Soil and fertilizer phosphorus: Effects on plant P supply and mycorrhizal development

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia Grant ◽  
Shabtai Bittman ◽  
Marcia Montreal ◽  
Christian Plenchette ◽  
Christian Morel
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Mycorrhizal Associations ◽  
Mycorrhizal Association ◽  
Mycorrhizal Development ◽  
P Supply

Plants require adequate P from the very early stages of growth for optimum crop production. Phosphorus supply to the crop is affected by soil P, P fertilizer management and by soil and environmental conditions influencing P phytoavailability and root growth. Phosphorus uptake in many crops is improved by associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Cropping system and long-term input of P through fertilizers and manures can influence the amount and phytoavailability of P in the system and the development of mycorrhizal associations. Optimum yield potential requires an adequate P supply to the crop from the soil or from P additions. Where early-season P supply is low, P fertilization may improve P nutrition and crop yield potential. Alternately, under low-P conditions, encouragement of arbuscular mycorrhizal associations may enhance P uptake by crops early in the growing season, improving crop yield potential and replacing starter fertilizer P applications. Soil P supply that exceeds P requirements of the crop may preclude mycorrhizal development. To encourage arbuscular mycorrhizal association, threshold levels of soil solution P that restrict mycorrhizal development must not be exceeded. Sustainable P management practices must be applied both in conventional and in alternative biologically based agricultural systems. Key words: Microbiology, fertility, colonization

scholarly journals Phosphorus uptake and toxicity is delimited by mycorrhizal symbiosis in P-sensitive Eucalyptus marginata but not in P-tolerant Acacia celastrifolia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Tibbett ◽  
Matthew I Daws ◽  
Megan H Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽  
Eucalyptus Marginata ◽  
Mycorrhizal Associations ◽  
Leaf P

Many plant species from regions with ancient, highly-weathered nutrient-depleted soils have specialised adaptations for acquiring P and are sensitive to excess P-supply. Mycorrhizal associations may regulate P-uptake at high external P-concentrations, potentially reducing P-toxicity. We predicted that excess P-application will negatively impact species from the nutrient-depleted jarrah forest of Western Australia and that mycorrhizal inoculation will reduce P-toxicity by regulating P-uptake. For seedlings of the N2-fixing legume Acacia celastrifolia and the tree species Eucalyptus marginata, we measured growth at P-concentrations of 0 to 90 mg kg-1 soil and in relation to inoculation with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Rhizophagus irregularis. Non-inoculated A. celastrifolia maintained leaf P-concentrations at <2 mg g-1 dry mass (DM) across the range of external P-concentrations. However, for non-inoculated E. marginata, as external P-concentrations increased leaf P also increased, reaching >9 mg g-1 DM at 30 mg P kg-1 soil. A. celastrifolia DM increased with increasing external P-concentrations, while E. marginata DM was maximal at 15 mg P kg-1 soil, declining at higher external P concentrations. Neither DM nor leaf P of A. celastrifolia were affected by inoculation with AMF. For E. marginata, even at 90 mg P kg-1 soil, inoculation with AMF resulted in leaf P remaining <1 mg g-1 DM, and DM being maintained. These data strengthen the evidence base that AMF may not only facilitate P-uptake at low external P-concentrations, but are also important for moderating P-uptake at elevated external P-concentrations and maintaining plant P concentrations within a relatively narrow concentration range.

Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Associations of Vascular Plants on Heron Island, a Great Barrier Reef Coral Cay

1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rl Peterson ◽  
AE Ashford ◽  
WG Allaway
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Reef Coral ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy ◽  
Vegetation Zones ◽  
Mycorrhizal Associations ◽  
Mycorrhizal Association ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Associations

