Whole-season grass response to and recovery of nitrogen applied at various rates and distributions in a high rainfall environment

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Bittman ◽  
C. G. Kowalenko
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
High Rainfall ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Soil Inorganic N ◽  
Herbage Yield ◽  
Nitrate Concentrations ◽  
Soil Inorganic

High rates of nitrogen (N) fertilizer are often used on perennial grass in the coastal region of British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest, but there is little information on optimum rates for abundant high-quality yields and on their environmental implications. A field trial was conducted in each of 3 yr to determine the effect of rates and distributions of N on whole-season herbage yield and quality, and pre- and post-season extractable inorganic N in the soil. Yearly rates were 100, 200 and 400 kg N ha−1 applied to each of four cuts in the following distributions: 1.00/0/0/0, 0.50/0.25/0.25/0 and 0.25/0.25/0.25/0.25. Whole-season yield was increased by increasing rates of N in all three trials, but the increase varied from 17% (Trial 1) to 127% (Trial 3). Distributing the N uniformly through the season resulted in only a 5% increase in yield compared with applying all of the N at the beginning of the season. Rate of N had a substantial effect on average herbage crude protein and nitrate concentrations, but the distribution effect was greater on herbage N constituents than on yield. Increasing rates of N consistently increased average herbage nitrate concentrations, and crude protein in two of three trials. Applying all of the N at the beginning of the season increased average herbage crude protein and nitrate concentrations more than distributing it evenly through the season. Extractable inorganic N in the soil at the end of the season increased only at 400 kg N ha−1 rate and was not affected by distribution. Although distribution pattern influenced herbage yield and nitrogen concentrations, distribution did not influence total herbage N uptake or recovery in herbage plus soil. Rates and distributions of N on grass influenced herbage yield and quality, and soil extractable inorganic N in different ways; therefore, compromises in N management are required to optimize forage yield and quality, and soil nitrate concentrations. Autumn soil inorganic N testing may be useful as feedback information for fertilizer recommendations in the subsequent season. Spring soil inorganic N testing was a poor predictor of crop response to fertilizer in the high rainfall environment of the study. Key words: Nitrogen, plant crude protein, plant nitrate, forage yield, forage quality, apparent N recovery, residual soil N, soil N test

scholarly journals DETERMINATION OF HERBAGE YIELD AND QUALITY OF DIFFERENT SOYBEAN VARIETIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (20) ◽  
pp. 13-18
Author(s):  
Yasin Akinci ◽  
Mahmut Kaplan
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Herbage Yield ◽  
Effect On Yield

Objectives of the present study are to determine the variations in forage yield and quality of soybean cultivars. Experiments were conducted in randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications during the growing season of 2016. A total of 10 cultivars were used as the plant material of the experiments (Bravo, A3127, Traksoy, İlksoy, Mersoy, Nova, SA-88, Arısoy, Safir, Atakişi). Cultivars had a significant effect on yield and chemical composition. Results revealed that green herbage yields varied between 826.39 - 1199.17 kg/da, dry hay yields between 247.71 - 357.90 kg/da, crude protein yields between 16.91 - 39.86 kg/da, acid detergent fiber (ADF) ratios between 26.56 - 34.61%, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) ratios between 38.43 - 44.85%, crude ash contents between 7.20 - 11.22%, crude protein contents between 6.66 - 13.53%, dry matter digestibility (DDM) values between 61.94 - 68.21%, dry matter intake (DMI) values between 2.68 - 3.12% and relative feed values (RFV) between 2.68 - 3.12. The results of the study showed that A3127 cultivar was found to be prominent with green herbage yield (1199.17 kg/da) and dry hay yield (357.90 kg/da) and Safir cultivar was found to be prominent with crude protein yield (39.86 kg/da). It was concluded that the soybean cultivars A3127 and Safir could be recommended for hay production.

scholarly journals Effect of soil covering on nitrogen availability of vineyards soils in Champagne area

OENO One ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 163
Author(s):  
Pascal Thiebeau ◽  
Christian Herré ◽  
Anne-France Doledec ◽  
André Perraud ◽  
Laurent Panigai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
N Mineralization ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Soil Inorganic N ◽  
Soil Inorganic

