intestinal parasite infection
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2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 165
Author(s):  
Nur Afidah Novitasari ◽  
Mohammad Zainal Fatah

Background: Intestinal parasites infection is a common problem in the world. Intestinal parasites infection causes morbidity, mortality, and complication. Objectives: The purpose of this research was to identify the intestinal parasite infection risk factors by using a systematic review of intestinal parasite infection-related existing publications. Methods: This study used a systematic review method. A systematic review of intestinal parasite risk factors was then performed following PRISMA guidelines. The data source of this study was derived from the literature obtained through the internet in the form of research results from publications in journals that were conducted in Hindawi, PubMed, emedicalj, tandfonline, knepublishing, portalnepas, ojs unud, plos, jurnal.umsb, and publications were assessed against inclusion and exclusion criteria. The population is the research paper about prevalence and risk factors for intestinal parasites infection from 2013-2019 and 35 studies were used. Inclusion criteria were researched that identifies risk factors intestinal parasites infection and uses primary data for the research. Exclusion criteria were review study and use secondary data for the study. Data are presented in tabular form. Univariate analysis to see the average, minimum and maximum values, and frequency and percentage distribution. Results: The results of the systematic study analysis are that the most risk factors for intestinal parasite infection are age, sex, residence, toilet, washing hand with soap before a meal, shoe-wearing habit, trimming nails, eating undercooked food, personal hygiene, and source of drinking water. Conclusions: Intestinal parasites can occur in children, adolescents, and adults who are affected by demographic factors, clean and healthy lifestyle behaviors and lifestyle. Cleanliness, health, and lifestyle are aspects that need to be improved to prevent intestinal parasites. Keywords:  intestinal parasites infection, lifestyle, risk factor, systematic review


2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Desalegn Andargie ◽  
Yalewayker Tegegne ◽  
Ligabaw Worku

Intestinal parasite infections are widely distributed and affect various segments of the population in Ethiopia as in many developing countries. The government launched an innovative program called Health Extension Program to increase the coverage of primary health care services, mainly by producing model households using model-family training. The aim of this study was to evaluate the intestinal parasite infection in low and high coverage of graduated households. Method. A community-based crosssectional study was conducted from February to June, 2019. A total of 478 participants were enrolled in this study by using a multistage sampling technique. Data were collected by using pretested and semistructured questionnaire. Five grams of stool specimen was collected, and samples were processed using a direct wet mount and Kato Katz technique. Data were coded, entered, and cleaned using statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 20. A Chi-square test was employed to compare the two groups. P value < 0.05 were taken as statistically significant. Result. The prevalence rate of IPIs was 39% and 20.5% in LCGHH and HCGHH, respectively. A. lumbricoides was the predominant parasite, detected in 14.6% and 8.8% followed by S. mansoni 6.3% and 2.1% in LCGHH and HCGHH districts, respectively. LCGHH had significantly higher prevalence of A. lumbricoides, S. mansoni, and hookworm infections than the HCGHH district ( P < 0.05 ). Thirteen (18.8%) study participants in LCGHH and four (11.7%) in HCGHH showed heavy infection with the four common soil-transmitted helminths (A. lumbricoides, S. mansoni, hookworm, and T. trichiura). Among study participants who were positive for S. mansoni, 53.3% in LCGHH and 20% in HCGHH had heavy infection for the Kato thick smear used. Conclusion. The prevalence of IPIs is significantly higher in LCGHH than in the HCGHH district. Producing more model households by giving model family training to nonmodel households and strengthening the information, education, and communication package are crucial in the implementation of the HEP to decrease the prevalence of IPIs especially in LCGHH districts.


PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. e0250990
Author(s):  
Gebreselassie Demeke ◽  
Getachew Mengistu ◽  
Abtie Abebaw ◽  
Milkiyas Toru ◽  
Molla Yigzaw ◽  
...  

