Effect of Diet versus Diet and Exercise on Weight Loss and Body Composition in Class II and III Obesity: A Systematic Review

Background: The very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) has been recently proposed as an appealing nutritional strategy for obesity management. The VLCKD is characterized by a low carbohydrate content (<50 g/day), 1–1.5 g of protein/kg of ideal body weight, 15–30 g of fat/day, and a daily intake of about 500–800 calories. Objectives: The aim of the current document is to suggest a common protocol for VLCKD and to summarize the existing literature on its efficacy in weight management and weight-related comorbidities, as well as the possible side effects. Methods: This document has been prepared in adherence with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Literature searches, study selection, methodology development, and quality appraisal were performed independently by 2 authors and the data were collated by means of a meta-analysis and narrative synthesis. Results: Of the 645 articles retrieved, 15 studies met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed, revealing 4 main findings. First, the VLCKD was shown to result in a significant weight loss in the short, intermediate, and long terms and improvement in body composition parameters as well as glycemic and lipid profiles. Second, when compared with other weight loss interventions of the same duration, the VLCKD showed a major effect on reduction of body weight, fat mass, waist circumference, total cholesterol and triglyceridemia as well as improved insulin resistance. Third, although the VLCKD also resulted in a significant reduction of glycemia, HbA1c, and LDL cholesterol, these changes were similar to those obtained with other weight loss interventions. Finally, the VLCKD can be considered a safe nutritional approach under a health professional’s supervision since the most common side effects are usually clinically mild and easily to manage and recovery is often spontaneous. Conclusions: The VLCKD can be recommended as an effective dietary treatment for individuals with obesity after considering potential contra-indications and keeping in mind that any dietary treatment has to be personalized. Prospero Registry: The assessment of the efficacy of VLCKD on body weight, body composition, glycemic and lipid parameters in overweight and obese subjects: a meta-analysis (CRD42020205189).

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Multimodal measurement of body composition change with diet- and exercise-induced weight loss in obese women

Canadian Journal of Diabetes ◽

10.1016/s1499-2671(11)52243-9 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 35 (2) ◽

pp. 204-205

Author(s):

A.R. Josse ◽

S.A. Atkinson ◽

M.A. Tarnopolsky ◽

H. Azizian ◽

J.K.G. Kramer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Body Composition ◽

Obese Women ◽

Composition Change ◽

Body Composition Change ◽

Diet And Exercise ◽

Exercise Induced

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Nordic Walking Promoted Weight Loss in Overweight and Obese People: A Systematic Review for Future Exercise Prescription

Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology ◽

10.3390/jfmk4020036 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 36 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Stefano Gobbo ◽

Valentina Bullo ◽

Enrico Roma ◽

Federica Duregon ◽

Danilo Sales Bocalini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Weight Loss ◽

Body Composition ◽

Glucose Tolerance ◽

Blood Sample ◽

Aerobic Capacity ◽

Nordic Walking ◽

Anthropometric Parameters ◽

Obese People ◽

Cardiovascular Parameters

The aim of this systematic review was to analyze the effect of Nordic Walking (NW) on anthropometric parameters, body composition, cardiovascular parameters, aerobic capacity, blood sample, and glucose tolerance in overweight and obese subjects. The main keywords “Nordic Walking” or “Pole Walking”, associated with either “obese”, “obesity”, “overweight”, or “weight loss” were used on the online database MEDLINE, PubMed, SPORTDiscus and Scopus. Additionally, references of the studies included were screened to identify eligible articles. Applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, ten manuscripts were considered as eligible for this review. The results of the studies were categorized in several domains with regard to “anthropometric parameters and body composition”, “cardiovascular parameters and aerobic capacity”, and “blood sample and glucose tolerance”. The results showed positive effects on the anthropometric parameters, body composition, cardiovascular parameters, blood sample, and glucose tolerance. The greatest improvements were observed in supervised and high weekly frequency of NW interventions. NW could be considered as an effective modality through which to involve the obese in physical activity. For weight loss, NW should be prescribed 4–5 times per week, at least 60 min per session, preferably combined with diet control.