<p style="text-align: justify;">We studied the effect of soil cover (bare soil, mulch of barks or composted organic materials, grass cover) on soil N dynamics in various experimental vineyards located in Champagne area (France). Soil cores were sampled periodically to measure water and mineral N in soil profile during autumn and winter. These measurements were used in a simple dynamic model (LIXIM) to calculate nitrate leaching and N mineralization. N mineralization potential of soils were also determined in laboratory incubations in controlled conditions. In most sites, soil inorganic N contents (0-75 cm) varied between 20 and 60 kg N ha-1, depending of the season. Soil inorganic N in plots receiving barks or composted barks or covered with grass did not differ significantly from control plots. Higher amounts of inorganic N were found in soils amended with refuse compost, peat or mixed compost (barks + farmyard manure) or composted farmyard manure. The model indicated that N leached varied from 8 to 77 kg N ha-1 and that the mean nitrate concentration in drained water was less than 50 mg NO3- L-1 except for plots receiving refuse compost or bark + farmyard manure compost. The calculated N mineralization varied from 9 to 45 kg N ha-1 over the autumn-winter period, i.e. 118 to 182 days. The N mineralization rate (Vp), expressed per 'normalised day' i.e. day at 15°C and field capacity, varied from 0.15 to 0.82 kg N ha-1 nd-1, including all sites and experimental treatments. Effect of organic matter addition on Vp was only observed for long-term experimental sites where large amounts of organic nitrogen had been added to soil using peat, refuse compost or compost mixtures with barks and farmyard manure. The Vp values measured in laboratory incubations showed the same trends and were in the same order of magnitude than those calculated with LIXIM model using in situ data. In average, the values measured in laboratory incubations underestimated the actual N mineralization in field conditions. The model was used to predict N mineralization and inorganic N in soil during the vegetative period using Vp values. It allowed to estimate the N uptake by vine: 10 ± 5 kg N ha-1 at flowering and 57 ± 5 kg N ha-1 over the whole growing period. These results show that soil N availability was sufficient to feed the vine during the whole growing period and that no inorganic N fertilisation was necessary, even in the grass covered soil. In this soil, water availability is probably the limiting factor when depressive effects are observed. On the long-term, it is necessary to manage the amount and quality of added organic matter since organic inputs may modify N availability and therefore vine behaviour, wine quality and environmental risks.</p>

scholarly journals Abiotic versus biotic controls on soil nitrogen cycling in drylands along a 3200 km transect

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongwei Liu ◽  
Weixing Zhu ◽  
Xiaobo Wang ◽  
Yuepeng Pan ◽  
Chao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arid Zone ◽  
N Cycling ◽  
Mean Annual Precipitation ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
N Transformations ◽  
Soil Inorganic N ◽  
Soil Inorganic ◽  
Biotic Controls

Abstract. Nitrogen (N) cycling of drylands under changing climate is not well understood. Our understanding about N cycling over larger scales to date relies heavily on the measurement of bulk soil N, and the information about soil internal N transformations remains limited. The 15N natural abundance (δ15N) of ammonium and nitrate can serve as a proxy record for the N processes in soils. To better understand the patterns and mechanisms of water availability on soil N cycling in drylands, we collected soils along a 3200 km dryland transect at about 100 km intervals in northern China, with mean annual precipitation (MAP) from 36 mm to 436 mm. We analysed N pools and δ15N of ammonium, dual isotopes (15N and 18O) of nitrate, and the microbial gene abundance associated with soil N transformations. We found that the N status and their driven factors were different on the two sides of MAP = 100 mm. In the arid zone with MAP below 100 mm, soil inorganic N accumulated, with a large fraction being of atmospheric origin. Ammonia volatilization was strong because of the higher soil pH. The abundance of microbial genes associated with soil N transformations was also significantly low. In the semiarid zone with MAP above 100 mm, soil inorganic N concentrations were low and controlled mainly by biological processes, e.g., plant uptake and denitrification. The preference of soil ammonium to nitrate by the dominant plant species may enhance the possibility of soil nitrate loss via denitrification. Overall, our study suggest that the shifting from abiotic to biotic controls on soil N biogeochemistry under global climate changes would greatly affect N losses, soil N availability, and other N transformation processes in these drylands in China.

scholarly journals Abiotic versus biotic controls on soil nitrogen cycling in drylands along a 3200 km transect

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 989-1001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongwei Liu ◽  
Weixing Zhu ◽  
Xiaobo Wang ◽  
Yuepeng Pan ◽  
Chao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arid Zone ◽  
N Cycling ◽  
Mean Annual Precipitation ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
N Transformations ◽  
Soil Inorganic N ◽  
Soil Inorganic ◽  
Biotic Controls

