SEDIMENT AND RUNOFF WATER CHARACTERISTICS AS INFLUENCED BY CROPPING AND TILLAGE PRACTICES

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 639-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. BEKE ◽  
C. W. LINDWALL ◽  
T. ENTZ ◽  
T. C. CHANNAPPA
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Quality ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Nutrient Loss ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Total N ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Water Characteristics ◽  
Bare Fallow

Rainfall simulation by sprinkler irrigation was used to evaluate the characteristics of sediment and runoff water from erosion plots on a Dark Brown Chernozemic soil near Lethbridge, Alberta. Replicated land treatments consisted of bare fallow, perennial alfalfa/wheat grass forage (Medicago sativa L./Agropyron riparium Scribn. & Smith) planted in rows parallel to the slope, barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) planted in rows parallel to the slope (barley-S) and barley on contour (barley-C). The eroded sediment from all four treatments was generally enriched in organic matter (OM), NH4-N, total N (TN), and PO4-P, but not in NO3-N or total P (TP). The sediment from the bare fallow treatment was enriched in silt-size particles and had the highest OM enrichment. Maximum NH4-N and TN enrichment occurred in the sediment from the barley-S treatment, and maximum PO4-P in that from the forage treatment. This selective removal of plant nutrients was attributed mainly to erosion processes and to cropping-induced differences in C:N:P ratios of organic complexes. The runoff water from all four treatments was enriched in NO3-N, TN, and PO4-P. For the three cropping treatments in this experiment, nutrient enrichment of the runoff water decreased from forage > barley-S > barley-C treatment. In general, more NO3-N was lost in the runoff water than in the sediment. Key words: Erosion, sediment quality, water quality, nutrient loss, nitrogen forms, phosphorus forms.

scholarly journals Effect of Ridge Height, Row Grade, and Field Slope on Nutrient Losses in Runoff in Contour Ridge Systems under Seepage with Rainfall Condition

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 2022
Author(s):  
Juan An ◽  
Jibiao Geng ◽  
Huiling Yang ◽  
Hongli Song ◽  
Bin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Nutrient Loss ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
N Loss ◽  
Rainfall Condition ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
P Loss ◽  
Ridge Height ◽  
Negative Effect

Seepage plays a key role in nutrient loss and easily occurs in widely-used contour ridge systems due to the ponding process. However, the characteristics of nutrient loss and its influential factors under seepage with rainfall condition in contour ridge systems are still unclear. In this study, 23 seepage and rainfall simulation experiments are arranged in an orthogonal rotatable central composite design to investigate the role of ridge height, row grade, and field slope on Nitrate (NO3−–N) and Orthophosphate (PO4+3–P) losses resulting from seepage in contour ridge systems. In total, three types of NO3−–N and PO4+3–P loss were observed according to erosion processes of inter-rill–headward, inter-rill–headward–contour failure, and inter-rill–headward–contour failure–rill. Our results demonstrated that second-order polynomial regression models were obtained to predict NO3−–N and PO4+3–P loss with the independent variables of ridge height, row grade, and field slope. Ridge height was the most important factor for nutrient loss, with a significantly positive effect and the greatest contribution (52.35–53.47%). The secondary factor of row grade exerted a significant and negative effect, and was with a contribution of 19.86–24.11% to nutrient loss. The interaction between ridge height and row grade revealed a significantly negative effect on NO3−–N loss, whereas interactions among the three factors did not significantly affect PO4+3–P loss. Field slope only significantly affected NO3−–N loss. The optimal design of a contour ridge system to control nutrient loss was obtained at ridge height of 8 cm, row grade of 2°, and field slope of 6.5°. This study provides a method to assess and model nutrient loss, and improves guidance to implement contour ridge systems in terms of nutrient loss control.

Transport of herbicides and nutrients in surface runoff from corn cropland in southern Ontario

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. T. Bowman ◽  
G. J. Wall ◽  
D. J. King
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Surface Transport ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
Runoff Losses ◽  
Water Quality Objectives

