scholarly journals Brucellosis and its associated risk factors to humans and domestic ruminants in Kagera Ecosystem, Tanzania

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 523-530
Author(s):  
Jean Bosco Ntirandekura ◽  
Lucas Eliaimringi Matemba ◽  
Sharadhuli Iddi Kimera ◽  
John Bwayla Muma ◽  
Esron Daniel Karimuribo
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Competitive Elisa ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Community Health Education ◽  
Domestic Ruminants ◽  
Fluorescence Polarization Assay ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Important Disease

Background: Brucellosis is an important disease for both veterinary and public health. A study was conducted to under- stand the seroprevalence of brucellosis and its associated risk factors in pastoral areas of Kagera, Tanzania. Methods: Sera from 156 patients with malaria-like symptoms were analyzed using the commercial rapid agglutination test (specific for B.abortus and B.melitensis detection) and Fluorescence Polarization Assay (FPA). Sera from 426 cattle, 206 goats and 197 sheep were analyzed using Rose Bengal Plate (RBPT) and Competitive ELISA (c-ELISA) tests. Results: In humans, overall brucellosis, B. abortus, and B. melitensis sero-prevalences were 7.7% (95%CI: 3.8-12.2%), 1.9% (95% CI: 0.4-4.5%), and 5.8 % (95%CI: 2.6-10.6%), respectively. At animal level, seropositivity was 5.9% (95%CI: 4.0-8.6%), 2.5% (95%CI: 0.8-5.7%) and 0.5% (95%CI: 0.01-2.8%) in cattle, goats and sheep, respectively. At herd level, seropositivity was 18.2% (95%CI: 12.0-25.8%) in cattle and 6.9% (95%CI: 2.2-15.3%) in small ruminants. Brucellosis was associated with assisting in parturition without wearing protective gears (OR= 5.6; p= 0.02) in humans, herds of 50-200 animals (OR= 4.2, p= 0.01) and cattle (OR=3.5; p=0.01). The knowledge of brucellosis among pastoralists (OR=0.1; p<0.01) was a protective factor. Conclusion: Brucella infections could be occurring in pastoralists and domestic ruminants in Kagera. Community health education is necessary for the control of brucellosis in Tanzania. Keywords: Brucellosis; pastoralists; risk factors; Tanzania.

scholarly journals Prevalence and associated risk factors for bovine brucellosis in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (5Supl2) ◽  
pp. 3413
Author(s):  
Erivânia Camelo de Almeida ◽  
Aderaldo Alexandrino Freitas ◽  
Késia Alcântara Queiroz Pontual ◽  
Marcília Maria Alves Souza ◽  
Marcos Amaku ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Complement Fixation Test ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
The State ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Bovine Brucellosis ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Positive Animal

This study was conducted to characterize the epidemiology of bovine brucellosis in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. The state was divided into three regions, and in each region, approximately 300 properties were randomly sampled. From these selected properties, a pre-established number of animals were randomly selected and blood serum samples were obtained. A total of 3,901 animals were selected from 900 properties. For each selected property, an epidemiological questionnaire was administered to assess the type of farming, the animal husbandry practices and the sanitary practices that could be associated with the presence of brucellosis infection. The testing protocol consisted of screening the samples with a buffered acidified plate antigen test and retesting the positive samples with a complement fixation test (CF). One positive animal was enough to define an infected herd. The prevalence rates of infected herds and animals in the state were 4.5% [3.2; 6.4%] and 1.4% [0.7; 2.7%], respectively. By region, the prevalence rates of infected herds and animals, respectively, were as follows: Zona da Mata, 3.3% [1.8; 6.1%] and 1.7% [0.5; 3.0%]; Agreste, 7.4% [4.9; 10.9%] and 1.9% [0.8; 3.0%]; and Sertão, 1.3% [0.5; 3.5%] and 0.7% [0.0; 1.6%]. Flooded pastures (OR = 2.86 [1.37; 6.42]) and the presence of 13 or more females in the herd (3rd quartile) (OR = 2.65 [1.19; 5.89]) were identified as risk factors. The existence of veterinary care emerged as a protective factor against bovine brucellosis in the state of Pernambuco (OR = 0.24 [0.10; 0.58]).

scholarly journals Toxocara infection: seroprevalence and associated risk factors among primary school children in central China