Abstract. Nitrogen (N) cycling in drylands under changing climate is not well understood. Our understanding of N cycling over larger scales to date relies heavily on the measurement of bulk soil N, and the information about internal soil N transformations remains limited. The 15N natural abundance (δ15N) of ammonium and nitrate can serve as a proxy record for the N processes in soils. To better understand the patterns and mechanisms of N cycling in drylands, we collected soils along a 3200 km transect at about 100 km intervals in northern China, with mean annual precipitation (MAP) ranging from 36 to 436 mm. We analyzed N pools and δ15N of ammonium, dual isotopes (15N and 18O) of nitrate, and the microbial gene abundance associated with soil N transformations. We found that N status and its driving factors were different above and below a MAP threshold of 100 mm. In the arid zone with MAP below 100 mm, soil inorganic N accumulated, with a large fraction being of atmospheric origin, and ammonia volatilization was strong in soils with high pH. In addition, the abundance of microbial genes associated with soil N transformations was low. In the semiarid zone with MAP above 100 mm, soil inorganic N concentrations were low and were controlled mainly by biological processes (e.g., plant uptake and denitrification). The preference for soil ammonium over nitrate by the dominant plant species may enhance the possibility of soil nitrate losses via denitrification. Overall, our study suggests that a shift from abiotic to biotic controls on soil N biogeochemistry under global climate changes would greatly affect N losses, soil N availability, and other N transformation processes in these drylands in China.

Tillage, crop residue and crop sequence effects on nitrogen availability in a legume-based cropping system

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. K. Soon ◽  
M. A. Arshad
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Microbial Biomass N ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Soil Inorganic N ◽  
Crop Sequence ◽  
Extractable Soil ◽  
Soil Inorganic

A field study was conducted to determine the effects and interactions of crop sequence, tillage and residue management on labile N pools and their availability because such information is sparse. Experimental treatments were no-till (NT) vs. conventional tillage (CT), and removal vs. retention of straw, imposed on a barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)-canola (Brassica rapa L.)-field pea (Pisum sativum L.) rotation. 15N-labelling was used to quantify N uptake from straw, below-ground N (BGN), and fertilizer N. Straw retention increased soil microbial biomass N (MBN) in 2 of 3 yr at the four-leaf growth stage of barley, consistent with observed decreases in extractable soil inorganic N at seeding. However, crop yield and N uptake at maturity were not different between straw treatments. No tillage increased soil MBN, crop yield and N uptake compared to CT, but had no effect on extractable soil inorganic N. The greater availability of N under NT was probably related to soil moisture conservation. Tillage effects on soil and plant N were mostly independent of straw treatment. Straw and tillage treatments did not influence the uptake of N from its various sources. However, barley following pea (legume/non-legume sequence) derived a greater proportion of its N from BGN (13 to 23% or 9 to 23 kg N ha-1) than canola following barley (nonlegumes) (6 to 16% or 3 to 9 kg N ha-1). Fertilizer N constituted 8 to 11% of barley N uptake and 23 to 32% of canola N uptake. Straw N contributed only 1 to 3% of plant N uptake. This study showed the dominant influence of tillage on N availability, and of the preceding crop or cropping sequence on N uptake partitioning among available N sources. Key words: Crop residue, crop sequence, labile nitrogen, nitrogen uptake, pea, tillage

Dynamics of nitrogen and dry-matter partitioning and accumulation in broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) in relation to extractable soil inorganic nitrogen

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Bowen ◽  
B. J. Zebarth ◽  
P. M. A. Toivonen
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Spring Planting ◽  
Extractable Soil ◽  
Soil Inorganic

The effects of six rates of N fertilization (0, 125, 250, 375, 500 and 625 kg N ha−1) on the dynamics of N utilization relative to extractable inorganic N in the soil profile were determined for broccoli in three growing seasons. The amount of pre-existing extractable inorganic N in the soil was lowest for the spring planting, followed by the early-summer then late-summer plantings. During the first 2 wk after transplanting, plant dry-matter (DM) and N accumulation rates were low, and because of the mineralization of soil organic N the extractable soil inorganic N increased over that added as fertilizer, especially in the top 30 cm. From 4 wk after transplanting until harvest, DM and N accumulation in the plants was rapid and corresponded to a rapid depletion of extractable inorganic N from the soil. At high N-fertilization rates, leaf and stem DM and N accumulations at harvest were similar among the three plantings. However, the rates of accumulation in the two summer plantings were higher before and lower after inflorescence initiation than those in the spring planting. Under N treatments of 0 and 125 kg ha−1, total N in leaf tissue and the rate of leaf DM accumulation decreased while inflorescences developed. There was little extractable inorganic soil-N during inflorescence development in plots receiving no N fertilizer, yet inflorescence dry weights and N contents were ≥50 and ≥30%, respectively, of the maxima achieved with N fertilization. These results indicate that substantial N is translocated from leaves to support broccoli inflorescence growth under conditions of low soil-N availability. Key words: N translocation, N fertilizer

scholarly journals Effect of harvesting time on forage yield and quality of maize

