AP), number of leaves emitted (NF), stalk diameter (DC), root length (CR), leaf area (AF), shoot dry matter (MSA), root dry matter (MSR), total dry matter (MST), soil pH and soil saturation extract electrical conductivity (CEs) were assessed. The increase in the electrical conductivity in the irrigation water promoted an increase in salinity in the soil saturation extract, as well as reductions in the number of leaves in the millet, and the use of the mulch reduced the effects of the salinity contained in the water in the following variables: MSPA, MSR, MST, DC and AP, with rice husk coverage being the most efficient alternative to mitigate these effects.   Keywords: Penissetum glaucum L., saline stress, soil protection.

scholarly journals Irrigation Management Affects Soil Solution NO3-N Concentration

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 755E-755
Author(s):  
Denise Neilsen ◽  
Gerry H. Neilsen ◽  
Peter Parchomchuk ◽  
Eugene J. Hogue
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Silt Loam Soil ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Loam Soil

Direct application of fertilizers in irrigation water (fertigation) has been advocated as an efficient method of fertilizing fruit trees. However, more information is needed on the relationship between irrigation and N inputs in order to target fertigation to meet plant demands. Soil solution NO3-N concentration was measured at three sites in response to the method of fertilizer application in which 25 g N/tree per year was either spring-broadcast with sprinkler irrigation or fertigated at 8 weekly intervals through drip irrigation; the amount of irrigation water in which 50 g N/tree per year was given in 63 daily fertigations with either 4 or 8 liters of water/day for two soil types and the concentration of fertigated N in which either 75 or 150 ppm NO3-N was given in 63 daily fertigations. Soil solution NO3-N concentration decreased rapidly for broadcast fertilizer with sprinkler irrigation and was lower than for weekly fertigation with drip irrigation. Doubling the amount of irrigation water effectively halved the soil solution NO3-N concentration in both the silt loam and loamy sand soils, although concentrations were higher in the silt loam soil. Movement of applied N below the root zone was halted for the silt loam soil by mid-summer with the lower amount of irrigation water, but was only delayed in the loamy sand soil. Doubling the average concentration of N in the irrigation water resulted in a doubling of the concentration of NO3-N in the root zone. A simple model was devised to predict the soil solution NO3-N concentration based on N and water inputs and fitted to measured values for daily and weekly fertigation.

scholarly journals Influence of intensive horticultural cultivation on soil salinity in Campo de Cartagena (Murcia)

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Sánchez Navarro ◽  
Aldara Girona Ruiz ◽  
María José Delgado Iniesta
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Soil Degradation ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Adequate Management ◽  
Experimental Plots ◽  
Campo De Cartagena

The electrical conductivity (EC) and ionic composition of the soil solution of a Haplic Calcisol in Campo de Cartagena (Murcia, Spain) were studied <em>in situ</em> for four years in an experimental open-air vegetable plot, together with the relationship between these parameters, the quality of the irrigation water and the management of the plot. The results show that there were very significant fluctuations in these variables during the study period and that these fluctuations depended on the management of the plot and in particular on the irrigation water used. Therefore, for an adequate management of these agro-ecosystems, it is necessary to establish a network of experimental plots <em>in situ</em>, where sensitive indicators of soil degradation are monitored, in our case the EC and the ionic composition of the soil solution. Such indicators are capable of detecting these degradation processes and their relationship with the inappropriate management of this resource.

Soil Salinity

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garrison Sposito
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Arid Zone ◽  
Soil Analysis ◽  
Mineral Weathering ◽  
Secondary Minerals ◽  
Saturation Extract ◽  
Soil Saturation