Parasite ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuai Wang ◽  
Haoran Li ◽  
Zhijun Yao ◽  
Pengju Li ◽  
Dong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Primary School ◽  
School Children ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Henan Province ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
Central China ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Toxocariasis is a zoonotic disease that poses a threat to public health worldwide. In the present study, we investigated the seroprevalence of Toxocara infection among primary school children in Henan province, central China, which was previously unknown. Sera from 2451 primary school children were collected from September 2015 to October 2018, and evaluated for anti-Toxocara antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The overall seroprevalence of Toxocara infection was 5.14% (126/2451). The main risk factors related to Toxocara infection identified in this study were the age of children, residence area of children, contact with cats or dogs, and exposure to soil. Hand washing before eating was considered to be a protective factor. These findings demonstrate that Toxocara infection is relatively common among primary school children in Henan province.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii among ewes and associated risk factors in Constantine (Northeastern Algeria)

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 2383
Author(s):  
S. HIRECHE ◽  
A. AGABOU ◽  
Ο. BOUAZIZ
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Coxiella Burnetii ◽  
Q Fever ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Pest Infestation ◽  
Domestic Ruminants ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Surveillance Programs ◽  
Eastern Algeria ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by the rickettsia-like Coxiella burnetii and leads to abortions and decreased reproductive performances in domestic ruminants. A serological survey, using ELISA test, was conducted to assess the prevalence of this infection in 226 ewes belonging to 39 flocks localized in Constantine (North-eastern Algeria). A pretested questionnaire has been submitted to farmers/shepherds to collect information related to relevant risk factors. Results revealed the presence of C. burnetii antibodies in 12.4% (95% CI: 8.08%−16.72%) of individual animals while 35.9% (95% CI: 21.20%−52.82%) of sampled flocks accounted at least one seropositive ewe. Significant causative associations were observed for origin of animals (χ2=14.29, P=0.001), vaccination against enterotoxaemia (χ2=12.12, P=0.002) and pox (χ2=5.30, P=0.025), access to the farm by foreign visitors (χ2=10.87, P=0.004), farmers/shepherds’ visits to other farms (χ2=6.31, P=0.021), disinfection frequency (χ2=7.98, P=0.046), pest infestation within farms (χ2=9.55, P=0.049) and abortion history (χ2=5.54, P=0.029). This recorded prevalence of Coxiella infection would indicate a possible responsibility of this agent in causing abortion and reproductive failures in the tested flocks. Implementing active surveillance programs and further investigations using more accurate analyses and including large samples of more animal species from several provinces are needed to eluci date the real occurrence and dynamics of this infection in the national livestock.

scholarly journals Molecular prevalence, characterization and associated risk factors of Anaplasma spp. and Theileria spp. in small ruminants in Northern Pakistan

Parasite ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Sadaf Niaz ◽  
Zia Ur Rahman ◽  
Ijaz Ali ◽  
Raquel Cossío-Bayúgar ◽  
Itzel Amaro-Estrada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Northern Pakistan ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Grazing System ◽  
Host Sex ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

This study was conducted in four districts (Malakand, Swat, Bajaur and Shangla) of Northern Pakistan to investigate the prevalence, associated risk factors and phylogenetic analyses of Theileria and Anaplasma species in small ruminants. A total of 800 blood samples, 200 from each district, were collected from apparently healthy animals. PCR assays were performed using generic primers for Anaplasma spp. and Theileria spp. as well as species specific primers for A. ovis and T. ovis. Overall infection prevalence was 361/800 (45.1%). Theileria spp. infection prevalence (187/800, 23.3%) was higher than Anaplasma spp. (174/800, 21.7%). Amplified partial 18S rRNA genes were sequenced and enrolled animals were found to be infected by T. ovis (115/800, 14.3%), and at least two more Theileria species (72/800, 9%) were present (T. lestoquardi and T. annulata). All blood samples that were found to be positive for Anaplasma spp. were also positive for A. ovis. Infection prevalence was higher in sheep (227/361, 28.3%) compared to goats (134/361, 16.6%) (p < 0.005). Univariable analysis of risk factors showed that host, age, grazing system and acaricide treatment were significant determinants (p < 0.05) for both Theileria and Anaplasma infections. Multivariable analysis revealed that host, sex, age, tick infestation and grazing system were significant risk factors (p < 0.005) for both pathogens. Phylogenetic analysis revealed variants among the A. ovis and T. annulata samples analysed, indicating that different genotypes are circulating in the field while T. ovis presented the same genotype for the samples analysed.

scholarly journals Epidemiology and Associated Risk Factors for Brucellosis in Small Ruminants Kept at Institutional Livestock Farms in Punjab, Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qudrat Ullah ◽  
Tariq Jamil ◽  
Falk Melzer ◽  
Muhammad Saqib ◽  
Muhammad Hammad Hussain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Livestock Farms ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Abortion and various associated risk factors in small ruminants in Algeria