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Inflammatory Markers in Older Women with a History of Gestational Diabetes and the Effects of Weight Loss

Journal of Diabetes Research ◽

10.1155/2018/5172091 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Alice S. Ryan

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Body Composition ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Glucose Tolerance ◽

Older Women ◽

Inflammatory Markers ◽

Normal Glucose Tolerance ◽

Diet And Exercise ◽

Normal Glucose ◽

History Of

The purpose of this study was to compare systemic inflammation in older women with a history of gestational diabetes (GDM) who developed impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or type 2 diabetes (T2DM) to that in those with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and to determine, in these women, the effect of weight loss (WL) induced by diet and exercise training on systemic inflammation and adipokine levels. This was a longitudinal clinical investigation of overweight/obese (BMI: 32 ± 1 kg/m2) women (59 ± 1 years) with a GDM history (n=19) who had normal glucose tolerance (NGT, n=7) or IGT/T2DM (n=12). Women completed 6 months of weight loss induced by diet and exercise and underwent VO2max, body composition, blood draw, glucose tolerance testing, and 2-hour hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps (40 mU·m−2·min−1). Glucose utilization (M) was 42% higher in the NGT group (P<0.05). CRP was two-fold higher in the IGT/T2DM group than that in the NGT group (P<0.01). Adiponectin levels were 59% higher in the NGT group than those in the IGT/T2DM group (P<0.01). IL-6sR was higher in the NGT group (P<0.01). The women lost body weight, body fat, visceral fat, and subcutaneous abdominal fat (P<0.001). Fasting glucose (P<0.05), fasting insulin, glucose, and insulin AUC decreased (all P<0.005) after the intervention. M increased by 21% (P<0.05). CRP (−16%) and TNFR1 (−6%) tended to decrease, whereas TNFα, IL-6, SAA, and adiponectin did not change in the group. In conclusion, older women with a history of GDM who have developed IGT or T2DM have higher CRP and reduced adiponectin levels despite similar BMI and total and abdominal obesity to those with NGT. Six months WL induced by diet and exercise improves body composition and increases insulin sensitivity without a significant modification of inflammatory markers and adiponectin levels.

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Effect of Overnight Fasted Exercise on Weight Loss and Body Composition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology ◽

10.3390/jfmk2040043 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 43 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Daniel Hackett ◽

Amanda Hagstrom

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Weight Loss ◽

Body Composition ◽

Meta Analysis

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Effects of Human Growth Hormone, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I, and Diet and Exercise on Body Composition of Obese Postmenopausal Women1

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jcem.83.5.4826 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 83 (5) ◽

pp. 1477-1484 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. L. Thompson ◽

G. E. Butterfield ◽

U. K. Gylfadottir ◽

J. Yesavage ◽

R. Marcus ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Body Composition ◽

Growth Factor ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽

Factor I ◽

Diet And Exercise ◽

Igf I ◽

Growth Factor I

To determine the effects of GH and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) administration, diet, and exercise on weight loss, body composition, basal metabolic rate (BMR), muscle strength, and psychological status, 33 moderately obese postmenopausal women (67.1 ± 5.2 yr) participated in a 12-week randomized, double blind study. Participants were placed on a diet that provided 500 Cal/day less than that needed for weight maintenance, and they walked 3 days and strength trained 2 days each week. Subjects also self-injected GH (0.025 mg/kg BW·day), IGF-I (0.015 mg/kg BW·day), a combination of these doses of GH and IGF-I, or placebo (P). Twenty-eight women completed the study, as five subjects dropped out due to intolerable side-effects (e.g. edema). Weight loss occurred in all groups, with the largest decrease occurring in the GH plus IGF-I group (5.6 ± 1.4 kg). Fat mass significantly decreased in all groups, with the largest losses observed in GH and GH plus IGF-I groups (6.3 ± 1.8 and 8.4 ± 2.8 kg, respectively). Despite weight loss, BMR was maintained in all groups. Muscle strength increased with training for all groups, and depression and anxiety scores decreased in groups receiving IGF-I. These data show that obese postmenopausal women can lose weight and fat without compromising fat free mass, BMR, or gains in muscle strength, and that GH and IGF-I given together may enhance fat loss over either given alone.

