scholarly journals Building a method for the study of the Mesolithic Neolithic transition in Portugal

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 88-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Jackes ◽  
Christopher Meiklejohn
Keyword(s):  
Age Assessment ◽  
Neolithic Transition ◽  
Agricultural Transition ◽  
Regional Population ◽  
Population Continuity ◽  
Historical Issues ◽  
Number Of Individuals ◽  
Skeletal Samples ◽  
Late Mesolithic

This paper focuses on the agricultural transition in Portugal and on demography across this transition, concentrating on two key skeletal samples, the Mesolithic shell midden of Cabeco da Arruda and the Neolithic burial cave of Casa da Moura. It extends our previous work on the demography of the transition and the methodology surrounding its determination. We explain our method for determination of the number of individuals in samples where whole skeletons cannot be used. We then concentrate on the estimation of fertility, placing it within limits of biological feasibility, sample inadequacies, and vagaries of age assessment. From our analysis, which includes an examination of historical issues with the sites, we argue for regional population continuity between 8000 and 6000 cal BP, and suggest that Neolithic life-ways slowly intensified, founded on important elements deriving from the late Mesolithic, with changes that included increased fertility through shortening of the birth interval

scholarly journals Methods Applied for Measurement and Visualization of Changes in Biodiversity

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 593-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Łagód ◽  
Mariola Chomczyńska ◽  
Agnieszka Montusiewicz ◽  
Jacek Malicki ◽  
David Stransky
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Shannon Index ◽  
Taxon Richness ◽  
Profile Method ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Structural Capacity ◽  
The Monte Carlo Method ◽  
Number Of Individuals ◽  
Biological Differences

Abstract The article presents the possible methods for determining biological or statistically significant differences between taxocenoses compared with respect to biodiversity. To obtain a complete description of biological differences between the compared hypothetical communities, the following indices were calculated: S (taxon richness), H (the Shannon index), Hmax (the maximum value of the Shannon index for the richness of taxa represented by the same number of individuals), Vd (a percentage value of covering the structural capacity of community, “evenness deficiency”), E (the MacArthur index - a taxon number (S) in a community for which the observed value of H equals Hmax), and Ps (a taxon richness shortage in percents). Moreover, a graphic profile method (Дд, Tj, and Lj profiles) was used for comparing the diversity of the communities. To obtain information about statistically significant differences in biodiversity between the analysed communities, rarefaction curves were applied. The curves are based on the null models and the Monte Carlo method. The rarefaction method resulted in determination of the statistical significance of the differences between taxon richness and Shannon's index values for the compared communities. The Vd and Ps indices and the profile method allowed concluding about the significance of the biological differences between taxocenoses, even when their values of Shannon's H indices were numerically similar.

scholarly journals Herbaceous periwinkle, Vinca herbacea Waldst. et Kit. 1799 (Apocynaceae), a new species of the Croatian flora

2013 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 399-406
Author(s):  
János Csiky ◽  
Dragica Purger
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Small Extent ◽  
Critically Endangered ◽  
The South ◽  
Plant Identification ◽  
Data Deficient ◽  
Number Of Individuals ◽  
A New Species

Abstract - Populations of herbaceous periwinkle, Vinca herbacea Waldst. et Kit., were found on April 2007 on Bansko Hill (Baranja, Croatia), which lies on the south-western edge of the range of this Pontic-Pannonian species. Since V. herbacea was included neither in the handbooks for plant identification nor in the current Croatian Flora Database, a new key for the determination of Vinca L. species of Croatia is presented herein. The herbaceous periwinkle should be treated as a critically endangered (CR) species in Croatia, considering the low number of individuals and the small extent of its occurrence in extremely rare habitats at the margin of its distribution. New recordings of some very rare or »data deficient « (DD) taxa of Croatia are also presented here: Scorzonera hispanica L. and Inula germanica L.

scholarly journals Genetic characterization and determination of the number of individuals by molecular analysis in a prehistoric finding

