THE FIRST 12 YEARS OF A LONG-TERM CROP ROTATION STUDY IN SOUTHWESTERN SASKATCHEWAN — NITRATE-N DISTRIBUTION IN SOIL AND N UPTAKE BY THE PLANT

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 563-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. L. READ ◽  
C. A. CAMPBELL ◽  
V. O. BIEDERBECK ◽  
G. E. WINKLEMAN
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N Application ◽  
Rooting Zone ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
Rotation Study ◽  
Key Words Nitrate

The distribution of NO3-N in the soil, and N uptake by the crop during the first 12 yr of a long-term rotation study at Swift Current, Saskatchewan were studied. A considerable amount of NO3-N appeared to be leached beyond the rooting zone of the cereal crop in years of above average precipitation and also in some relatively dry years with heavy spring rains. Thus, leaching of NO3-N seemed to occur even under continuous wheat rotations. At all times there was considerable NO3-N situated at the 60- to 120-cm depth. In wet years N uptake by the plants reduced the amount of NO3-N located in the subsoil, but in dry years the amount of NO3-N in the subsoil remained higher throughout the growing season. The latter could result in groundwater pollution, especially if such a soil was fallowed the next year. Fall rye (Secale cereale L.) made more efficient use of mineral N than spring-sown crops. In dry years more NO3-N persisted in the root zone of N-fertilized wheat than in the root zone of unfertilized wheat, but in wet and average years there was little difference due to N application. The average rate of net NO3-N production in fallow land from spring thaw to freeze-up (166 days) was 107 kg∙ha−1. Values ranged from about 60 to 175 kg∙ha−1 with the lowest values being obtained during very dry or very wet years. The quantity of N mineralized (kg∙ha−1) between spring thaw and freeze-up was related to precipitation (mm) by the equation Nmin = 29.0 + 0.20 precipitation for the 0- to 60-cm depth (R2 = 0.65*). Key words: Nitrate leaching, N uptake, crop rotations, N mineralization rate

Biological and chemical assays to estimate nitrogen supplying power of soils with contrasting management histories

Soil Research ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 737 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Curtin ◽  
F. M. McCallum
Keyword(s):  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
N Mineralisation ◽  
Aerobic Incubation ◽  
Arable Soils ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Mineralisation Potential ◽  
N Fertility

Nitrogen (N) mineralised from soil organic matter can be an important source of N for crop uptake, particularly following cultivation of pastures. Difficulty in predicting the contribution of mineralisation continues to be a serious obstacle to implementating best management practices for fertiliser N. We evaluated biological tests (i.e. net N mineralised in a 28-day aerobic incubation and anaerobically mineralisable N, AMN) and chemical tests (ammonium-N hydrolysis in hot 2 m KCl) as predictors of N supply to a glasshouse-grown oat (Avena sativa L.) crop. The oat plants were grown to maturity without added N on 30 soils representing a range of management histories, including soils collected from long-term pastures and intensive arable cropping sites. The majority (average 83%) of the N accumulated in grain and straw was mineralised N. Plant N derived from mineralisation (PNDM), estimated by subtracting soil mineral N at sowing from N uptake, was generally higher for long-term pasture soils (mean 82 mg/kg, n = 9) than for long-term arable soils (mean 48 mg/kg, n = 9). The 2 measures of N mineralisation were not closely related [R2 = 0.11 (0.37*** when one outlying observation was omitted)], indicating that aerobic and anaerobic assays can give quite different N fertility rankings. Aerobically mineralisable N was the best predictor of PNDM (R2 = 0.79***). The ratio of CO2-C evolved to net N mineralised in the aerobic incubation was highly variable (e.g. mean of 13.6 for pasture soils v. 7.5 for long-term arable soils), likely due to differences in N immobilisation. The correlations of AMN (R2 = 0.32**) and hot KCl N (R2 = 0.24**) with PNDM were not much better than that between total soil N and PNDM (R2 = 0.16*), suggesting that these tests would not provide reliable estimates of N mineralisation potential in soils with diverse management histories.

