Prevalence and associated factors of intestinal parasite infection by HIV infection status among asymptomatic adults in rural Gabon

Introduction: Intestinal parasites infections are endemic in Gabon. Nevertheless, they are rarely described in people living with HIV (PLHIV). Objective: The frequency of intestinal parasite infection was estimated and compared between HIV-positive and HIV un- infected individuals in Gabon; factors associated with intestinal parasites were also analysed. Material and Methods: Using a cross-sectional study design sociodemographic data, life style habits, antiretroviral therapy, cotrimoxazole use and CD4 cell count were recorded.. Stool samples from participants living in Koulamoutou and Oyem were analysed using microscopy. Chi-squared or fisher’s exact tests and logistic regression were performed. Results: Among participants (n=332), female gender was predominant (73.7%; n=135/183) and the median age was 45 [33-57] years old. Among 183 samples, 53.6% (n = 98/183) were infected by intestinal parasites. The proportion was higher (72.1%) in HIV negative participants compared to PLHIV (42.6%) (p <0.01). PLHIV were more frequently poly-infected. Infection was frequent in patients using external toilets and tap water (>70.0%). Conclusion: Prevalence of intestinal parasites is higher in seronegative participants but polyparasitism is more frequent in PLHIV. Strategies are focused on HIV negative population, but this study shows the importance of sensitization for PLHIV to improve their quality of life. Keywords: Intestinal parasites; Human immunodeficiency virus; cotrimoxazole; CD4 cell; Gabon.

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Malaria and intestinal parasite co-infections and impact on haematological parameters among people living with HIV in Buea, Southwest Cameroon

10.21203/rs.3.rs-22401/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Sorelle Mekachie Sandie ◽

Irene Ule Ngole Sumbele ◽

Martin Mih Tasah ◽

Helen Kuokuo Kimbi

Keyword(s):

Malaria Parasite ◽

Intestinal Parasite ◽

Intestinal Parasites ◽

Haemoglobin Concentration ◽

Health Concern ◽

Haematological Parameters ◽

Full Blood Count ◽

People Living With Hiv ◽

Living With Hiv ◽

Hiv Negative

Abstract Background: Both malaria and intestinal parasites are endemic in Cameroon, and their co-infection can be of great impact on haematological parameters among people living with HIV (PLWH). This cross-sectional study determined the prevalence and impact of malaria/intestinal parasite co-infections on haematological parameters in PLWH and HIV negative individuals in Buea, Cameroon from March-August 2019.Methods: The study population (500) comprised of 190 PLWH, 216 HIV consenting negative individuals from the Buea community and 94 HIV negative patients at the Buea Hospital out-patient department (OPD). Participants were examined clinically, and the collected blood sample was used for malaria parasite (MP) detection, HIV diagnosis and full blood count analysis. Stool samples were examined for the detection of intestinal parasites (IPs) using the formol-ether concentration and modified Zheil-Neelsen techniques. Proportions were compared using Pearson’s Chi-square test and association of anaemia with the independent variables was evaluated using multivariate logistic regression analysis Results: Overall, MP, IPs and MP/IPs co-infection prevalences were 17.0% (85), 13.0% (65) and 2.2% (11) respectively. When compared with HIV negative participants from the communities, PLWH had the highest prevalence of MP (16.3%, P = 0.17), IPs (23.7%, P ˂ 0.001) and MP/IPs co-infection (3.7%, P = 0.04). Plasmodium falciparum was the only malaria parasite identified. Detected protozoa (10.2%) were Cryptosporidium species and Entamoeba histolytica while detected helminths (3.8%) were Ascaris lumbricoides, Schistosoma mansoni, hookworm, Dipylidium caninum, Hymenolepis nana and Taenia species. Cryptosporidium species (16.8%, 32) was the most prevalent protozoan IP while hookworm (2.6%, 5) was the most prevalent helminth among PLWH. The significant risk factors associated with anaemia included being aged 21-30 years (P=0.029), a male (P<0.001), MP positive (P<0.001), HIV positive (P<0.001) and feverish (P<0.001). Participants co-infected with HIV, MP and IP had a significantly lower mean haemoglobin value (10.56 ±1.21 g/dl). Conclusion: Malaria and intestinal parasites are still public health concern among PLWH and co-infections have negative influence on haematological parameters especially haemoglobin concentration. Routine screening for malaria and IPs in PLWH is recommended, as well as haemoglobin concentration monitoring.

