scholarly journals Assessing Vaccine Coverage and Timeliness in Bamako, Mali after the Introduction of Rotavirus Vaccine: A Modified Immunization Cluster Survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Roose ◽  
Uma Onwuchekwa ◽  
Milagritos Tapia ◽  
Samba Sow ◽  
Karen Kotloff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Record ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccine ◽  
Immunization Schedule ◽  
Immunization Programs ◽  
Critical Metrics ◽  
Cluster Survey ◽  
The Third ◽  
Median Delay

Vaccine coverage and timeliness are critical metrics for evaluating the performance of immunization programs. Following the introduction of rotavirus vaccine in Bamako, Mali, we conducted two cluster surveys spaced approximately 1 year apart to evaluate these metrics among children 9 to 20 months of age. Using the child’s immunization card or the medical record at the center of administration, each selected child’s immunization status was determined at 9 and 12 months of age. Deviations from the WHO-recommended immunization schedule were described by the median delay and fraction of children receiving doses outside of recommended age ranges. Overall, 1,002 children were enrolled in the two surveys combined; 80.1% of children born 7 to 12 months after introduction (survey 1) received three doses of pentavalent rotavirus vaccine (ROTA3) by 9 months of age, which increased to 86.1% among children born 17 to 26 months after introduction (survey 2). Concomitantly, coverage with the third dose of diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus-containing vaccine (DPT3) by age 9 months was 86.5% (survey 1) and 88.9% (survey 2); by age 12 months, 61.3% and 72.4% of children, respectively, had received all scheduled immunizations. The median delay in ROTA3 and DPT3 administration were similar at about 3.4 weeks. Within 3 years of introduction, coverage of rotavirus vaccine among Bamako infants achieved coverage similar to DPT3 and is approaching the Global Vaccine Action Plan goal of 90% coverage by 2020. However, timeliness of coverage remains a concern.

scholarly journals Vaccination Coverage for Routine Vaccines and Herd Immunity Levels against Measles and Pertussis in the World in 2019

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 256
Author(s):  
Pedro Plans-Rubió
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
World Health ◽  
Immunization Programs ◽  
National Immunization ◽  
The World ◽  
Measles Vaccination ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Health Organization

In 2012, the World Health Organization (WHO) established the Global Vaccine Action Plan with the objective to promote essential vaccinations in all countries and achieve at least 90% vaccination coverage for all routine vaccines by 2020. The study assessed the mean percentages of vaccination coverage in 2019 for 13 routine vaccines, vaccination coverage variation from 2015 to 2019, and herd immunity levels against measles and pertussis in 2019 in countries and regions of WHO. In 2019, the mean percentages of vaccination coverage were lower than 90% for 10 (78.9%) routine vaccines. The mean percentages of vaccination coverage also decreased from 2015 to 2019 for six (46.2%) routine vaccines. The prevalence of individuals with vaccine-induced measles immunity in the target measles vaccination population was 88.1%, and the prevalence of individuals with vaccine-induced pertussis immunity in the target pertussis vaccination population was 81.1%. Herd immunity against measles viruses with Ro = 18 was established in 63 (32.5%) countries but not established in any region. Herd immunity against pertussis agents was not established in any country and in any region of WHO. National immunization programs must be improved to achieve ≥90% vaccination coverage in all countries and regions. Likewise, it is necessary to achieve ≥95% vaccination coverage with two doses of measles vaccines and three doses of pertussis vaccines in all countries and regions.

Valutare i fondi interprofessionali per la formazione continua. Il modello Obr Fondimpresa Lombardia

2009 ◽  
pp. 69-84
Author(s):  
Cristina Citterio ◽  
Mirko Freni ◽  
Laura Gioria ◽  
Ivana Pais
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation Model ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Negative Word ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Evaluation Team ◽  
The Third ◽  
Life Long Learning ◽  
Training Plan ◽  
Term Evaluation ◽  
Key Words Evaluation

- This article is about a model proposed by OBR Fondimpresa Lombardia for the evaluation of concerted training plan. Usually, in Italy the term "evaluation" is perceived as a negative word which reminds critics and judgment. In this investigation job, which is characterized by a participated and shared process, the meaning of evaluation gains a completely opposite sense: it is meant as a "giving value", as a way to bring into light the different aspects that build the Fondimpresa system, aiming to scout and to create some possible improvement spaces. The article is divided into six sections. First paragraph is about the beginning and the characteristics of inter-professional funds which support life long learning. Second paragraph describes the action plan followed by the promotion and evaluation team (the so-called professionals) of Obr Fondimpresa Lombardia. In the third paragraph shall be disclosed the specifics of the evaluation of the concerted training. In the fourth and fifth paragraph are presented, respectively, the path to building the model for assessing Fondimpresa in Lombardy and the results so far emerged. The last paragraph outline the future prospects of intervention, from a critical analysis of the path taken so far.Key words: evaluation model, evaluation brainstorming, inter-professional funds, education, action researchParole chiave: modello di valutazione, brainstorming valutativo, fondi interprofessionali, formazione, ricerca - intervento