Background Intestinal parasitosis is a common disease that causes misery and disability in poor populations. The number of individuals affected is staggering. From two billion peoples who harbor parasites worldwide, 300 million suffer severe morbidity and more than 25% of pregnant women are infected with hookworm, which causes intestinal bleeding and blood loss, and has been most commonly associated with anemia. Intestinal parasite infection during pregnancy has been associated with iron deficiency, maternal anemia, and impaired nutritional status, as well as decreased infant birth weight. Objective This study aimed to assess the effects of intestinal parasite infection on hematological profiles of pregnant women attending antenatal care in Debre Markos Referral Hospital from December 2017 to February 2019. Method A prospective cohort study design was conducted among 94 intestinal parasite-infected pregnant women as an exposed group and 187 pregnant women free from intestinal parasite were used as a control group. The effect of intestinal parasites on hematological profiles of pregnant women was assessed at Debre Markos Referral Hospital antenatal care ward. Socio-demographic data and nutrition status were assessed by using structured questionnaires and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), respectively. Two ml of venous blood and 2 gm of stool samples were collected to analyze the hematological profiles and detect intestinal parasites, respectively. Wet mount and formol-ether concentration (FEC) techniques were used to detect intestinal parasites. Hematological profile was analyzed using Mind ray BC-3000 plus instrument. Data were double entered into EpiData version 3.1 software and exported to SPSS version 24 software for analysis. Results were presented using tables and graphs. Associations of hemoglobin levels with intestinal parasitic infections were determined using binary logistic regression models. P≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. The mean hematological profile difference between parasite-infected and parasite-free pregnant women was computed using independent t-test. Results In the present study, the predominant parasites identified were Entamoeba histolytica, hookworm, Giardia lamblia, Schistosoma mansoni, and Ascaris lumbricoides. About 8.2% of intestinal parasite-infected pregnant women had mild anemia while 4% had moderate anemia. Only 1.2% of intestinal parasite-free pregnant women developed moderate anemia. The mean HGB, HCT, MCV, MCH, and MCHC values of intestinal parasite-infected pregnant women were 12.8g/dl, 38.2%, 94.7fl, 33.1pg and 34.7g/dl, respectively. But the mean HGB, HCT, MCV, MCH and MCHC values of pregnant women who were free from intestinal parasites were 14.4 g/dl, 39.8%, 94.9fl, 33.9pg and 35.5g/dl, respectively. Anemia was strongly associated with hookworm (AOR = 21.29, 95%CI: 8.28–54.75, P<0.001), S.mansoni (AOR = 63.73, 95% CI: 19.15–212, P<0.001) and A.lumbricoide (AOR = 14.12, 95% CI 3.28–60.65, P<0.001). Conclusion Intestinal parasitic infection in pregnant women caused adverse impact on hematological profiles and was an independent predictor of anemia. Intestinal parasitic infection significantly decreased pregnant the level of HGB, HCT, MCV, MCH, and MCHC values. To minimize maternal anemia deworming could be good before pregnancy.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (E) ◽  
pp. 95-100
Author(s):  
Ika Puspa Sari ◽  
Sacha Audindra ◽  
Aqila S. Zhafira ◽  
Arin A. Rahma ◽  
Cut V. Syarira ◽  
...  

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection still high in Indonesia and lead to nutritional disorder, especially in the school-aged children. AIM: This research conducted to find the association of intestinal parasitic infection to the nutritional status of the children. METHODS: This was a cross sectional study, conducted in January 2016 in one primary school in South Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia, by collecting the children’s stool from 1st to 5th grade. Direct examination of the stool was conducted in the Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, by Lugol and eosin staining. Nutritional status categorized using BMI chart. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test, Statistical Product, and Service Solutions version 20. RESULTS: From the total 157 stool examined in the laboratory, there were 60 (38.2%) children positively infected with various kinds of intestinal parasites. Mostly the infection is caused by Blastocystis hominis, which infects 44 children (69.4%). The other infection is caused by Giardia lamblia (15.3%), Trichuris trichiura (1.4%), and hookworm (1.4%), and mixed infection of B. hominis and Escherichia coli (4.2%) and B. hominis with G. lamblia (4.2%). From the total of infected children, 17 children (28.3%) have BMI below 5th percentile, and it was considered as malnourished. Moreover, 67 uninfected children have normal nutritional status. Statistically, there is an association between intestinal parasitic infection and nutritional status in school-aged children in South Jakarta (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The incidence of intestinal parasitic infection in school-aged children is 38.2%. Moreover, 28.3% of the infected children were malnourished and it is suggested that children with intestinal parasite infection have low nutritional status.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Getaneh Yemata ◽  
Melkalem Azanaw ◽  
Lemma Bilal ◽  
Birku Mekonnen

Abstract Background: Intestinal parasitic infections are major public health problems in several tropical and subtropical developing countries with poor socio-economic status including Ethiopia. Diarrheal patients are a major part of the population with a high risk of intestinal parasitosis. There is a scarcity of studies on intestinal parasite infection among diarrheal patients in South Gondar. As a result, this study was conducted to assess the prevalence and associated factors of intestinal parasite infection among diarrheal patients in this area. Methods: An institutional-based cross-sectional study design was conducted from March to May 2019 with a structured questionnaire data collection technique. A total sample of 240 diarrheal patients included in the study and a simple random sampling technique was used. The stool sample from each study subject was collected and analyzed by direct wet mount techniques. Data were entered in Epi Data Version 4.6.0.0 and exported to Stata version 14 for analysis. Binary logistic regression was used to measure the association of factors with the outcome variable. Factors that have an association with the outcome variable at p-value 0.25 was taken into the multivariable logistic regression analysis to control the potential confounders. The result of the final model will be expressed in terms of adjusted Odd Ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) and statistical significance will be declared if the P-value is less than 0.05. Results: The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among 240 diarrheal patients was 45.4%. The majorities of the positive cases were single infections (85.2%) while the remains were double infections (14.8%). Among the intestinal parasitic infections Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (E. histolytica/dispar) was the highest 60 (55.5%), and followed by Giardia lamblia (G. lamblia) 26 (24.1%), Ascaris lumbricoides (A. lumbricoides) 4(3.7%), hookworm4(3.7%) and Enterobius vermicularis 4(3.7%). The presence of intestinal parasitic infections had significantly associated with marital status (AOR: 0.41; 95% CI: 0.18,0.91).),shoe-wearing habit (AOR:2.81; 95% CI:1.07,7.37) and fingernail cleanliness (AOR:5.12; 95% CI: 2.35,11.12). Conclusion: Intestinal parasitic infections were a highly prevalent health problem among populations in Lay Gaynte woreda. Poor hygiene of fingernails and no shoes wearing a habit were risk factors for intestinal parasites infection among diarrheal patients.