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Human cytomegalovirus infection, viraemia and retinitis among people living with HIV/AIDS in Kano, North-Western Nigeria

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences ◽

10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20213061 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 2191

Author(s):

Chinagozi P. Edwin ◽

Sadiq Hassan ◽

Philips I. Ebisike ◽

Saudat G. Habib ◽

Taiwo G. Amole ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Cytomegalovirus ◽

Hcmv Infection ◽

Tertiary Hospital ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

People Living With Hiv ◽

Cd4 Cells ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Cd4 Cell Count ◽

Living With Hiv ◽

Cd4 Cell

Background: Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a leading cause of opportunistic infection in HIV-infected patients. HCMV viraemia is an active infection marker and prelude to end-organ diseases (EODs), such as retinitis. The aim of the study was to assess the burden and associated factors of HCMV infection, viraemia and retinitis among HIV-infected patients in Nigeria.Methods: Comparative cross-sectional study of 160 HIV-infected adults, comprising 80 participants in each of <100/mm3 and ≥100 cells/mm3 CD4+ cell count groups, who attended HIV clinic at a tertiary hospital located in a major Nigerian city. A questionnaire was used to collect data from eligible consenting participants and their case files. Sera from all participants were tested for anti-HCMV IgG using ELISA method, and plasma of seropositive participants were subjected to PCR for HCMV viraemia. Participants whose samples were HCMV viraemic were examined for HCMV retinitis using indirect ophthalmoscopy. Data was analyzed using Minitab vs 14.1.1PP.Results: All 160 participants tested positive for anti-HCMV IgG. HCMV viraemia was 14.4% (23 of 160) generally, but comparatively more among <100 CD4 cells/mm3 group (18.8%; 15 of 80) than in ≥100 cells/mm3 patient group (10%; 8 of 80). Only HCMV viraemic patients in <100 CD4 cells/mm3 group (20%; 3 of 15) were diagnosed with HCMV retinitis. WHO stage was associated with HCMV viraemia (χ2= 7.79, p=0.05) and HCMV retinitis (χ2= 4.60, p=0.03). The only predictor of HCMV retinitis was WHO staging I and II [aOR = 0.04, 95%CI (0.01- 0.52)]. Conclusions: Evidence of previous and active HCMV infection is prevalent among PLWHA in Nigeria with WHO staging being associated and a predictor of HCMV viraemia and retinitis, respectively.

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Occurrence of intestinal parasites amongst persons on highly active antiretroviral drug therapy in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria

Veterinary Science Development ◽

10.4081/vsd.2015.5794 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Paul C. Inyang-Etoh ◽

Mfoniso I. Udonkang ◽

Ade O. Adeboboye

Keyword(s):

Drug Therapy ◽

Intestinal Parasite ◽

Intestinal Parasites ◽

Parasite Infection ◽

Cd4 Count ◽

Intestinal Parasite Infection ◽

Highly Active ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Parasite Infections ◽