Immunization Action Month, October 1975

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 502-503
Author(s):  
Samuel l. Katz
Keyword(s):  
American Academy ◽  
Immunization Programs ◽  
The Third ◽  
School Group ◽  
American Academy Of Pediatrics ◽  
American Children

For the third consecutive year October has been designated as Immunization Action Month (IAM). This is the effort of a coalition of governmental, professional, and private groups to highlight the need for continued attention to the immunization programs of all American children, particularly the pre-school group. The American Academy of Pediatrics since the inception of IAM has been among the leaders in its activities. Once again this year, the members of the Academy are urged to participate actively on the local scene in generating information about the goals of IAM and in implementing them. The justification for continued efforts of this sort must be found in the data on the utilization of vaccines and on the reported cases of those diseases which can be prevented.

Rotavirus vaccination impact, Ireland, implications for vaccine confidence and screening

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather E Burns ◽  
Abigail M Collins ◽  
Una B Fallon ◽  
Paul V Marsden ◽  
Caitlin M Ni Shuilleabhain
Keyword(s):  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Hospital Length Of Stay ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccine ◽  
Immunization Schedule ◽  
Primary Immunization ◽  
Rotavirus Infection ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background Rotavirus vaccine efficacy is well established. However, it is important to consistently demonstrate the positive impact of vaccination programmes in order to optimize uptake rates and combat vaccine hesitancy. Methods Routine data were used to examine rotavirus vaccine effectiveness in Ireland, including changes in age-specific crude incidence rates (CIRs), hospitalizations and hospital length of stay. National intussusception incidence was interrogated. Vaccination status of vaccine-eligible cases of rotavirus infection was determined. Results Nationally, a reduction in the CIR of rotavirus infection of 77.2% [95% confidence interval (CI) 57.8–88.5%, P<0.001] was observed post-inclusion of the rotavirus vaccine in the primary immunization schedule. A decrease in hospitalizations of 85.5% (95% CI 79.3–90.2%, P<0.001), 86.5% (95% CI 82.9–89.4%, P<0.001) and 78.5% (95% CI 74.7–81.9%, P<0.001) was observed in children aged <1, <2 and <5 years, respectively. Most hospitalizations occurred in infants too young to have been vaccinated. There was no significant difference in median length of stay for children hospitalized with rotavirus infection. Decreased CIRs and hospitalization rates in unvaccinated children aged between 2 and 5 years suggest community immunity. Vaccine non-protection was 0.13%. No increase in the national CIR of intussusception was observed. Conclusions Inclusion of the rotavirus vaccine in the Irish primary immunization schedule has resulted in a significant reduction in the burden of rotavirus infection. However, vaccine hesitancy remains a concern. With new vaccination programmes, risk of vaccine harms should be considered and mitigated in order to protect individuals and the integrity of the programme.

scholarly journals Global Impact of Rotavirus Vaccination on Diarrhea Hospitalizations and Deaths Among Children <5 Years Old: 2006–2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 222 (10) ◽  
pp. 1731-1739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleanor Burnett ◽  
Umesh D Parashar ◽  
Jacqueline E Tate
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccine ◽  
Immunization Programs ◽  
Median Percentage ◽  
Global Impact ◽  
Vaccine Introduction ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccination ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Before And After

Abstract Background Since 2006, more than 100 countries have introduced rotavirus vaccine into their immunization programs. We reviewed published data on relative reductions of rotavirus hospitalizations, acute gastroenteritis (AGE) hospitalizations, and AGE deaths among children &lt;5 years old. Methods Articles published from January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2019 with at least 12 months of data before and after rotavirus vaccine introduction were included. Relative reductions were abstracted into a standardized form. Descriptive statistics are presented as medians and interquartile ranges (IQRs). Results We reviewed 1827 total records and included 105 articles from 49 countries. Among children &lt;5 years old, there was a median reduction of 59% (IQR, 46–74) in rotavirus hospitalizations, 36% (IQR, 23–47) in AGE hospitalizations, and 36% (IQR, 28–46) AGE mortality. Reductions were larger in countries with low child mortality, among younger age groups, and in countries with higher coverage. The median percentage of specimens that tested positive for rotavirus among children &lt;5 years old hospitalized for diarrhea was 40% (IQR, 28–45) before rotavirus vaccine introduction and 20% (IQR, 20–20) 4 years after introduction. Conclusions Overall, we found sustained impact on rotavirus and AGE hospitalizations and deaths. These results should encourage countries still considering rotavirus vaccine implementation.

