An Application of the Integrated Behavioral Model for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene to Assess Perceived Community Acceptability and Feasibility of the Biosand Filter among Maasai Pastoralists in Rural Tanzania

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina Paasche ◽  
Mairead Whelan ◽  
Marissa Nahirney ◽  
Saningo Olemshumba ◽  
Sheri Bastien
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Behavioral Model ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
Economic Productivity ◽  
Community Factors ◽  
Integrated Behavioral Model ◽  
Biosand Filter ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene

In addition to diarrheal disease risk, lack of access to safe water may have other indirect effects throughout one’s life, such as school and workplace absenteeism, leading to less economic productivity. In contexts with scarce resources and unsafe drinking water, household water treatment and safe storage options such as the Biosand filter (BSF) allows households to directly reduce contamination and increase the quality of their drinking water. This study aimed to develop an understanding of perceived community acceptability and feasibility related to pre- and post-implementation of a BSF pilot project in rural Maasai households in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA), Tanzania. The study was guided by the Integrated Behavioral Model for Water Sanitation and Hygiene interventions (IBM-WASH) to understand the various factors influencing end-user perceptions of the BSF. In-depth interviews, group discussions and think tanks were conducted among a cross-section of community members, stakeholders, and other actors from May 2016 to September 2017. The data were analyzed using a thematic content analysis approach. A range of perceived contextual, technological, and psychosocial factors were found to potentially affect the acceptability and feasibility of BSF adoption in the NCA, highlighting the complex layers of influences in the setting. Whilst the BSF is seemingly an accepted option to treat water within the NCA, the community identified key barriers that may lower BSF adoption. The application of the IBM-WASH model served as a useful framework for evaluating the introduction of the BSF, identifying insights into contextual, technological, and psychosocial community factors.

scholarly journals Impact of Community-Led Total Sanitation and Hygiene on Prevalence of Diarrheal Disease and Associated Factors among Under-Five Children: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study in Selected Woredas of Gamo Gofa Zone, Southern Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Agune Ashole Alto ◽  
Wanzahun Godana ◽  
Genet Gedamu
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Gamo Gofa

Background. Diarrheal diseases are still one of the major causes of morbidity in under-five children in sub-Saharan Africa. In Ethiopia, diarrhea is responsible for 9% of all deaths and is the major cause of under-five mortality. Objective. To assess the impact of community-led total sanitation and hygiene on the prevalence of diarrheal disease and factors associated among under-five children in Gamo Gofa Zone. Methods. Community-based comparative cross-sectional study design was used to compare the impact of community-led total sanitation and hygiene intervention on under-five diarrheal disease. Multistage sampling method was employed. The data were collected by using pretested structured questionnaires. Data quality was ensured by daily supervision completeness and consistency. The data were coded, entered, and cleaned by using Epi Info version 7 and were analyzed by using SPSS version 20. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were carried out by using binary logistic regression. Significance was declared by using p value of <0.05 and AOR with 95% confidence intervals. Results. The response rate of this study was 93.3%. The overall diarrhea prevalence was 27.5% (CI = (24.06, 30.97)) which was 18.9% (CI = (14.94, 23.2)) in implemented and 36.2%. (CI = (30.41, 41.59)) in nonimplemented woredas. Children whose age was between 12 and 23 months (AOR = 1.6) and greater than 24 months (AOR = 5), availability of handwashing facilities (AOR = 4), disposal of waste in open field (AOR = 9.7), unimproved source of drinking water (AOR = 6.5), using only water for handwashing (AOR = 6), children who started complementary feeding less than 6 months (AOR = 5.6) and greater than 6 months (AOR = 5.2), and utensils used to feed children such as bottle (AOR = 3.9) were the factors positively associated with diarrhea. Conclusion. The overall prevalence of under-five diarrhea was 27.5%. The prevalence was low in CLTSH woredas as compared with non-CLTSH woredas. The study showed that handwashing facility, using only water for handwashing, open refuse disposal, and unimproved source of drinking water among under-five had a statistically significant association with diarrhea occurrence in CLTSH nonimplemented areas. Integrated efforts are needed from the Ministry of Health together with the WASH Project in improving drinking water, handwashing facilities, and solid waste disposal practices.