Stool Samples

Opportunistic and intestinal parasite infections are common health problem among HIV/AIDS patients. Early detection and treatment of these parasites are important to improve the quality of life of this category of patients. The occurrence of intestinal parasites among 400 patients on highly active anti-retroviral drug therapy (HAART) aged 11-60 years was investigated. Standard parasitological techniques like direct microscopy, formol ether concentration and modified Ziehl- Neelsen staining techniques were used to analyze the stool samples. Intestinal parasite infections were positive in 116 (29%) of the subjects on HAART while control subjects had 12 (12%) and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Subjects in the age group 21-30 years had the highest infection rate 54 (35.1%). There was no statistically significant difference in infection according to age (P>0.05). Females 76 (32.5%) had a higher prevalence rate than males 40 (24.1%). But there was no statistically significant difference in infection according to gender (P<0.05). Patients with CD4 count of less than 200 cells/mm3 were observed to be more infected than those with CD4 count of more than 200 cells/mm3. There was a strong positive correlation (r=0.94) between CD4 count and the occurrence of intestinal parasite infection. Protozoan parasites 84 (21.0%) accounted for a higher prevalence rate than helminthic parasites 32 (8.0%). These findings has revealed a high prevalence of intestinal parasite infection among patients on HAART thus the routine screening of stool samples from these category of patients for intestinal parasites is advocated for effective management of the disease.

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A Retrospective Study of Intestinal Parasite among Patients in the Ho Teaching Hospital, Ghana

International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health ◽

10.9734/ijtdh/2019/v37i430173 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Maxwell Afranie Appiah ◽

Ebenezer Enam Adzaklo ◽

Eric Agboli

Keyword(s):

Retrospective Study ◽

Teaching Hospital ◽

Intestinal Parasite ◽

Intestinal Parasites ◽

Age Groups ◽

Parasite Infection ◽

Stool Examination ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

Intestinal Parasite Infection ◽

Parasite Infections

Aim: To assess the prevalence of intestinal parasite infections among patients who visit the Ho Teaching Hospital for stool examination from 2012 to 2016. Study Design: Retrospective study. Place and Duration of Study: Ho Teaching Hospital, August 2017 to January 2018. Methodology: The hospital’s laboratory records were reviewed. Patients’ data were recorded using a well-designed data collection tool. Data was analyzed with Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20.0. Results: A total of 7045 patients visited the Ho Teaching Hospital laboratory for routine stool examination within the five-year period. From the 7045 patients, 703 of them were infected with at least one of the intestinal parasites. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasite infection for the five-year period was 10.0%. Intestinal flagellates (90.0%) were the most predominant intestinal parasites, and Entamoeba histolytica recorded 5.7%. Hookworm (0.9%) was the most prevailing soil-transmitted helminth. Ascaris lumbricoides (0.1%) and Schistosoma mansoni (0.1%) were the least recorded parasites. Highest infection was among patients within age group 20 to 29 years. However, age groups below 10 years recorded low infection. This study showed that age was a risk factor for acquiring intestinal parasite infection (P≤0.001). Conclusion: Intestinal parasitic infections were recorded among patients who visited the Ho Teaching Hospital. However, most of the patients were infected with intestinal flagellates. Various stakeholders should provide advance techniques in laboratory investigation of stool samples to enhance accurate diagnosis. Sensitization of the public about the dangers of intestinal parasites should also be undertaken by the stakeholders.

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Impact of Sanitation and Health Education on Intestinal Parasite Infection among Primary School Aged Children of Sherpur, Bangladesh

Tropical Doctor ◽

10.1177/004947550303300306 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 139-143 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

G M Monawar Hosain ◽

Subas Saha ◽

Afroza Begum

Keyword(s):

Health Education ◽

Intestinal Parasite ◽

Intestinal Parasites ◽

Living Condition ◽

Parasite Infection ◽

School Aged Children ◽

Intestinal Parasite Infection ◽

The People ◽

Stool Samples ◽

The Impact

This study was carried out in 1999–2000 in the northern part of Bangladesh to determine the impact of sanitary latrine use and of health education on intestinal parasites in school-aged children. The children were between 5 and 13 years of age and stool samples revealed that more than half (53%) of the study sample was still infected with one or more intestinal parasites even after 4 years of intervention. Ascariasis was found to have the highest prevalence rate (36.2%) and hookworm the lowest (10.7%). Intestinal parasite infection was significantly lower ( P<0.05) among those who used a sanitary latrine and received health education. This result is consistent with observations that the effect of sanitation and health education is slow to develop. Concerted primary healthcare activities with community development efforts should be undertaken to improve the overall living condition of the people of this area to control this problem.