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e487-e489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Palomo-Díez ◽  
Ángel Esparza-Arroyo ◽  
Cláudia Gomes ◽  
Olga Rickards ◽  
Javier Velasco-Vázquez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Analysis ◽  
Genetic Characterization ◽  
Number Of Individuals

scholarly journals Occurrence of Cymbasoma longispinosum Bourne, 1890 (Copepoda: Monstrilloida) in the Curuçá River estuary (Amazon Littoral)

2010 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 577-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natália R. Leite ◽  
Luci C.C. Pereira ◽  
Fernando Abrunhosa ◽  
Marcus A.B. Pires ◽  
Rauquírio M. da Costa
Keyword(s):  
River Estuary ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Reproductive Period ◽  
Subsurface Water ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Rainy Period ◽  
Amazon Estuary ◽  
North Brazil ◽  
Number Of Individuals

The present work was carried out to verify the occurrence and distribution of Cymbasoma longispinosum Bourne, 1890 in a tropical Amazon estuary from North Brazil. Samplings were performed bimonthly from July/2003 to July/2004 at two different transects (Muriá and Curuçá rivers) situated along the Curuçá estuary (Pará, North Brazil). Samples were collected during neap tides via gentle (1 to 1.5 knots) 200 μm-mesh net tows from a small boat. Additional subsurface water samples were collected for the determination of environmental parameters. Males and females of Cymbasoma longispinosum were only observed during September and November/2003. The highest number of organisms was found in September/2003 at the Muriá River transect. The presence of C. longispinosum in samples obtained during September and November/2003 could probably be related to the reproductive period of this species in the studied estuary, which is directly related to the dry period in the region. The highest salinity values and the highest number of individuals observed in September/2003 corroborate with the previous assumption, since no C. longispinosum was found during the months comprising the rainy period (January to June).

Factors influencing the importation and establishment in Australia of the European hare (Lepus europaeus)

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Stott
Keyword(s):  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Habitat Characteristics ◽  
Lepus Europaeus ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
European Hare ◽  
European Settlement ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
C4 Grass ◽  
Historical Issues

Hares were introduced into Australia early in the period of European settlement. This study examined historical issues of newspapers and other historical sources to ascertain the number of importations, the number of hares landed alive, their destinations, relevant habitat characteristics at the sites of the releases, and whether the propagules became established and spread. Forty shipments were identified, and one or more live hares were landed from 27 of those shipments, totalling ~86 live hares, and resulted in the establishment of 10 populations of hares. The climate and the grasses at the known release sites were suitable for Lepus europaeus and predators were rigorously suppressed, which, acting together with the wealth, power, influence, and determination of the proponents of the importations, made establishment of hares in Australia almost certain. However, 11 of the hares landed alive were almost certainly L. nigricollis, and the fates of seven of those hares are not known. There are populations of hares in Australia at sites suited to L. nigricollis but not L. europaeus on the basis of climate and availability of C4 grass types, and the taxonomic status of those hares should be examined.

scholarly journals The Composition, Abundance, and Biodiversity of the Insect Family of the Hymenoptera Order on Swampy Wetlands (SW) and Land Conversion (LC) in Palembang City

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 396
Author(s):  
Riyanto Riyanto
Keyword(s):  
Diversity Index ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Land Conversion ◽  
Total Abundance ◽  
Abundance Index ◽  
Abundance And Diversity ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Number Of Individuals ◽  
Insect Family