2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 1024-1034
Author(s):  
Jeanne Vanessa Koumba Lengongo ◽  
Bedrich Pongui Ngondza ◽  
Bridy Moutombi Ditombi ◽  
Noé Patrick M’Bondoukwé ◽  
Jacques Mari Ndong Ngomo ◽  
...  

Introduction: Intestinal parasites infections are endemic in Gabon. Nevertheless, they are rarely described in people living with HIV (PLHIV). Objective: The frequency of intestinal parasite infection was estimated and compared between HIV-positive and HIV un- infected individuals in Gabon; factors associated with intestinal parasites were also analysed. Material and Methods: Using a cross-sectional study design sociodemographic data, life style habits, antiretroviral therapy, cotrimoxazole use and CD4 cell count were recorded.. Stool samples from participants living in Koulamoutou and Oyem were analysed using microscopy. Chi-squared or fisher’s exact tests and logistic regression were performed. Results: Among participants (n=332), female gender was predominant (73.7%; n=135/183) and the median age was 45 [33-57] years old. Among 183 samples, 53.6% (n = 98/183) were infected by intestinal parasites. The proportion was higher (72.1%) in HIV negative participants compared to PLHIV (42.6%) (p <0.01). PLHIV were more frequently poly-infected. Infection was frequent in patients using external toilets and tap water (>70.0%). Conclusion: Prevalence of intestinal parasites is higher in seronegative participants but polyparasitism is more frequent in PLHIV. Strategies are focused on HIV negative population, but this study shows the importance of sensitization for PLHIV to improve their quality of life. Keywords: Intestinal parasites; Human immunodeficiency virus; cotrimoxazole; CD4 cell; Gabon.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiwot Hailu ◽  
Bernt Lindtjørn

AbstractBackgroundOver 28 million school-aged children are at risk of intestinal parasite infection in Ethiopia. Few studies have investigated household-level risk factors or applied multilevel analysis to account for the nested data structure. This study aimed to assess the prevalence, intensity, and risk factors of parasite infection among schoolchildren in rural South Ethiopia.Methodology/Principal FindingsUsing multistage random sampling, we recruited 864 students in the Wonago district. We applied multilevel-logistic and zero-inflated negative binomial regression models (ZINB). Risk factors were concentrated at the individual level; school-level and class-level variables explained less than 5% of the variance. The overall intestinal parasite prevalence was 56% (479/850); Trichuris trichiura prevalence was 75.2% (360/479); and Ascaris lumbricoides prevalence was 33.2% (159/479). The rate of infection increased among children with anemia (AOR: 1.45 [95% CI: 1.04, 2.03]), wasting (AOR: 1.73 [95% CI: (1.04, 2.90]), mothers who had no formal education (AOR: 1.08 [95% CI: 1.25, 3.47]), and those in households using open containers for water storage (AOR: 2.06 [95% CI: 1.07, 3.99]). In the ZINB model, A. lumbricoides infection intensity increased with increasing age (AOR: 1.08 [95% CI: 1.01, 1.16]) and unclean fingernails (AOR: 1.47 [95% CI: 1.07, 2.03]). Handwashing with soap (AOR: 0.68 [95% CI: 0.48, 0.95]), de-worming treatment [AOR: 0.57 (95% CI: 0.33, 0.98)], and using water from protected sources [AOR: 0.46 (95% CI: 0.28, 0.77)] were found to be protective against parasitic infection.Conclusions/SignificanceAfter controlling for clustering effects at the school and class levels and accounting for excess zeros in fecal egg counts, we found an association between parasite infections and the following variables: age, wasting, anemia, unclean fingernails, handwashing, de-worming treatment, mother’s education, household water source, and water storage protection. Improving hygiene behavior, providing safe water at school and home, and strengthening de-worming programs is required to improve the health of schoolchildren in rural Gedeo.Author summaryIntestinal parasite infections are common among school-aged children in Ethiopia. Several cross-sectional studies have investigated the prevalence and risk factors of these intestinal parasite infections. However, most were conducted in an urban setting in northern Ethiopia; they collected household-level risk factor information from the children, not the parents; and they restricted intestinal parasite infection data to binary outcomes. Therefore, we aimed to assess the prevalence and intensity of intestinal parasite infections and the related individual-, household-, and school-level risk factors among rural schoolchildren in southern Ethiopia. Using a multivariate, multilevel, regression model, we found minimal variation across class- and school-level factors for intestinal parasite infection prevalence. We found associations between intestinal parasite infections and most individual-level factors and some household-level factors. Therefore, interventions focusing on the individual, household, and school should be implemented to reduce the prevalence of infection and parasite load among schoolchildren.


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