Roots of 42 species of angiosperms collected from all vegetation zones on Heron Island were cleared, stained with chlorazol black E and assessed for vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM). Percentage of root length colonized was determined using the gridline intersect method, while stages in internal development of the mycorrhizal association were determined by mounting cleared root pieces on microscope slides and examining them with Nomarski differential interference contrast microscopy. Fifty-seven percent of the species had VAM and of these the percentage of root length colonized varied from 3 to 100%. There were no statistically significant differences among the four vegetation zones of the island in the number of species colonized. About the same proportion of trees and shrubs had VAM as did the herbs. Two species of Brassicaceae, Lepidium virginicum and Sisymbrium orientale, had VAM. All but three species with VAM had both arbuscules and vesicles; arbuscules were not found in Casuarina equisetifolia var. incana, Sisymbrium orientale and Tribulus cistoides.

scholarly journals Arbuscular mycorrhizal enhancement of phosphorus uptake and yields of maize under high planting density in the black soil region of China

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liyuan Hou ◽  
Xiaofei Zhang ◽  
Gu Feng ◽  
Zheng Li ◽  
Yubin Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Depth ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Hyphal Length ◽  
Soil P ◽  
High Yields

AbstractArbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbioses are an attractive means of improving the efficiency of soil phosphorus (P) that difficult to be used by plants and may provide a sustainable way of maintaining high yields while reducing P applications. However, quantifying the contribution of indigenous AM fungi on phosphorus uptake and yields of maize (Zea mays L.) under field conditions is not particularly clear. Mesh-barrier compartments were applied to monitor the distribution of hyphal P uptake throughout the experimental period under different planting densities and soil depths, over two consecutive years. AM symbioses enhanced plant P-acquisition efficiency, especially during the silking stage, and hyphae of AM fungi was assessed to contribution 19.4% at most to total available P content of soil. Moreover, the pattern of AM depletion of soil P generally matched shoot nutrient demand under the high planting density, which resulted in significantly increased yield in 2014. Although the hyphal length density was significantly decreased with soil depth, AM fungi still had high potential for P supply in deeper soil. It demonstrates the great potential of indigenous AM fungi to maize productivity in the high-yield area of China, and it would further provide the possibility of elimination P fertilizer applications to maintain high yields.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Fertilisation Increases Specific Root Respiration in Ectomycorrhizal but Not in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Plants: A Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bahareh Bicharanloo ◽  
Timothy R. Cavagnaro ◽  
Claudia Keitel ◽  
Feike A. Dijkstra
Keyword(s):  
Root Respiration ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Mycorrhizal Associations ◽  
Mycorrhizal Association ◽  
Multi Level

Plants spend a high proportion of their photosynthetically fixed carbon (C) belowground to support mycorrhizal associations in return for nutrients, but this C expenditure may decrease with increased soil nutrient availability. In this study, we assessed how the effects of nitrogen (N) fertiliser on specific root respiration (SRR) varied among mycorrhizal type (Myco type). We conducted a multi-level meta-analysis across 1,600 observations from 32 publications. SRR increased in ectomycorrhizal (ECM) plants with more than 100 kg N ha−1 applied, did not change in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and non-mycorrhizal (NM) plants, but increased in plants with a dual mycorrhizal association in response to N fertilisation. Our results suggest that high N availability (&gt;100 kg N ha−1) could disadvantage the growth of ECM plants because of increased C costs associated with maintaining higher root N concentrations, while the insensitivity in SRR by AM plants to N fertilisation may be because AM fungi are more important for phosphorus (P) uptake.

Colonisation by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi changes the relationship between phosphorus uptake and membrane potential in leek (Allium porrum) seedlings

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah M. Ayling ◽  
Sally E. Smith ◽  
F. Andrew Smith
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Allium Porrum ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Mycorrhizal Roots ◽  
Am Fungus ◽  
The Relationship

The effect of colonisation by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on the relationship between phosphorus (P) uptake and root membrane electric potential difference (p.d.) was investigated in leek (Allium porrum L.). Plants were grown, with or without the AM fungus Scutellospora calospora (Nicolson and Gerdemann) Walker and Sanders, in soil. P uptake and root p.d. were correlated; plants with the highest P concentration in the shoot had the most negative p.d. This relationship was strong in non-mycorrhizal leeks (r2 = 84–98%), but weaker in mycorrhizal leeks (r2 = 55–64%), consistent with the idea that in mycorrhizal roots the fungal hyphae are the principal site of P uptake.