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Does the Method of Weight Loss Effect Long-Term Changes in Weight, Body Composition or Chronic Disease Risk Factors in Overweight or Obese Adults? A Systematic Review

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0109849 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. e109849 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Richard A. Washburn ◽

Amanda N. Szabo ◽

Kate Lambourne ◽

Erik A. Willis ◽

Lauren T. Ptomey ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Weight Loss ◽

Body Composition ◽

Disease Risk ◽

Obese Adults ◽

Chronic Disease Risk ◽

Long Term Changes ◽

Loss Effect

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Body composition and metabolic effects of a diet and exercise weight loss regimen on obese, HIV-infected women

Metabolism ◽

10.1016/j.metabol.2006.05.018 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 55 (10) ◽

pp. 1327-1336 ◽

Cited By ~ 69

Author(s):

Ellen S. Engelson ◽

Denise Agin ◽

Sonjia Kenya ◽

Galila Werber-Zion ◽

Besa Luty ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Body Composition ◽

Metabolic Effects ◽

Diet And Exercise

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Voluntary weight loss: systematic review of early phase body composition changes

Obesity Reviews ◽

10.1111/j.1467-789x.2010.00767.x ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. e348-e361 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

S. B. Heymsfield ◽

D. Thomas ◽

A. M. Nguyen ◽

J. Z. Peng ◽

C. Martin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Weight Loss ◽

Body Composition ◽

Early Phase ◽

Composition Changes

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Comparing effectiveness of fat burners and thermogenic supplements to diet and exercise for weight loss and cardiometabolic health: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Nutrition and Health ◽

10.1177/0260106020982362 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 026010602098236

Author(s):

James E Clark ◽

Sarah Welch

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Weight Loss ◽

Confidence Interval ◽

Dietary Supplements ◽

Body Mass ◽

Effect Size ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Cardiometabolic Health ◽

Chi Square ◽

Diet And Exercise

Background: Those who are overfat face an onslaught of advice for losing weight, including using dietary supplements that purport to have fat burning capabilities to achieve a reduced body mass, fat mass and improvement in cardiometabolic health in combination with exercise or diet and exercise regimens. Aim: To examine long-term effectiveness of supplements for both weight loss and improvements in cardiometabolic health for these individuals. Methods: A PRISMA methods of systematic review was conducted from August 2018 through January 2019 using Medline, PubChem, PubMed, EBOSCO CINHAL and SPORTDiscus, and Google Scholar yielding 23,441 returns of which 21 studies (duration greater than 8 weeks with participant populations of BMI greater than 24.9) were included for meta-analysis. Meta-analysis examined pooled effect size and 95% confidence interval for: body mass, fat mass, fat-free mass, total cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, resting metabolic rate. Intra-study effect sizes were compared with previously reported results for diet or diet and exercise in a 2x2 chi-square analysis for the number of studies that induced effects greater than or less than the effect size. Results: There is a general trend to show effectiveness (effect size greater than 0.00) for obtaining beneficial changes from use of thermogenic dietary supplements, yet the 95% confidence interval for effect size crossed 0.00 (indicating no benefit). Chi-square comparison to exercise, or combination of diet and exercise, indicates that responses induced from weight-loss supplements were less effective than what is obtained from utilizing exercise, or diet and exercise, without additional weight-loss supplements. Conclusion: There appears to be limited benefit that may be derived from the inclusion of thermogenic dietary supplements to reduce body mass and improve cardiometabolic health for individuals who are overfat.

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