The risk of surface-water contamination by herbicides is greatest following application to cropland when the active ingredients are at the maximum concentration and the soil is the most vulnerable to erosion following cultivation. This study determined the magnitude of surface runoff losses of herbicide and nutrients at, and subsequent to, application. The first of three weekly 10-min, 2.6-cm rainfalls were simulated on triplicated 1-m plots (a set) on which corn had been planted and the herbicide (metolachlor/atrazine, 1.5:1.0) and fertilizer (28% N at 123 kg ha−1) had just been applied. Identical simulations were applied to two other adjacent plot sets (protected from rainfall) 1 and 2 wk following herbicide application. Runoff (natural, simulated) was monitored for soil, nutrient and herbicide losses. Concentrations of total phosphorus in surface runoff water and nitrate N in field-filtered samples were not significantly influenced by the time of the rainfall simulation but exceeded provincial water-quality objectives. Atrazine and metolachlor runoff losses were greatest from simulated rainfall (about 5% loss) immediately following application. Subsequent simulated rainfall usually resulted in < 1% herbicide runoff losses. Herbicide concentrations in all plot runoff samples exceeded provincial drinking-water quality objectives. Since herbicide surface transport is primarily in the solution phase (not via association with soil particles), water-management conservation technologies are the key to retaining these chemicals on cropland. Key words: Herbicide, runoff, rainfall simulation, partitioning, water quality

Soil Type Modifies the Impacts of Warming and Snow Exclusion on Carbon and Nutrient Losses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie M. Juice ◽  
Paul G. Schaberg ◽  
Alexandra M. Kosiba ◽  
Carl E. Waite ◽  
Gary J. Hawley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Nutrient Cycling ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Soil Characteristics ◽  
Nutrient Loss ◽  
Climate Projections ◽  
Nutrient Losses ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Total N ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The varied and wide-reaching impacts of climate change are occurring across heterogeneous landscapes. Despite the known importance of soils in mediating biogeochemical nutrient cycling, there is little experimental evidence of how soil characteristics may shape ecosystem response to climate change. Our objective was to clarify how soil characteristics modify the impact of climate changes on carbon and nutrient leaching losses in temperate forests. We therefore conducted a field-based mesocosm experiment with replicated warming and snow exclusion treatments on two soils in large (2.4 m diameter), in-field forest sapling mesocosms. We found that nutrient loss responses to warming and snow exclusion treatments frequently varied substantially by soil type. Indeed, in some cases, soil type nullified the impact of a climate treatment. For example, warming and snow exclusion increased nitrogen (N) losses on fine soils by up to four times versus controls, but these treatments had no impact on coarse soils. Generally, the coarse textured soil, with its lower soil-water holding capacity, had higher nutrient losses (e.g., 12-17 times more total N loss from coarse than fine soils), except in the case of phosphate, which had consistently higher losses (23-58%) from the finer textured soil. Furthermore, the mitigation of nutrient loss by increasing tree biomass varied by soil type and nutrient. Our results suggest that potentially large biogeochemical responses to climate change are strongly mediated by soil characteristics, providing further evidence of the need to consider soil properties in Earth system models for improving nutrient cycling and climate projections.

scholarly journals Window phase analysis of nutrient losses from a typical rice-planting area in the Yangtze river delta region of China

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuang He ◽  
Fayong Li ◽  
Xinqiang Liang ◽  
Hua Li ◽  
Sheng Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yangtze River ◽  
Yangtze River Delta ◽  
Nutrient Loss ◽  
The Yangtze River ◽  
Delta Region ◽  
Total N ◽  
Yangtze River Delta Region ◽  
Runoff Losses ◽  
The Yangtze River Delta ◽  
Total P

Abstract Background Rice paddy wetlands may serve as a nutrient source or sink in agricultural ecosystems. However, the pattern of nutrient loss on a large scale is not clear. A year-round on-site observation study based on 6 h intervals was conducted. Rainfall, temperature, runoff nutrient concentrations, and adjacent stream water samples were automatically monitored to uncover the temporal changes in the runoff losses of the main nutrient proxies (total N and total P) from a typical rice-planting area (120 ha) in the Yangtze river delta region of China.Results A high total N concentration in the rice-planting area was observed during the rice-planting season; however, a larger fluctuation in the total P was evident throughout the year. The Δtotal N (drainage minus stream) parameter showed negative values with a mean of −0.25 mg L −1 , while Δtotal P showed positive values with a mean of 0.06 mg L −1 . The window phases for the total N loss are mainly concentrated in the rice-growing season. However, the window phase for the total P loss was more dispersive throughout the year. No clear relationships were found between rainfall and N and P concentrations by self-organizing map analysis.Conclusions This high-resolution monitoring suggested that nutrient loss loading, rather than nutrient concentration, was strongly related to runoff depth, and the avoidance of fertilization before high-intensity rainfall could mitigate the nutrient runoff losses and maintain the rice wetland eco-function.