2016 ◽  
Vol 123 ◽  
pp. 97-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moustafa Kardjadj ◽  
Brahim Kouidri ◽  
Djamil Metref ◽  
Pam Dachung Luka ◽  
Meriem Hind Ben-Mahdi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

scholarly journals Evaluation of Primary Binding Assays for Presumptive Serodiagnosis of Swine Brucellosis in Argentina

2000 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 828-831 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Silva Paulo ◽  
A. M. Vigliocco ◽  
R. F. Ramondino ◽  
D. Marticorena ◽  
E. Bissi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Fluorescence Polarization ◽  
Competitive Elisa ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Serological Diagnosis ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Binding Assays ◽  
Brucella Suis ◽  
Fluorescence Polarization Assay ◽  
Two Populations

ABSTRACT An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IELISA), a competitive ELISA (CELISA), and a fluorescence polarization assay (FPA) for the presumptive serological diagnosis of swine brucellosis were evaluated using two populations of swine sera: sera from brucellosis-free Canadian herds and sera from Argentina selected based on positive reactions in the buffered antigen plate agglutination test (BPAT) and the 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) test. In addition, sera from adult swine from which Brucella suis was isolated at least once for each farm of origin were evaluated. The IELISA, CELISA, and FPA specificity values were 99.9, 99.5, and 98.3%, respectively, and the IELISA, CELISA, and FPA sensitivity values relative to the BPAT and the 2-ME test were 98.9, 96.6, and 93.8%, respectively. Actual sensitivity was assessed by using 37 sera from individual pigs from which B. suis was cultured, and the values obtained were as follows: BPAT, 86.5%; 2-ME test, 81.1%; IELISA, 86.5%; CELISA, 78.5%; and FPA, 80.0%.

scholarly journals Serosurvey and associated risk factors of anti-Toxocara spp. antibodies in bovines from slaughterhouses of southeastern Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Andreia Fabris Giudice ◽  
Susana Angélica Zevallos Lescano ◽  
William Henry Roldan Gonzáles ◽  
Rogério Giuffrida ◽  
Fernanda Nobre Bandeira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Paratenic Hosts ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
High Level

Abstract Background Toxocariasis, caused by a nematode species of the genus Toxocara, has been described as one of the most prevalent zoonotic helminthiases worldwide. Human transmission may occur by ingesting Toxocara spp. larvae from raw or undercooked meat or organs; however, no comprehensive serosurvey study has been conducted to date investigating the role of cattle as paratenic hosts. The aim of the study reported here was to assess the prevalence of anti-Toxocara spp. antibodies and associated risk factors in bovines from two slaughterhouses located in Presidente Prudente, southeastern Brazil. Methods Blood samples were collected and tested by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Cattle farmers voluntarily responded to an epidemiologic questionnaire. Results Overall, 213 of the 553 (38.5%) bovine samples were assessed as seropositive for anti-Toxocara spp. antibodies by indirect ELISA. Multivariate analysis revealed that the source of beef cattle and the presence of dogs or cats at the farm were associated with seropositivity. The use of feedlot systems was associated with lower likelihood of seropositivity. Conclusions These results indicate a high level of anti-Toxocara seropositivity in slaughterhouse cattle, with potentially contaminated meat posing an infection risk to humans. In addition, the presence of dogs and cats where the slaughtered beef cattle were raised was statistically associated with bovine seropositivity, probably due to the overlapping environment at the farm and the lack of pet deworming. The use of feedlot systems was a protective factor likely due to the absence of dog and cat contact, elevated feeding troughs that avoid contact with contaminated soil or grass, and younger age at slaughter of feedlot cattle. In summary, bovines may be used as environmental sentinels of Toxocara spp. contamination, and high seropositivity of slaughterhouse cattle may indicate a potential risk of human toxocariasis through the ingestion of raw or undercooked contaminated meat.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence and associated risk factors for bovine paratuberculosis in dairy cattle

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 2647
Author(s):  
A SELIM ◽  
R HALIM ◽  
E GALILA ◽  
F HAMOUDA
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Johne's Disease ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Elisa Method ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Important Disease

Paratuberculosis is an economically important disease in dairy cows and requires continuous surveillance. The study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of bovine paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease) in one of dairy farm in Egypt. A total of 964 dairy cattle were blood sampled and examined with an ELISA method. One-hundred fifty-five (16.1%) samples reacted positively. The results revealed that age was significantly associated with the prevalence of paratuberculosis in dairy cattle, particularly in animals over 6 years of age. Furthermore, the lactation period, milk yield and pregnancy had non-significant effect on appearance of paratuberculosis in cattle.

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