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HIV and the dual burden of malnutrition in Senegal, 1994–2012

International Journal of STD & AIDS ◽

10.1177/0956462418777364 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 29 (12) ◽

pp. 1165-1173

Author(s):

Noelle A Benzekri ◽

Moussa Seydi ◽

Ibrahima NDoye ◽

Macoumba Toure ◽

Nancy B Kiviat ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Status ◽

Cell Count ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

People Living With Hiv ◽

Nutrition Interventions ◽

Commercial Sex Work ◽

Cd4 Cell Count ◽

Cd4 Cell ◽

Hiv Negative

The aims of this study were to determine the nutritional status of HIV-positive versus HIV-negative adults in Senegal and to identify predictors of nutritional status among people living with HIV (PLHIV). We conducted a retrospective study using data from individuals enrolled in previous studies in Senegal. Undernutrition was defined as body mass index (BMI) <18.5 and overnutrition was defined as BMI ≥25.0. Subcategories of overnutrition were overweight (defined as BMI 25.0–29.9) and obesity (BMI ≥30.0). Predictors of nutritional status were identified using multinomial logistic regression. Data from 2448 adults were included; 1471 (60%) were HIV positive. Among HIV-negative individuals, the prevalence of undernutrition decreased from 23% in 1994–1999 to 5% in 2006–2012, while the prevalence of overnutrition increased from 19 to 55%. Among PLHIV, undernutrition decreased from 52 to 37% and overnutrition increased from 10 to 15%. Women had greater odds of obesity (odds ratio [OR] 11.4; p < 0.01). Among HIV-positive women, undernutrition was associated with WHO stage 3 or 4 and CD4 cell count <200; antiretroviral therapy (ART) and education were protective. Obesity was associated with age > 35 years, commercial sex work, and alcohol use. Among HIV-positive men, WHO stage 3 or 4 and CD4 cell count <200 were predictive of undernutrition; ART was protective. Our study highlights the need for the integration of nutrition interventions into HIV programs in Senegal and suggests that for nutrition programs to be most effective, strategies may need to differ when targeting men versus women. Furthermore, improving access to education and focusing on women for nutrition interventions could be of particularly high impact at the household level.

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Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in HIV-Infected Patients in Rome, Italy during the COVID-19 Outbreak

Diagnostics ◽

10.3390/diagnostics11071154 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 1154

Author(s):

Francesca Lombardi ◽

Rosalba Ricci ◽

Simone Belmonti ◽

Massimiliano Fabbiani ◽

Alberto Borghetti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Time Frame ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Confirmatory Test ◽

People Living With Hiv ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Cd4 Cell Count ◽

Hiv Rna ◽

Chemiluminescent Immunoassay ◽

Living With Hiv ◽

Cd4 Cell

Background: this study aimed to determine the proportion of people living with HIV (PLWH) with anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in a large sample from a single HIV referral center in Rome, Italy; the time-frame included both the first and the second wave of the Italian COVID-19 pandemic; Methods: we conducted a cross-sectional study on stored cryopreserved samples from 1 March 2020 to 30 November 2020. Total antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were preliminarily tested using a chemiluminescent immunoassay. Positive results were re-tested with an ELISA assay as an IgG confirmatory test; Results: overall, 1389 samples were analyzed from 1106 PLWH: 69% males, median age 53 years, 94% on antiretroviral treatment, 93% with HIV-RNA < 50 copies/mL, median CD4 cell count 610 cell/µL. Our analysis revealed a total of n = 8 patients who tested IgG positive during the study period. Seroprevalence was equal to 0% in the first months (March–June); this started to increase in July and reached a maximum rate of 1.59% in October 2020. The overall seroprevalence was 0.72% (8/1106, 95% CI 0.37–1.42). Conclusion: our findings from this setting show a low IgG SARS-CoV-2 prevalence among PLWH as compared to data available from the general population.