A soil is salineif the electrical conductivity of its soil solution as obtained by extraction from a water-saturated soil paste (ECe) exceeds 4 dS m-1. (The measurement of electrical conductivity for a soil saturation extract is discussed in Methods of Soil Analysis,listed under For Further Reading at the end of this chapter.) According to this definition, about a quarter of the agricultural soils worldwide are saline, but values of ECe > 1 dS m-1 are encountered typically in arid-zone soils, which cover almost one-third of the global ice-free land area. Ions released into the soil solution by mineral weathering, or introduced there by the intrusion of saline surface water or groundwater, tend to accumulate in the secondary minerals formed as the soils dry. These secondary minerals typically include clay minerals (Section 2.3), carbonates and sulfates (Section 2.5), and chlorides. Because Na, K, Ca, and Mg are brought into the soil solution relatively easily—either as displaced exchangeable cations or as cations dissolved from carbonates, sulfates, and chlorides—it is this set of four metals that contributes most to soil salinity. The corresponding set of anions that contributes to salinity is CO3, SO4, and Cl. Thus, arid-zone soil solutions are essentially electrolyte solutions containing chloride, sulfate, and carbonate salts of four metal cations. According to Eq. 4.21, an electrical conductivity of 4 dS m-1 corresponds to an ionic strength of 58 mM (log I = -1.841 + 1.009 log4 = 0.0584). This level of salinity is less than 10% of that of seawater (EC = 46.21 dS m-1), but high enough that only crops that are relatively salt tolerant can withstand it. Moderately salt-sensitive crops are affected when the electrical conductivity of a soil saturation extract approaches 2 dS m-1, corresponding to an ionic strength of 29 mM, and salt-sensitive crops are affected at 1 dS m-1 (I = 14 mM). Thus, with respect to crop salinity tolerance, a soil can be judged saline at any saturation extract ionic strength greater than 15 mM if crops are stressed.

scholarly journals Gypsum Effects on Growth and Macroelement Uptake of Field-grown Asimina triloba (Pawpaw) Irrigated with Low-saline, Sodic Water

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 1104-1109 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.A. Picchioni ◽  
C.J. Graham ◽  
A.L. Ulery
Keyword(s):  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Asimina Triloba ◽  
Saturation Extract ◽  
Soil Saturation

Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal is an underused tree species with demonstrated potential as a new fruit crop and landscape ornamental plant. Best management practices for A. triloba are not adequately defined, particularly for field establishment in high-Na conditions characteristic of numerous southern U.S. production areas. We evaluated the growth and net macroelement uptake of field-grown A. triloba seedlings on soil amended with a single addition of gypsum at 0, 7.5, or 15.0 t·ha-1 and later receiving a regular supply of Na-affected but nonsaline irrigation water [sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of 15.5 and electrical conductivity (EC) at 0.4 dS·m-1]. Over two growing seasons, the soil saturation extract Ca concentration increased while the soil saturation extract SAR decreased with increasing gypsum rate. Amending the soil with gypsum increased total lateral branch extension per tree by 60% to 73% and trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) per tree by 68% to 87% above a non-gypsum-amended control treatment. Total dry matter accumulation and the net uptake of N, P, and K per tree were over 100% greater following gypsum application as compared to controls. The growth and mineral uptake-enhancing effects of gypsum were likely related to functions of Ca at the root level and on soil physical properties that should be considered in establishing young A. triloba trees with irrigation water containing high sodicity but relatively low total salinity.

The Relationship between Priority and Value of Irrigation Water Used with Prior Appropriation Water Rights

2020 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 384-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gi-Eu Lee ◽  
Kimberly Rollins ◽  
Loretta Singletary
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Rights ◽  
Value Of Irrigation Water ◽  
The Relationship

ВОДНЫЙ РЕЖИМ ОРОШАЕМЫХ СОЛОНЦОВЫХ КОМПЛЕКСНЫХ ПОЧВ И ОСОБЕННОСТИ ЕГО РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valery Yashin
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Irrigation Methods ◽  
Salt Flats

Представлены материалы исследований формирования режима влажности и динамики грунтовых вод орошаемых солонцовых комплексных почв при различных способах полива, проведенные в Волгоградском Заволжье. Установлена значительная неравномерность распределения влажности почвы при поливах дождеванием. Отмечается поверхностный сток по микрорельефу до 30% от поливной нормы, что приводит к недостаточности увлажнения корневой зоны на солонцах и переувлажнению почв в понижениях микрорельефа и потере оросительной воды на инфильтрационное питание грунтовых вод.The article presents the materials of research on the formation of the humidity regime and dynamics of ground water of irrigated saline complex soils under various irrigation methods, conducted in the Volgograd Zavolzhye. A significant unevenness in the distribution of soil moisture during irrigation with sprinkling has been established. There is a surface runoff on the microrelief of up to 30% of the irrigation norm, which leads to insufficient moisture of the root zone on the salt flats and waterlogging of the soil in the microrelief depressions and loss of irrigation water for infiltration feed of ground water.

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