Prevention of Soil Erosion and Torrential Floods

2022 ◽  
pp. 92-111
Author(s):  
Bhavya Kavitha Dwarapureddi ◽  
Swathi Dash ◽  
Aman Raj ◽  
Nihanth Soury Garika ◽  
Ankit Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Climate Change ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Erosion Rate ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Nutrient Loss ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Over Exploitation ◽  
Flood Waves

Climatic conditions, precise relief features, variations of soil, flora cover, socio-economic conditions together lead to torrential flood waves as a result of current soil erosion processes. Erosion and torrential floods are aggravated due to over exploitation of agricultural and forest land along with urbanization. Effects of soil erosion include nutrient loss, land use changes, reduced productivity, siltation of water bodies, among other effects like affecting livelihood of marginal communities dependent on agriculture globally and public health. Nearly 11 million km2 of soil is impacted by erosion precisely by water. Other factors like intensified agriculture and climate change contribute to and aggravate the erosion rate. Contemporary torrential floods are characterized by their increased destruction and frequency unlike the pre-development periods when their occurrence was rare. The focus of this review is to compile and aid as a data base for understanding methods of preventing erosion of soil and torrential floods as put forth by various researchers.

How do natural disturbances and human activities affect soils and tree nutrition and growth in the Canadian boreal forest?

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.G. Maynard ◽  
D. Paré ◽  
E. Thiffault ◽  
B. Lafleur ◽  
K.E. Hogg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Nutrient Loss ◽  
Natural Disturbances ◽  
Boreal Zone ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
P Fertilization ◽  
Total N ◽  
Multiple Disturbances ◽  
Tree Nutrition

There are concerns about the effect of increasing resource extraction and other human activities on the soils and vegetation of the boreal zone. The review covers published papers between 1974 and 2012 to assess the effects of natural disturbances and human activities on soils and tree nutrition and growth of the Canadian boreal zone. Changes in soil and foliar nutrients following disturbance were also analyzed by meta-analysis. When sufficient replicated studies were not available for a given disturbance or nutrient, response assessments or narrative summaries are presented. The majority of fertilization studies in the boreal zone showed a positive tree growth response to nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilization either individually or in combination. Large amounts of N may be lost through volatilization following fire depending on the severity and frequency of the fire. This may contribute to N limitation in the boreal zone. Available soil P and extractable calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) increased in the surface horizons following fire. In contrast, extractable P decreased following harvest. Harvesting had no effect on total or inorganic N except in mixedwoods where total N decreased in the surface organic horizon following harvest. These are potential areas of concern given tree growth responses to N and P fertilization. Potassium (K) in the forest floor did not change following fire or harvesting; thus, K availability for tree nutrition should not be at risk, since its cycle is rapidly restored. Mercury (Hg) cycling may be altered in the boreal zone as a result of flooding and if fire return intervals and intensities increase. Interactions of multiple disturbances may increase the risk of nutrient depletions, but there is currently little information on these interactions in the boreal zone. Evidence to date suggests the soils of the Canadian boreal zone have not been adversely affected except in localized areas. However, there is the risk of nutrient loss if soils are not considered in our forest management strategies, particularly where multiple disturbances may interact. The potential for off-site movement of nutrients and contaminants into the atmospheric and aquatic ecosystems, in addition to on-site environmental issues, is also a concern.

Minimising off-site movement of contaminants in furrow irrigation using polyacrylamide (PAM). II. Phosphorus, nitrogen, carbon, and sediment

Soil Research ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle P. Oliver ◽  
Rai S. Kookana
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Sediment Surface ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Mode Of Application