Roots of Jarrah Forest Plants .I. Mycorrhizal Associations of Shrubs and Herbaceous Plants

1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 445 ◽  
Author(s):  
MC Brundrett ◽  
LK Abbott
Keyword(s):  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Cluster Roots ◽  
Jarrah Forest ◽  
Eucalyptus Marginata ◽  
Mycorrhizal Associations ◽  
Mycorrhizal Association ◽  
Eucalypt Woodland ◽  
Forest Plants

This survey included 109 plants native to the jarrah forest (a mediterranean eucalypt woodland in south-western Australia dominated by Eucalyptus marginata and E. calophylla). Mycorrhizal formation by seedlings of these plants was examined after inoculation with isolates of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi, or after growth in intact cores of natural habitat soil containing VAM and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi. These methods were supplemented by examining roots from mature forest-grown plants, so that different methods and criteria for designating mycorrhizal association types could be considered. Most plants had one of the following types of mycorrhizal association: VAM only (56% of species); both ECM and VAM (16% of species); or non-mycorrhizal roots (25% of species, which also had long root hairs and/or cluster roots). Plants with dual ECM/VAM associations often formed ECM more readily than VAM. With the exception of the large and diverse families, Papilionaceae, Myrtaceae and Anthericaceae, plants within a family had consistent mycorrhizal relations, as did the members of most genera.

scholarly journals Spore communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and mycorrhizal associations in different ecosystems, south Australia

2002 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 627-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. I. Antoniolli ◽  
E. Facelli ◽  
P. O'Connor ◽  
D. Miller ◽  
K. Ophel-Keller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Plantago Lanceolata ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Permanent Pasture ◽  
Mycorrhizal Associations ◽  
Sampling Times

Communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) were surveyed in different South Australian ecosystems. The soil was wet-sieved for spore extraction, followed by the determination of presence and abundance of AMF species as well as the percentage of root colonization. Mycorrhizal associations were common and there was substantial fungal diversity in different ecosystems. Spores were most abundant in the permanent pasture system and less abundant under continuous wheat. The incidence of mycorrhizal associations in different plant species and the occurrence of Arum and Paris type colonization generally conformed with previous information. Spores of seventeen AMF were verified throughout seasonal changes in 1996 and 1997 in the permanent pasture and on four host species (Lolium perenne, Plantago lanceolata, Sorghum sp. and Trifolium subterraneum) , set up with the same soils under greenhouse conditions. Glomus mosseae was the dominant spore type at all sampling times and in all trap cultures. Mycorrhizal diversity was significantly affected by different sampling times in trap cultures but not in field-collected soil. P. lanceolata, Sorghum sp. and T. subterraneum as hosts for trap cultures showed no differences in richness and diversity of AMF spores that developed in association with their roots. Abundance and diversity were lowest, however, in association with L. perenne , particularly in December 1996. Results show that the combination of spore identification from field-collected soil and trap cultures is essential to study population and diversity of AMF. The study provides baseline data for ongoing monitoring of mycorrhizal populations using conventional methods and material for the determination of the symbiotic effectiveness of AMF key members.

scholarly journals Impacts of Urbanization Undermine Nestedness of the Plant–Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Network

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Litao Lin ◽  
Yun Chen ◽  
Guorui Xu ◽  
Yuxin Zhang ◽  
Shuang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Forest Park ◽  
Mycorrhizal Associations ◽  
Mycorrhizal Association ◽  
Fungal Associations

Cities are prone to ecological problems, yet the impacts of rapid global urbanization on the feedback between above- and belowground subsystems remain largely unknown. We sampled the roots of 8 common herbaceous plants within the Fifth Ring (urban areas) and in Jiufeng National Forest Park (rural areas) in Beijing (China) to assess the impacts of urbanization on the network of plant-arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal associations. Using Illumina MiSeq sequencing, 81 AM fungal OTUs were identified in 78 herb root samples. The Shannon, Simpson, and Pielou indices of root AM fungi in urban areas were significantly higher than those in rural areas. In this study, a significantly nested mycorrhizal association network was observed in rural areas (NODF = 64.68), whereas a non-nested pattern was observed in urban areas (NODF = 55.50). The competition index C-score (0.0769) of AM fungi in urban areas was slightly lower than that in rural areas (0.1431), and the species specialization (d’) of 8 host plants and fungal dissimilarity among 8 host plants in urban areas were significantly lower than those in rural areas. Convergent associations among hosts may be an important factor influencing this non-nested pattern of the plant-AM fungi network in urban areas. Generalists, rather than specialists, were enhanced during the establishment of mycorrhizal associations in urban areas. Our results suggest that reduced selectivity of host plants, and generalist promotion and specialist reduction of AM fungi during urbanization may contribute to the non-nested network of plant-AM fungal associations.