scholarly journals Impact of Rotavirus Vaccine Introduction in Children Less Than 2 Years of Age Presenting for Medical Care With Diarrhea in Rural Matlab, Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (12) ◽  
pp. 2059-2070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren M Schwartz ◽  
K Zaman ◽  
Md Yunus ◽  
Ahasan-ul H Basunia ◽  
Abu Syed Golam Faruque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Diarrhoeal Disease ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Service Area ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccine ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccines ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Following the conclusion of a human rotavirus vaccine (HRV) cluster-randomized, controlled trial (CRT) in Matlab, Bangladesh, HRV was included in Matlab’s routine immunization program. We describe the population-level impact of programmatic rotavirus vaccination in Bangladesh in children <2 years of age. Methods Interrupted time series were used to estimate the impact of HRV introduction. We used diarrheal surveillance collected between 2000 and 2014 within the 2 service delivery areas (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh [icddr,b] service area [ISA] and government service area [GSA]) of the Matlab Health and Demographic Surveillance System, administered by icddr,b. Age group–specific incidence rates were calculated for both rotavirus-positive (RV+) and rotavirus-negative (RV–) diarrhea diagnoses of any severity presenting to the hospital. We used 2 models to assess the impact within each service area: Model 1 used the pre-vaccine time period in all villages (HRV– and control-only) and Model 2 combined the pre-vaccine time period and the CRT time period, using outcomes from control-only villages. Results Both models demonstrated a downward trend in RV+ diarrheal incidences in the ISA villages during 3.5 years of routine HRV use, though only Model 2 was statistically significant. Significant impacts of HRV on RV+ diarrhea incidences in GSA villages were not observed in either model. Differences in population-level impacts between the 2 delivery areas may be due to the varied rotavirus vaccine coverage and presentation rates to the hospital. Conclusions This study provides initial evidence of the population-level impact of rotavirus vaccines in children <2 years of age in Matlab, Bangladesh. Further studies are needed of the rotavirus vaccine impact after the nationwide introduction in Bangladesh.

Best Practice Diplomacy and Feminist Killjoys in the Strategic State: Exploring the Affective Politics of Women, Peace and Security

2020 ◽  
pp. 83-90
Author(s):  
Minna Lyytikäinen ◽  
Marjaana Jauhola
Keyword(s):  
Best Practice ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
National Action Plan ◽  
The Third ◽  
State Feminism ◽  
Research Material ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Peace And Security

“And then I sNAPped”. How does it feel to snap at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, at a meeting taking stock of the progress of the UNSCR1325 National Action Plan? This paper is a response to the affective sites of Women, Peace and Security politics and the ways in which academic/activist knowledge has become (un)used by the strategic state. We identify moments of feminist killjoyism, which we call sNAPping, in the context of the wider transition from state feminism to the need to engage with the neoliberal governmentalities of the strategic state”. Our contribution is an auto-ethnographic reflection by two researcher-activists who participated in the multi-stage government-led process of drafting and launching the third Finnish UNSCR1325 National Action Plan and were also the authors of three key advocacy texts. We have used our experiences in such encounters as ethnographic research material to interrogate and analyse the feminist affects of sNAPping.

scholarly journals Diphtheria is declining but continues to kill many children: analysis of data from a sentinel centre in Delhi, 1997

1999 ◽  
Vol 123 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. SINGH ◽  
A. K. HARIT ◽  
D. C. JAIN ◽  
R. C. PANDA ◽  
K. N. TEWARI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
The Third

Although diphtheria is declining in Delhi, case fatality rates (CFRs) are rising. In 1997, of 143 clinically suspected cases admitted to the Infectious Diseases Hospital 45 (32%) died. We examined their records to understand the epidemiology and reasons for high CFRs. About 53% of cases were from Delhi; they were not limited to any particular area. All the deaths and 92% (131/143) of cases occurred in children below 10 years of age. Only 12% of cases had received one or more doses of DPT. Muslims contributed significantly more cases than Hindus. CFRs were significantly higher in young (P=0·03) and unvaccinated (P=0·01) children and in those who received antitoxin on the third day of illness or later (P=0·03). The study highlights the importance of improved vaccine coverage and early diagnosis and prompt administration of antitoxin in reducing CFRs for diphtheria in Delhi.

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