Escherichia coli in household drinking water and diarrheal disease risk: evidence from Cambodia

2008 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 757-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Brown ◽  
S. Proum ◽  
M. D. Sobsey
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Bacterial Indicator ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
Handling Practices

Escherichia coli counts in household drinking water may or may not reliably indicate the presence of diarrheogenic pathogens originating in feces. The extent to which a bacterial indicator like E. coli predicts risks from all classes of pathogens (viruses and parasites as well as bacteria), especially in tropical waters, is uncertain. To investigate the association between E. coli in household drinking water and diarrheal diseases in Cambodia, we conducted a 22 week cohort study in a rural village in Kandal Province. Episodes of diarrhea (all) and bloody diarrhea (dysentery), water quality, water sources, and other covariates were monitored biweekly in 180 households. Households used a variety of water treatment, storage, and handling practices. Results suggest a weak but positive association between E. coli counts in household drinking water and diarrhea and for diarrhea with blood (dysentery), after adjusting for clustering within households and within individuals over time. Compared to households with &lt;1 E. coli/100 ml in drinking water, there was no observed increased risk for having 1–10 E. coli/100 ml (LPR = 0.98, 95% CI 0.81–1.2 for diarrheal disease; LPR = 0.75, 95% CI 0.36–1.6 for dysentery). Households with measured E. coli of 11–100/100 ml did report increased diarrhea (LPR = 1.2, 95% CI 1.1–1.3 for diarrheal disease; LPR = 1.4, 95% CI 1.0–1.8 for dysentery), as did those with 101–1,000 E. coli/100 ml (LPR = 1.2, 95% CI 1.2–1.3 for diarrheal disease; LPR = 1.2, 95% CI 1.0–1.4 for dysentery) and those with &gt;1,000 E. coli per 100 ml sample (LPR = 1.2, 95% CI 1.1–1.2 for diarrheal disease; LPR = 1.2, 95% CI 1.0–1.3 for dysentery). Unlike the results of some previous studies, diarrheal disease risks did not increase progressively in magnitude with increasing concentration of E. coli in drinking water.

scholarly journals Comparing the microbial risks associated with household drinking water supplies used in peri-urban communities of Phnom Penh, Cambodia

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 243-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Thomas ◽  
E. McBean ◽  
A. Shantz ◽  
H. M. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Phnom Penh ◽  
Risk Levels ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Piped Water

Most Cambodians lack access to a safe source of drinking water. Piped distribution systems are typically limited to major urban centers in Cambodia, and the remaining population relies on a variety of surface, rain, and groundwater sources. This study examines the household water supplies available to Phnom Penh's resettled peri-urban residents through a case-study approach of two communities. A quantitative microbial risk assessment is performed to assess the level of diarrheal disease risk faced by community members due to microbial contamination of drinking water. Risk levels found in this study exceed those associated with households consuming piped water. Filtered and boiled rain and tank water stored in a kettle, bucket/cooler, bucket with spigot or a 500 mL bottle were found to provide risk levels within one order-of-magnitude to the piped water available in Phnom Penh. Two primary concerns identified are the negation of the risk reductions gained by boiling due to prevailing poor storage practices and the use of highly contaminated source water.

scholarly journals Health and Land-Use Courses of Action for Education for Sustainable Development in Madagascar: Teacher Perspectives on Possibilities for Implementation

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 13308
Author(s):  
Janna Niens ◽  
Susanne Bögeholz
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Technological Factor ◽  
Behavioral Model ◽  
Education For Sustainable Development ◽  
Teacher Perspectives ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Integrated Behavioral Model ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
The Individual

Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) plays a key role in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. However, the implementation of ESD in education remains a challenge, particularly for countries such as Madagascar. ESD needs to consider regional realities to be relevant to learners. An expert study identified health and land-use courses of action for regionally relevant ESD in northeast Malagasy primary education. However, what about teacher perspectives on the possibilities for implementing such courses of action? The present think-aloud study with 10 Malagasy primary teachers used the Integrated Behavioral Model for Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (IBM-WASH) to analyze factors that teachers perceive to be relevant for implementing health and also—as an innovation—land-use courses of action. The IBM-WASH model is a tool for identifying opportunities and barriers to a desired health behavior. It turned out that the local school’s surroundings, shared values and attitudes, and existing habits are important for implementing health and land-use courses of action. Therefore, regionally adapted health and land-use teaching should consider community-contextual, community-psychosocial, and habitual-psychosocial factors. Additionally, teachers mentioned the costs and benefits of land-use practices. Thus, land-use teaching should take the individual-technological factor into account. This paper argues for a regionally adapted ESD in teacher and school education.

scholarly journals Integration of Household Water Filters with Community-Based Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion—A Process Evaluation and Assessment of Use among Households in Rwanda

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1615
Author(s):  
Abigail Bradshaw ◽  
Lambert Mugabo ◽  
Alemayehu Gebremariam ◽  
Evan Thomas ◽  
Laura MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Product Distribution ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Water Filter ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Water Filters

Unsafe drinking water contributes to diarrheal disease and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in low-income contexts, especially among children under five years of age. Household-level water treatment interventions have previously been deployed in Rwanda to address microbial contamination of drinking water. In this paper, we describe an effort to integrate best practices regarding distribution and promotion of a household water filter with an on-going health behavior messaging program. We describe the implementation of this program and highlight key roles including the evaluators who secured overall funding and conducted a water quality and health impact trial, the promoters who were experts in the technology and behavioral messaging, and the implementers who were responsible for product distribution and education. In January 2019, 1023 LifeStraw Family 2.0 household water filters were distributed in 30 villages in the Rwamagana District of Rwanda. Approximately a year after distribution, 99.5% of filters were present in the household, and water was observed in 95.1% of filters. Compared to another recent water filter program in Rwanda, a lighter-touch engagement with households and supervision of data collection was observed, while also costing approximately twice per household compared to the predecessor program.

scholarly journals A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Plastic-Housing BioSand Filter and Its Impact on Diarrheal Disease in Copan, Honduras

2012 ◽  
Vol 86 (6) ◽  
pp. 913-921 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna M. Fabiszewski de Aceituno ◽  
Rony E. Meza Sanchez ◽  
Adam R. Walters ◽  
Christine E. Stauber ◽  
Mark D. Sobsey
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Biosand Filter ◽  
Plastic Housing

scholarly journals Establishing Sustainable Development Goal Baselines for Household Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Services

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Bain ◽  
Richard Johnston ◽  
Francesco Mitis ◽  
Christie Chatterley ◽  
Tom Slaymaker
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
World Health ◽  
Household Surveys ◽  
Sustainable Development Goal ◽  
Development Goal ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Joint Monitoring ◽  
Health Organization

The World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), through the Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP), are responsible for global monitoring of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) targets for drinking water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH). The SDGs represent a fundamental shift in household WASH monitoring with a new focus on service levels and the incorporation of hygiene. This article reflects on the process of establishing SDG baselines and the methods used to generate national, regional and global estimates for the new household WASH indicators. The JMP 2017 update drew on over 3000 national data sources, primarily household surveys (n = 1443), censuses (n = 309) and administrative data (n = 1494). Whereas most countries could generate estimates for basic drinking water and basic sanitation, fewer countries could report on basic handwashing facilities, water quality and the disposal of waste from onsite sanitation. Based on data for 96 and 84 countries, respectively, the JMP estimates that globally 2.1 billion (29%) people lacked safely managed drinking water services and 4.5 billion (61%) lacked safely managed sanitation services in 2015. The expanded JMP inequalities database also finds substantial disparities by wealth and sub-national regions. The SDG baselines for household WASH reveal the scale of the challenge associated with achieving universal safely managed services and the substantial acceleration needed in many countries to achieve even basic services for everyone by 2030. Many countries have begun to localise the global SDG targets and are investing in data collection to address the SDG data gaps, whether through the integration of new elements in household surveys or strengthening collection and reporting of information through administrative and regulatory systems.