scholarly journals Agricultural management and pesticide use reduce the phosphorus uptake capability of beneficial plant symbionts

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Edlinger ◽  
Gina Garland ◽  
Samiran Banerjee ◽  
Florine Degrune ◽  
Pablo García-Palacios ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Cereal Fields ◽  
Global Food ◽  
Hyphal Compartment

Abstract Phosphorus (P) acquisition is key for global food production. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) help plants acquire P and are considered key for the design of sustainable agroecosystems. However, how the functioning of AMF varies across agricultural soils and responds to management practices is still unknown. Here, we collected soils from 150 cereal fields and 60 non-cropped grassland sites across Europe, and in a greenhouse experiment, we tested the ability of AMF in these soils to forage for radioisotope-labelled 33P from a hyphal compartment. Hyphal-mediated P uptake was 64% higher in non-cropped grassland compared to cropland soils. Soil pH and organic carbon best explained the hyphal-mediated P uptake in the grasslands, while the use of fungicide in croplands reduced P uptake in the croplands by 43%. Our results suggest that land-use intensity and fungicide use are major deterrents to the natural capacity of AMF to contribute to sustainable crop production.

Bromide redistribution as influenced by landscape morphology and pedogenic properties in a variable glacial till landscape: A qualitative examination

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 477-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
D A Whetter ◽  
P R Bullock ◽  
L G Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Glacial Till ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Recovery Rates ◽  
Development Indicators ◽  
Spring Runoff

Redistribution of water and associated solutes in undulating to hummocky landscapes affects crop yield via losses of valuable nutrients and negatively impacts groundwater quality. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of qualitative soil-landscape complexes on vertical and lateral redistribution of solutes in a variable glacial till landscape under zero tillage agricultural management by employing a bromide tracer. Tracer plots were established in the fall of 1999 within three sites comprising three representative soil-slope associations. Values of soil development indicators (A horizon thickness, solum thickness, depth to CaCO3, profile development index and organic carbon) generally increased from crest to midslope to depression. Further to this, the occurrence and thickness of eluvial and illuvial horizons increased from crest to midslope to depression. Well-developed, clay-coated blocky Bt horizons with vertical cracking and overlying Ae horizons in depressions appeared to have favoured rapid, downward vertical bromide redistribution. Crest positions were the least anisotropic and vertical redistribution was more important than lateral redistribution at this position. A combination of topographic and pedologic factors resulted in more lateral redistribution at the midslope position relative to crests and depressions. Bromide recovery rates in the top 60 cm of the soil profile indicated that most of the recovered bromide remained within that depth following spring runoff, but had mostly leached below that depth after the growing season, particularly at the depression position. Low bromide recovery rates in the top 30 cm following spring runoff, indicated that reduced availability of fall-applied nutrients for early crop growth could be expected at crest and depression positions following spring runoff. Bromide redistribution was important during both spring recharge and over the growing season at the depression position. Bromide movement below crop rooting depths and into shallow groundwater sources provides evidence that fall-applied nutrients can enter groundwater following both spring melt and growing season runoff in depressional landscape positions, especially in recharge areas. Management practices to reduce over-application of soluble nutrients and surface water accumulation, or both, in depressional areas may be an effective means to lower the risk of groundwater contamination with soluble nutrients without jeopardizing crop yield potential across the majority of the landscape positions in undulating to hummocky glacial till terrain. Key words: Solute redistribution, bromide tracer, soil properties, topography, landscape

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