EFFECT OF CROPPING, SUMMERFALLOW AND FERTILIZER NITROGEN ON NITRATE-NITROGEN LOST BY LEACHING ON A BROWN CHERNOZEMIC LOAM

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. CAMPBELL ◽  
R. P. ZENTNER ◽  
R. DE JONG
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Organic N ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
Soil Pores

In 1982, six crop rotation treatments that were initiated in 1967 on a Orthic Brown Chernozemic loam were sampled for soil NO3-N and moisture to a depth of 240 cm. Soil samples were taken on 18 May and 10 June from all treatments, on 2 Sept. on fallow treatments only, and on 14 Oct. from cropped treatments. Precipitation during the sampling period was about 23% above the long-term average. It was estimated that at least 123 kg NO3-N∙ha−1 were leached from the top 240 cm of fallow soils. Leaching appeared to result from a portion of the precipitation moving through macro soil pores. There was evidence that water and NO3-N might also move upwards from below the 240-cm depth. Of the six rotations examined, the 2-yr and 3-yr spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotations lost the most NO3-N. The presence of fall rye (Secale cereale L.) in a fallow-rye-wheat rotation was very effective in reducing NO3-N losses. Spring wheat, when grown continuously, was also very effective in reducing NO3-N losses but even here there was some evidence of leaching beyond the root zone. Application of fertilizer N and P at amounts based on soil test recommendations reduced NO3-N leached. It was estimated from long-term precipitation data, that over the past 100 yr about 20% of the soil organic N that was present at the time of breaking the land has been lost from the soil via leaching. It was concluded that leaching losses of N from the soils on the Canadian prairies had been greatly underestimated and were partly responsible for losses attributed to the more visible wind erosion. Key words: Nitrate movement, crop rotations, fertilizer and leaching, summerfallow and leaching, bimodal leaching

Long-term solute redistribution in relation to landscape m orphology and soil distribution in a variable glacial till landscape

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
pp. 827-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
D A Whetter ◽  
P R Bullock ◽  
R G Eilers
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Glacial Till ◽  
Unexpected Result ◽  
Solute Redistribution ◽  
Rooting Zone ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Soil Distribution

Landscape delineation based on soilslope associations with similar patterns of solute redistribution would allow for better agro-environmental land management. Long-term redistribution of solutes was examined in relation to topographic variables and static soil properties in a glacial till landscape near Miniota, Manitoba. Static soil properties that were the best predictors of solute redistribution included CO3, Ahor, Solum and OrgC. Temporal variability overshadowed the influence of topographic variables and static soil properties on dynamic solute redistribution within the crop rooting zone (i.e., 120 cm). Topographic variables (relative elevation, topographic index, contributing area) and static soil properties (A horizon depth, solum depth, A horizon organic carbon) were correlated to SO42- and NO3− redistribution. An unexpected result was that more statistically significant relationships were found between these parameters and solute redistribution below 120cm rather than within the root zone. Very low NO3− concentrations were found in the rooting zone at most sample positions, indicating that crop demand during recent growing seasons matched or exceeded supply. Accumulations of NO3− below the rooting zone indicated that deep percolation of NO3− has been an important process over the longer term throughout the upper and mid slope positions of this landscape. A lack of NO3− accumulation in one lower-toe position and the depression indicated that excess NO3− in these profiles may have been leached into the groundwater and/or removed via denitrification or simply may not have accumulated. There appears to be utility in using static soil properties and topographic variables as indicators of dynamic processes of solute redistribution, however, a priori knowledge of soil-landscape relationships and an understanding of associated pedogenic processes and hydrologic regimes are required to achieve sensible results. Key words: solute redistribution; soil properties; topography; landscape; nitrate, sulfate; chloride