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Seroprevalence of IgM and IgG Antibodies to Toxoplasma infection in healthy and HIV-positive adults from Northern Nigeria

The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries ◽

10.3855/jidc.2797 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 7 (05) ◽

pp. 398-403 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Dimie Ogoina ◽

Geoffrey C Onyemelukwe ◽

Bolanle O Musa ◽

Reginald O Obiako

Keyword(s):

Healthy Adults ◽

Clinical Staging ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Northern Nigeria ◽

Toxoplasma Infection ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Cd4 Cell Count ◽

Cell Counts ◽

Cd4 Cell ◽

Hiv Negative

Introduction: We examined the seroprevalence of toxoplasma infection in HIV-negative and -positive adults from Zaria, Northern Nigeria, and assessed its relationship with demographic, clinical, and immunological findings. Methodology: In a six-month cross-sectional study undertaken in 2008, sera of 219 adults, including 111 consecutive HIV-infected adults and 108 healthy HIV-negative adult volunteers from Zaria, Northern Nigeria, were examined for IgG and IgM antibodies to toxoplasma by ELISA. Clinical characteristics of the HIV-infected patients were documented. Differences in toxoplasma seropositivity between HIV-positive and negative adults were sought. The relationship between toxoplasma seropositivity and variables such as age, sex and antiretroviral (ART) status, as well as HIV clinical staging and CD4 cell counts were also determined. P<0.05 was considered significant. Results: The seroprevalence of toxoplasma infection (IgG positive and or IgM positive) was 32.4% in HIV-negative healthy adults and 38.7% in HIV-infected adults (P>0.05). The rate of IgM seropositivity was 4.6% in healthy adults and 1.8% in HIV-infected patients, while the rate of IgG seropositivity (without IgM seropositivity) was 28.7% in healthy adults and 37.8% in HIV-infected patients (p>0.05). Toxoplasma seropositivity was not associated with age, sex, ART status, CD4 cell count or HIV clinical staging. Seventy-four percent of the toxoplasma seropositive HIV-infected patients were asymptomatic and no cases of toxoplasma encephalitis were identified. Conclusion: Toxoplasmosis is equally prevalent in HIV-infected patients and healthy adults from similar environments in Northern Nigeria. It is imperative to develop public health policies to prevent toxoplasmosis in Nigeria, especially in HIV-infected patients.

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Nutritional Status of School-aged Children with Intestinal Parasite Infection in South Jakarta, Indonesia

Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3889/oamjms.2021.5711 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (E) ◽

pp. 95-100

Author(s):

Ika Puspa Sari ◽

Sacha Audindra ◽

Aqila S. Zhafira ◽

Arin A. Rahma ◽

Cut V. Syarira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Status ◽

Intestinal Parasite ◽

Intestinal Parasites ◽

Parasitic Infection ◽

Parasite Infection ◽

Intestinal Parasitic Infection ◽

Blastocystis Hominis ◽

Nutritional Disorder ◽

School Aged Children ◽

Intestinal Parasite Infection

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection still high in Indonesia and lead to nutritional disorder, especially in the school-aged children. AIM: This research conducted to find the association of intestinal parasitic infection to the nutritional status of the children. METHODS: This was a cross sectional study, conducted in January 2016 in one primary school in South Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia, by collecting the children’s stool from 1st to 5th grade. Direct examination of the stool was conducted in the Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, by Lugol and eosin staining. Nutritional status categorized using BMI chart. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test, Statistical Product, and Service Solutions version 20. RESULTS: From the total 157 stool examined in the laboratory, there were 60 (38.2%) children positively infected with various kinds of intestinal parasites. Mostly the infection is caused by Blastocystis hominis, which infects 44 children (69.4%). The other infection is caused by Giardia lamblia (15.3%), Trichuris trichiura (1.4%), and hookworm (1.4%), and mixed infection of B. hominis and Escherichia coli (4.2%) and B. hominis with G. lamblia (4.2%). From the total of infected children, 17 children (28.3%) have BMI below 5th percentile, and it was considered as malnourished. Moreover, 67 uninfected children have normal nutritional status. Statistically, there is an association between intestinal parasitic infection and nutritional status in school-aged children in South Jakarta (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The incidence of intestinal parasitic infection in school-aged children is 38.2%. Moreover, 28.3% of the infected children were malnourished and it is suggested that children with intestinal parasite infection have low nutritional status.