Off-site movement of nutrients and sediment from furrow-irrigated agriculture has been a concern in the Ord River Irrigation Area, Western Australia. After consultation with growers, a range of management strategies were tested to assess the effectiveness of various practices to minimise off-site movement of nutrients during irrigation. This paper reports on the effectiveness of the additions of high molecular weight, anionic, polyacrylamide (PAM) to irrigation water to minimise off-site movement of phosphorus, nitrogen, carbon, and sediment. Surface runoff water quantity and quality from 4 separate irrigation bays, which contained 25 furrows per irrigation bay, was monitored over time for a single irrigation 35 days after sowing. Addition of PAM as a puck (cylindrical disc 55 mm diameter by 23 mm height) to the head of each irrigation furrow significantly (P < 0.001) decreased the average volume of surface runoff water leaving the irrigation bays by 54%, from 599 kL for the control irrigation bays to 277 kL for the PAM-treated irrigation bays. The addition of PAM also significantly (P < 0.001) decreased the average total suspended sediment load for the duration of the irrigation from 94.9 kg/ha for the control bays to 13.4 kg/ha for the PAM-treated irrigation bays. The concentrations of the different forms of N, P, and C measured in the runoff water were not significantly different between the 2 treatments. The amounts (g) of particulate (>0.45 µm) P and dissolved organic C were significantly (P < 0.01) less from the PAM-treated bays than from the control bays. There was a consistent trend for the addition of PAM to decrease the cumulative mass loss of all nutrients (N, P, and C) measured. However, significant decreases were only seen for particulate (>0.45 µm) P (by 94%), unfiltered (or total) N (by 56%), and unfiltered (or total) C (by 60%). This experiment demonstrated that the addition of PAM to irrigation waters has the potential to decrease the off-site movement of nutrients bound to colloidal material. However, in this study off-site movement of contaminants present in the ‘soluble’ (<0.45 µm) fraction is unlikely to be mitigated by the addition of PAM to irrigation water. The mode of application of PAM, however, may affect water infiltration and hence vertical movement of ‘soluble’ contaminants and requires further investigation to ensure that while off-site surface transport is being minimised, contamination of groundwater is not being increased. Other strategies to minimise off-site movement for contaminants in the dissolved phase also need investigation.

scholarly journals Effect of cow dung as organic manure on the growth, leaf biomass yield of Stevia rebaudiana and post harvest soil fertility

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
MM Zaman ◽  
T Chowdhury ◽  
K Nahar ◽  
MAH Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Calcareous Soil ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Plant Nutrients ◽  
Nutrient Loss ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Total N ◽  
Yield Attributes ◽  
Post Harvest

Organic manures as a source of plant nutrients for the cultivation of field crops has received worldwide attention due to rising costs, rapid nutrient loss and adverse environmental impacts from inorganic fertilizers. A pot experiment was conducted in the net house of the Department of Agricultural Chemistry, BangladeshAgriculturalUniversity, Mymensingh to observe the effects of cow dung on growth, yield of stevia along with post-harvest fertility status of soil. Four treatments of CD viz. 0, 5, 7.5 and 10 t ha–1 in two contrasting soils (acid and non-calcareous) were examined following Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. Growth and yield attributes increased significantly with the advancement of growth period (60 DAP) and increased rate of CD up to 10 t ha–1. An overall performance of non-calcareous soil was better than acid soil. In non-calcareous soil, the leaf biomass yield was increased by 275% whereas in acid soil it was 268% over control. The acidity of both soils significantly decreased with the increased rate of CD. All essential plant nutrients viz. total N, available P exchangeable K, Ca, Mg, available S, Zn, B and organic matter content of soil were significantly increased with the increased levels of CD up to its highest dose (CD @ 10 t ha–1) in both soils. Thus from the findings of the present research work it can be concluded that for getting optimum leaf biomass yield of stevia along with fertility of both soils CD should be applied @ 10 t ha–1J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 15(2): 206-211, December 2017

scholarly journals Evaluation of the relationships between runoff-rainfall-sediment related nutrient loss (A case study: Kojour Watershed, Iran)

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 172-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Noor ◽  
S. Fazli ◽  
S.M. Alibakhshi
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nutrient Loss ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Good Efficiency ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
P Loss ◽  
Major Nutrients ◽  
Management Approaches

Suspended sediment (SS) resulted from distributed soil erosions facilitates soil organic matter and phosphorus&nbsp;(P) transportation and influences soil depletion and water quality. Organic matter (OM) in soil is the most important indicator of soil quality and productivity. P is one of the major nutrients controlling eutrophication of surface water. Irregular contaminant load pulsed by heavy rainfall may damage the ecological quality of downstream waters. Evaluation of OM and P, depleted by erosion processes in watershed scale, is necessary for better understanding the watershed system and should lead to appropriate management approaches. On the other hand, different behaviours of soil erosion as well as the necessity of regional studies have been proved. The present study was conducted in the Kojour watershed, Iran in order to (1) get some ideas about the storm-wise OM and P load in river, (2) evaluate the relationship between the peak of OM and P concentration and discharge during individual rainfall events, and (3) assess the applicability of rainfall and runoff variables of ten storm events in the prediction of storm-wise OM and P loss. The results showed that most of the OM and P&nbsp;peaks preceded the peak discharge, following a clockwise hysteretic loop that exhibited hysteresis with a greater OM and P&nbsp;concentration for a given discharge occurring on the rising limb rather than on the falling limb. The results also showed that regression models had good efficiency in estimation of storm-wise OM and P loss with coefficient of determination of 0.96 and 0.93, respectively.

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