Nitrogen and water flows under pasture - wheat and lupin - wheat rotations in deep sands in Western Australia. 2. Drainage and nitrate leaching

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 345 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Anderson ◽  
I. R. P. Fillery ◽  
F. X. Dunin ◽  
P. J. Dolling ◽  
S. Asseng
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Mineral N

Quantification of nitrate (NO-3) leaching is fundamental to understanding the efficiency with which plants use soil-derived nitrogen (N). A deep sand located in the northern wheatbelt of Western Australia was maintained under a lupin (Lupinus angustifolius)-wheat (Triticum aestivum) and a subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) based annual pasture-wheat rotation from 1994to 1996. Fluxes of water and NO-3 through, and beyond, the root-zone were examined. Drainage was calculated on a daily basis from measurements of rainfall, evapotranspiration, and the change in soil water content to a depth of 1·5 m. Evapotranspiration was estimated from Bowen ratio measurements,and soil water content was determined by time domain reflectrometry. Soil was sampled in layers to1·5 m at the onset of winter rains and analysed for NO-3 . Ceramic suction cups were installed at 0·25, 0·4, 0·6, 0·8, 1·0, 1·2, and 1·4 m to sample soil solution from June to mid August. The NO-3 leached from each layer was computed by multiplying the daily drainage through each layer by the estimated concentration of NO-3 within the layer. The estimated concentration of NO-3 in a layer was calculated by taking into account NO-3 either entering that layer through mineralisation and leachingor leaving the layer through plant uptake. Mineral N was added to the surface 0·2 m in accordance with measured rates of net N mineralisation, and daily N uptake was calculated from the measured above-ground plant N derived from soil N. Root sampling was undertaken to determine root lengthdensity under pastures, lupin, and wheat. Cumulative drainage below 1·5 m was similar under wheat and lupin, and accounted for 214 mmfrom 11 May to 15 August 1995 and 114 mm from 2 July to 15 September 1996. The cumulative evapotranspiration (Ea) over these periods was 169 mm from a wheat crop in 1995, and 178 mm from a lupin crop in 1996. The amount of NO-3 in soil at the start of the growing season was afiected by previous crop, with a lower range following wheat (31-68 kg N/ha) than following legumes (40-106 kgN/ha). These large quantities of NO-3 in the soil at the break of the season contributed substantially to NO-3 leaching. Leaching of NO-3 below 1·5 m in wheat crops accounted for 40-59 kg N/ha where these followed either lupin or pasture. In contrast, less NO-3 was found to leach below 1·5 m in pastures (17-28 kg N/ha). Greater N uptake by capeweed (Arctotheca calendula L.) than by either wheat or lupin was the main reason for the lower amount of NO-3 leached in pastures.

scholarly journals Labile Soil Organic Matter Pools Are Influenced by 45 Years of Applied Farmyard Manure and Mineral Nitrogen in the Wheat—Pearl Millet Cropping System in the Sub-Tropical Condition

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2190
Author(s):  
Ranjan Laik ◽  
B. H. Kumara ◽  
Biswajit Pramanick ◽  
Santosh Kumar Singh ◽  
Nidhi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Microbial Biomass Carbon ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N Application ◽  
Tropical Climates