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Effects of intestinal parasite infection on hematological profiles of pregnant women attending antenatal care at Debre Markos Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: Institution based prospective cohort study

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0250990 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (5) ◽

pp. e0250990

Author(s):

Gebreselassie Demeke ◽

Getachew Mengistu ◽

Abtie Abebaw ◽

Milkiyas Toru ◽

Molla Yigzaw ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antenatal Care ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Intestinal Parasite ◽

Intestinal Parasites ◽

Parasitic Infection ◽

Parasite Infection ◽

Referral Hospital ◽

Intestinal Parasite Infection ◽

The Mean ◽

Debre Markos

Background Intestinal parasitosis is a common disease that causes misery and disability in poor populations. The number of individuals affected is staggering. From two billion peoples who harbor parasites worldwide, 300 million suffer severe morbidity and more than 25% of pregnant women are infected with hookworm, which causes intestinal bleeding and blood loss, and has been most commonly associated with anemia. Intestinal parasite infection during pregnancy has been associated with iron deficiency, maternal anemia, and impaired nutritional status, as well as decreased infant birth weight. Objective This study aimed to assess the effects of intestinal parasite infection on hematological profiles of pregnant women attending antenatal care in Debre Markos Referral Hospital from December 2017 to February 2019. Method A prospective cohort study design was conducted among 94 intestinal parasite-infected pregnant women as an exposed group and 187 pregnant women free from intestinal parasite were used as a control group. The effect of intestinal parasites on hematological profiles of pregnant women was assessed at Debre Markos Referral Hospital antenatal care ward. Socio-demographic data and nutrition status were assessed by using structured questionnaires and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), respectively. Two ml of venous blood and 2 gm of stool samples were collected to analyze the hematological profiles and detect intestinal parasites, respectively. Wet mount and formol-ether concentration (FEC) techniques were used to detect intestinal parasites. Hematological profile was analyzed using Mind ray BC-3000 plus instrument. Data were double entered into EpiData version 3.1 software and exported to SPSS version 24 software for analysis. Results were presented using tables and graphs. Associations of hemoglobin levels with intestinal parasitic infections were determined using binary logistic regression models. P≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. The mean hematological profile difference between parasite-infected and parasite-free pregnant women was computed using independent t-test. Results In the present study, the predominant parasites identified were Entamoeba histolytica, hookworm, Giardia lamblia, Schistosoma mansoni, and Ascaris lumbricoides. About 8.2% of intestinal parasite-infected pregnant women had mild anemia while 4% had moderate anemia. Only 1.2% of intestinal parasite-free pregnant women developed moderate anemia. The mean HGB, HCT, MCV, MCH, and MCHC values of intestinal parasite-infected pregnant women were 12.8g/dl, 38.2%, 94.7fl, 33.1pg and 34.7g/dl, respectively. But the mean HGB, HCT, MCV, MCH and MCHC values of pregnant women who were free from intestinal parasites were 14.4 g/dl, 39.8%, 94.9fl, 33.9pg and 35.5g/dl, respectively. Anemia was strongly associated with hookworm (AOR = 21.29, 95%CI: 8.28–54.75, P<0.001), S.mansoni (AOR = 63.73, 95% CI: 19.15–212, P<0.001) and A.lumbricoide (AOR = 14.12, 95% CI 3.28–60.65, P<0.001). Conclusion Intestinal parasitic infection in pregnant women caused adverse impact on hematological profiles and was an independent predictor of anemia. Intestinal parasitic infection significantly decreased pregnant the level of HGB, HCT, MCV, MCH, and MCHC values. To minimize maternal anemia deworming could be good before pregnancy.

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