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Violeta Mandic ◽  
Zorica Bijelic ◽  
Vesna Krnjaja ◽  
Aleksandar Simic ◽  
Maja Petricevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Maize Hybrid ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Yield And Quality

Maize is the very important silage source in the world. Timely harvesting ensure high maize forage yield and quality. Therefore, the study focused on the effects of four harvesting times (starting at the 12 August every 7 days) on yield and qualitative parameters of forage green mass of maize hybrid ZP 677. The experiment was set in Vojvodina Province, Serbia, during the 2013 and 2014 growing seasons. Plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves per plant, ear percentage, forage yield, dry matter content and crude protein content were higher, while stem percentage was lower in 2014 with favorable climatic condition. Forage yield, crude protein content, ADF and NDF decreased, while dry matter content significantly increased with delay in harvesting. The maize hybrid should be harvested when the milk line is three-quarter of the way down the grain that is in the third decade of August.

Effects of spent mushroom substrate on soil chemical conditions and plant growth in an intensive horticultural system: a comparison with inorganic fertiliser

Soil Research ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 185 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. C. Stewart ◽  
K. C. Cameron ◽  
I. S. Cornforth
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Spent Mushroom Substrate ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Variable Effect ◽  
Soil Inorganic N ◽  
Inorganic Fertiliser ◽  
Industry Applications ◽  
Chemical Conditions ◽  
Soil Inorganic

Between November 1991 and 1993, 4 consecutive vegetable crops (sweetcorn, cabbage, potato, and cabbage) were grown in Lincoln, New Zealand. The treatments included spent mushroom substrate (SMS, a by-product of the mushroom industry) applications before each crop at rates of 0, 20, 40, or 80 t/ha (moist), both with and without 1 rate of inorganic fertiliser for each crop (120-338, 40-100, 53-100, and 60-114 kg/ha, respectively, of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur). SMS applications caused a rapid increase in soil inorganic N concentration, but after this it had a variable effect. There was some evidence of N immobilisation following initial SMS applications of 20 t/ha. SMS applications increased both soil pH and CEC, whereas inorganic fertiliser decreased both. Sweetcorn and cabbage yields were increased by SMS when inorganic fertiliser was not used, and potato yield was increased irrespective of fertiliser use (i.e. yield increases of 38%, 82-96%, and 26-46%, respectively, for sweetcorn cob, cabbage head, and potato tuber fresh yields). Inorganic fertiliser increased crop yields by a greater amount than SMS. A lack of soil inorganic N was the major limitation to crop growth following SMS applications, so crops may require additional N with SMS.

Plant and animal responses of elephant grass pasture-based systems mixed with pinto peanut

2019 ◽  
Vol 157 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-71
Author(s):  
A. C. Vieira ◽  
C. J. Olivo ◽  
C. B. Adams ◽  
J. C. Sauthier ◽  
L. R. Proença ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
High Density ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
The Other ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Elephant Grass ◽  
Herbage Yield ◽  
Grazing Systems

AbstractThe effects of growing pinto peanut mixed with elephant grass-based pastures are still little known. The aim of the current research was to evaluate the performance of herbage yield, nutritive value of forage and animal responses to levels of pinto peanut forage mass mixed with elephant grass in low-input systems. Three grazing systems were evaluated: (i) elephant grass-based (control); (ii) pinto peanut, low-density forage yield (63 g/kg of dry matter – DM) + elephant grass; and (iii) pinto peanut, high-density dry matter forage yield (206 g/kg DM) + elephant grass. The experimental design was completely randomized with the three treatments (grazing systems) and three replicates (paddocks) in split-plot grazing cycles. Forage samples were collected to evaluate the pasture and animal responses. Leaf blades of elephant grass and the other companion grasses of pinto peanut were collected to analyse the crude protein, in vitro digestible organic matter and total digestible nutrients. The pinto peanut, high-density dry matter forage yield + elephant grass treatment was found to give the best results in terms of herbage yield, forage intake and stocking rate, as well as having higher crude protein contents for both elephant grass and the other grasses, followed by pinto peanut with low-density forage yield + elephant grass and finally elephant grass alone. Better results were found with the grass–legume system for pasture and animal responses.

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