Labile soil organic matter pools (LSOMp) are believed to be the most sensitive indicator of soil quality when it is changed rapidly with varied management practices. In sub-tropical climates, the turnover period of labile pools is quicker than in temperate climates. Organic amendments are of importance in improve the LSOMp for a temperate climate and may be helpful in sub-tropical climates as well. Hence, the status of LSOMp was studied in long term farmyard manure (FYM) amended soils under wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) cropping systems in sub-tropical arid conditions. At the same time, we also attempt to determine the impact of mineral nitrogen (N) application in these pools. In this study, dissolved organic matter (DOM), microbial biomass (MB), and light fraction (LF) were isolated in the management practices involving different modes and rates of FYM applications along with the application of nitrogenous fertilizer. C and N contents of the labile pools were analyzed in the soil samples at different periods after FYM applications. Among the different pools, microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were changed significantly with different rates and modes of FYM application and mineral N application. Application of FYM at 15 Mg ha−1 in both the seasons + 120 kg ha−1 mineral N resulted in significantly higher MBC and DOC as compared to all of the other treatments. This treatment also resulted in 13.75% and 5.8% more MBC and DOC, respectively, as compared to the amount of MBC and DOC content in the control plot where FYM and mineral N were not applied. Comparing the labile organic matter pools of 45 years of FYM amendment with initial values, it was found that the dissolved organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon, and light fraction carbon were increased up to the maximum extent of about 600, 1200, and 700 times, respectively. The maximum amount of DOM (562 mg kg−1 of DOC and 70.1 mg kg−1 of DON), MB (999 mg kg−1 of MBC and 158.4 mg kg−1 of MBN), LF (2.61 g kg−1 of LFC and 154.6 g kg−1 of LFN) were found in case of both season applied FYM as compared to either summer or winter applied FYM. Concerning the different rates of FYM application, 15 Mg ha−1 FYM also resulted in a significantly higher amount of DOM, MB, and LF as compared to other FYM rates (i.e., 5 Mg ha−1 and 10 Mg ha−1). Amongst different pools, MB was found to be the most sensitive to management practices in this study. From this study, it was found that the long-term FYM amendment in sub-tropical soil along with mineral N application can improve the LSOMp of the soil. Thus, it can be recommended that the application of FYM at 15 Mg ha−1 in summer and winter with +120 kg ha−1 mineral N can improve SOC and its labile pools in subtropical arid soils. Future studies on LSOMp can be carried out by considering different cropping systems of subtropical climate.

Net changes in soil and crop nitrogen in relation to the performance of winter wheat given wide-ranging annual nitrogen applications at Ropsley, UK

2000 ◽  
Vol 135 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. BHOGAL ◽  
A. D. ROCHFORD ◽  
R. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N Application ◽  
Subsequent Crop ◽  
N Use ◽  
Term Field

The effects of eight rates of nitrogen (N) application (0–245 kg/ha) on the performance of winter wheat over five seasons (1991–1995) on a long-term field experiment (established 1978) at Ropsley (UK) are described. In each of the five seasons, N was withdrawn from replicate plots in order to study the residual effect of fertilizer. N applications in excess of 140 kg/ha left significant residues as soil mineral N (SMN) in the autumn which, despite some loss over-winter, had a significant effect on the yield and N offtake of the subsequent crop. The amount of N carried over was equivalent to 8–20% of the fertilizer N and was observed at N applications up to 40 kg/ha lower than the optimum rate (c. 200 kg/ha). Part of the unrecovered N was also considered to contribute to the long-term build-up of fertility at the site. The results suggest that restrictions on N use to below the optimum will reduce leachable N, but may have an impact on soil fertility and future crop productivity. In addition, the rate of N applied to preceding crops should be taken into account when formulating fertilizer advice on retentive soils.

THE INFLUENCE OF RATE AND TIME OF MINERAL N APPLICATION ON YIELD AND N2 FIXATION BY FIELD BEAN

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 427-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. N. KUCEY
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Field Bean ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Plant N Uptake ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N Application ◽  
Field Beans

Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effect of rate and timing of nitrogen (N) fertilizer on growth, N uptake and N2 fixation by nodulated field beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ’GN1140’). Fertilizer N was added at 30, 60 or 120 mg kg−1 soil either at planting or at 2, 4, 6, 8 or 10 wk after planting. N2 fixation was determined by using 15N isotope dilution methods with spring wheat (Triticum aestivum ’Leader’) as a nonfixing control plant. Additions of N at 30 mg kg−1 soil had a stimulatory effect on plant growth, relative to plants not receiving N fertilizer, which was reflected in increased N uptake and N2 fixation. Addition of N at 60 or 120 mg kg−1 soil did not result in increased plant N uptake and was shown to inhibit N2 fixation. Stimulatory effects of 30 mg N, and inhibitory effects of 60 or 120 mg N, were only observed if N additions were made within the first 6 wk after planting. Additions of N after that time did not affect the plant parameters measured in this study. It was concluded that additions of N at rates of 60 or 120 mg kg−1 do not result in increased plant growth because of the resulting decreases in the contribution of biologically fixed N2 to plant N uptake. It was also concluded that once the N2-fixing symbioses with GN1140 was established, biological N2 fixation was able to supply sufficient N for the plant needs.Key words: 15N dilution, starter N, field bean, N2 fixation, N addition, wheat, Rhizobium phaseoli

Fractionnement de la fertilisation azotée dans la production du bleuet nain sauvage et suivi de l’azote du sol

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Lafond
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Soil Mineral ◽  
Environmental Benefit ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N Application ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Lowbush Blueberry ◽  
N Rates ◽  
Wild Blueberry ◽  
Fertilisation Azotée

In wild lowbush blueberry production, fertilizers are applied in the spring of the vegetative year. To increase fertilizers efficiency and to reduce environmental losses, fertilizer split applications between vegetative and production year have been proposed. The objectives of this project were to determine the effect of split application of the nitrogen (N) in the vegetative and production year on the wild blueberry production and on soil mineral N in six blueberry fields located in Saguenay-Lac-Saint Jean (Quebec, Canada). Four rates of ammonium sulfate were applied in the spring of the vegetative year (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg ha-1). These same rates were applied in the spring of the vegetative (50%) and production (50%) years. The 30 kg N ha-1 rate was also applied only in the production year. For all sites, maximum fruit yields (3800 kg ha-1) were obtained with 62 kg N ha-1. However, the maximum rate ranged from 25 to 90 kg N ha-1 according to the sites. Applying N in the vegetative and production years had comparable fruits yields to those obtained with the fertilizer applied only in the vegetative year. One month after N application, the amount of N-NH4 in the soil profile increased by 4 to 38 kg ha-1 compared with the control. Split N application reduced by 55 to 76% the amount of NH4-N in soil layers only in the vegetative year. Soil nitrate increased with N rates at the end of the growing season, indicating that a part of NH4-N was nitrified and can be potentially leached the under root zone. According to the various maximum N rates obtained and N fertilizer impacts on soil N mineral, there would be no agronomic or environmental benefit to splitting low rates (<30 kg ha-1). However, with higher rates, splitting N between vegetation and production years would maximize fruit yields and reduce environmental risk.Key words: Maximum N rate, ammonium, nitrate, Vaccinium angustifolium Ait., split fertilization

Evaluation of different nitrogen use efficiency indices using field-grown green bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.)

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 565-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura L Van
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N Application ◽  
Bell Peppers ◽  
Use Efficiency

The effects of increasing nitrogen (N) fertilization on N use efficiency (NUE) and yield of green bell pepper were assessed in five field experiments over 2004 and 2005. These data were used to evaluate and contrast conclusions drawn from among 12 different NUE indices. In two diferent years (i.e., cool/wet vs. warm/dry), marketable yield response to N application was either positive or no response was observed. Total percent N in the fruit and shoot was lower in non-fertilized plants compared with plants grown in plots that received 70 or 210 kg N ha-1. There were considerable differences among locations in soil mineral N, yield, NUE, and plant N uptake and removal. For all eight fertilizer- and soil-based NUE indices assessed, NUE decreased as N application increased. However, for plant-based NUE indices, there was no difference in NUE values between N treatments. Thus, the interpretation and applicability of NUE depends on the goals of the research and the index used. Key words: Nutrient use efficiency, green bell peppers, harvest index, nitrogen, fertilizer, vegetable

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