Fecal Contamination on the Household Compound and in Water Sources are Associated with Subsequent Diarrhea in Young Children in Urban Bangladesh (CHoBI7 Program)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tahmina Parvin ◽  
Elizabeth D. Thomas ◽  
Md. Sazzadul Islam Bhuyian ◽  
Ismat Minhaj Uddin ◽  
Md. Tasdik Hasan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Fecal Contamination ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Slum Areas

We investigated the environmental and individual-level risk factors for diarrheal disease among young children in slum areas of Dhaka, Bangladesh. A prospective cohort study was conducted among 884 children under 5 years of age. Caregiver reports were collected on sociodemographic factors and hygiene behaviors. Diarrhea surveillance data was collected monthly based on caregiver-reported diarrhea for children in the past 2 weeks during the 12-month study period. Unannounced spot checks of the household compound were performed at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after enrollment to check for the presence of feces (animal or human) and the presence of animals in the child’s sleeping space, to assess child and caregiver hands for the presence of dirt, and to collect samples of the household’s source and stored drinking water. Children with feces found on the household compound during spot checks had a significantly higher odds of diarrhea (odds ratio: 1.71; 95% confidence interval: 1.23–2.38). Children residing in households with > 100 colony forming units/100 mL Escherichia coli in source drinking water had a significantly higher odds of diarrhea (OR: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.06–1.92). The presence of feces on the household compound and source drinking water with > 100 colony forming units/100 mL E. coli were significant risk factors for diarrheal disease for children < 5 years of age in slum areas of Dhaka, Bangladesh. These findings demonstrate the urgent need for comprehensive interventions to reduce fecal contamination on the household compound to protect the health of susceptible pediatric populations.

scholarly journals Alpha-galactosylceramide enhances mucosal immunity to oral whole-cell cholera vaccines

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1055-1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. H. Davitt ◽  
Stephanie Longet ◽  
Aqel Albutti ◽  
Vincenzo Aversa ◽  
Stefan Nordqvist ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Intestinal Bacterium ◽  
Cholera Toxin B Subunit ◽  
Whole Cell ◽  
B Subunit ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Improved Sanitation ◽  
Integrated Delivery ◽  
Delivery Platform ◽  
Cholera Vaccines

AbstractCholera is a severe diarrheal disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae (V. cholerae) that results in 3–4 million cases globally with 100,000–150,000 deaths reported annually. Mostly confined to developing nations, current strategies to control the spread of cholera include the provision of safe drinking water and improved sanitation and hygiene, ideally in conjunction with oral vaccination. However, difficulties associated with the costs and logistics of these strategies have hampered their widespread implementation. Specific challenges pertaining to oral cholera vaccines (OCVs) include a lack of safe and effective adjuvants to further enhance gut immune responses, the complex and costly multicomponent vaccine manufacturing, limitations of conventional liquid formulation and the lack of an integrated delivery platform. Herein we describe the use of the orally active adjuvant α-Galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) to strongly enhance intestinal bacterium- and toxin-specific IgA responses to the OCV, Dukoral® in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. We further demonstrate the mucosal immunogenicity of a novel multi-antigen, single-component whole-cell killed V. cholerae strain and the enhancement of its immunogenicity by adding α-GalCer. Finally, we report that combining these components and recombinant cholera toxin B subunit in the SmPill® minisphere delivery system induced strong intestinal and systemic antigen-specific antibody responses.

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