Urban development and population growth in the Palembang city, lowland swamps have been converted into swamps (SW) and land conversion (LC). Changes in habitat certainly have an impact on the composition, abundance, and diversity of the insect family of the Hymenoptera order. The purpose of writing this article is to inform the composition, abundance, and diversity of insect families of the Hymenoptera order in the SW and LC lands of Palembang city. This study used a survey method by exploring each research location four times. Determination of the research location using purposive sampling method with the reason to get different habitat conditions. The collection of insects is carried out in two ways, namely trapping and hands collecting. The results showed that 18 families of the Hymenoptera order, namely 4 to 7 families were found in SW land and 8 families were found in LC land. The number of individuals on SW land was 6,351 and on LC land was 2,297. The Apidae, Formicidae, Ichneumonidae, Platygastridae, Sphecidae, and Vespidae families are found in almost all fields. The total abundance index of the Hymenoptera order family in SW land (73.438%) was higher than the index of the total abundance of the Hymenoptera order family in the LC land (26.561%). The highest family abundance index was Formicidae, namely 65.101%, followed by the Vespidae family (26.237%) and the Apidae family (5.087%). The diversity index of the Hymenoptera order in the LC land had a higher value (2.741) than the diversity index in the SW field (2.165). The conclusion is that the composition of the insect family of the Hymenoptera order in LC land was higher than in SW land, but the number of individual insects in SW land was higher than in LC land. The abundance index of the Hymenoptera order in SW land was higher than that in LC land. The insect diversity index of the Hymenoptera order in LC land was higher than in SW land. It is recommended to research the role of various insect species from the Hymenoptera order in the SW land and LC land of the  Palembang city.

scholarly journals Determination of the biomass stock in a mixed plantation of Pinus taeda L. and Pinus elliottii Engelm.

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 1455-1462
Author(s):  
Renata Reis de Carvalho ◽  
Jonathan William Trautenmüller ◽  
Sabrina Reis de Carvalho ◽  
Sergio Costa Júnior ◽  
Dimas Agostinho da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Diameter Class ◽  
Mixed Plantation ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Number Of Individuals

Mixed planting when well managed can be more efficient in the production of biomass and in the use of available resources, thus increasing the profits of planting. The objectives of this research were to quantify the biomass of a mixed plantation of Pinus taeda and Pinus elliottii, by the direct method and to verify the allocation of biomass between the components and the production of biomass per unit area of the mixed plantation and of the two species studied. From the forest census carried out in the mixed planting of 43.5 ha, at 16 years of age, the diametric distribution of the population was generated. Based on the diametric classes, 60 trees were randomly sampled by the direct method, 30 trees for each species. Then, the aerial biomass production in the different components of the tree for both species was evaluated and compared. Mixed planting produced 171.5 t ha-1 of biomass; the shaft represented more than 60% of the biomass. The biomass production in Pinus taeda was superior to Pinus elliottii. The biomass of branches, in turn, was significantly different between species. The stratified tree technique revealed that biomass production in the stand was lower than the biomass obtained by the direct method. In this technique, the biomass (t ha-1) was superior to Pinus elliottii, due to the frequency of individuals in the forest census being higher in the central diameter class, and the species having a larger number of individuals in the stand.

scholarly journals Comparative Study on Volume Estimation Using a Model with one and Model with two Independent Variables in Meru/USA Forest Plantation, Northern Tanzania

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-63
Author(s):  
Lucas Kivuyo Likingurainey ◽  
Canisius John Kayombo ◽  
Almas Kashindye
Keyword(s):  
Volume Estimation ◽  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Northern Tanzania ◽  
Standing Trees ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Volume Equation ◽  
Number Of Individuals ◽  
Two Independent Variables

Worldwide, the management of forests has been known to rely on the determination of the size of tree stands. The size of tree stands is determined based on dimensions that include the diameter and the marketable height through the volume equation. The volume is often evaluated from the diameter. It can however also be measured directly on felled trees or logs. It is difficult to obtain the volume for the stand trees directly, so, models were developed to tackle the situation based on standing trees’ variables like diameter and height in order to simplify volume estimation because it is more closetful and difficult to measure direct volumes for standing trees. The general objective of this study was to estimate trees’ volume using one and two independent variables. Systematic sampling was used to allocate the plots on which the diameters of the trees were measured, and counted for the number of individuals (trees stems). The Relascope was used to assign the trees to be considered in the set plot while a diameter tape measure was used for diameter (DBH) measurements and the already measured trees were marked (using marker pens, paints and chalk). Data recording sheets and a handheld GPS were used for recording coordinates. The study findings revealed that having a model with two independent variables; DBH and height(H) is more accurate compared to the model with one independent variable.

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