Assessment of quality and suitability of groundwater resources for industrial and irrigation purposes, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia

The groundwater demand of Dire Dawa has increased recently due to the expansion of irrigation and the industrial sector in the city. Groundwater used for irrigation and industry was studied. Eighty-two samples were used to analyze physicochemical using different indices like Langelier index (LSI), Ryznar index (RSI), Aggressive index (AI) and Larson-Skold index (LRI). Parameters of Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Dissolved Sodium (%Na), Magnesium hazard (%Mg) statistical and spatial distributions were analyzed and programmed with Excel, Arc GIS, and Diagrams software. Results showed that pH, Mg2+, Cl- were found to be within the limit for industrial use. The groundwater corrosion indices mean values of LSI, RSI, AI, and LRI obtained were 0.29 ± 0.28, 6.4 ± 0.5, 12.20 ± 0.24 and 1.4±1.57, respectively. LSI, RSI results indicated a moderate scale-forming tendency of the groundwater. AI values were within low to no corrosion rates in all zones. Because of Cl- and SO42-, LSI showed some localized corrosion properties at kebele 01 and 09. Parameters like pH, Conductivity, Na+, HCO3- and Cl- ion were within permissible limits for irrigation. The irrigation indices (meq/l); SAR, RCS, Na% and Mg Hazard were calculated to be 1.33, -2.17, 21.5%, 45%, respectively. The EC was within the permissible limit but was significant. The low values of SAR, RCS, Na% indicated that the groundwater can cause lower alkalization (Sodium hazard) effect. In conclusion, all the parameters of the groundwater sources were categorized as good for irrigation. However, corrosion indices elaborated the groundwater scaling problems and may also be aggravated with temperature and heat-related industrial equipment.

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Assessment of Corrosion and Scale forming Potential of Groundwater Resources: Case Study of Dire Dawa City, Ethiopia

Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science ◽

10.4314/mejs.v13i1.6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 110-133

Author(s):

Girmaye Haile Gebremikael ◽

Aman Hussien Dawod

Keyword(s):

Distribution System ◽

Distribution Systems ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Groundwater Resources ◽

Localized Corrosion ◽

Calibration Plot ◽

Mean Values ◽

Dire Dawa ◽

Almost All ◽

The City

Almost 100% of the water supply of Dire Dawa City is from groundwater (including boreholes, dug wells, and springs). Recently, groundwater cause corrosion and scale problems to water distribution systems due to its content of dissolved ions that can cause public health and economic issues. The present paper investigates the corrosion and scale-forming potential of the groundwater in the city and visualizes it with mapping. Spectrophotometer, EDTA/Acid titration with calculation methods were used for water quality parameters analysis. GW Chart Calibration plot applied for the Piper diagram to categorizes the water types. Langelier saturation (LSI), Ryznar (RSI), aggressive (AI), Puckorius Scale (PSI), and Larson-Skold (LRI) indices were manipulated with Excel ® and visualized their spatial distribution using ArcGIS 10®. The mean values of LSI, RSI, PSI, AI, and LRI obtained were 0.29 ± 0.28, 6.4 ± 0.5, 5.10 ± 0.48, 12.20 ± 0.24, and 1.4±1.57 respectively. LSI and RSI results indicate moderate to low scale-forming tendency of groundwater in most parts except the northeastern part with corrosive groundwater. Based on the AI value, the groundwater ranges low corrosion in almost all zones except the edge of the northeast and northwest region. PSI indicated the water tends to form salt-scale at a medium rate. The LSI results showed that chloride and sulphate are unlikely to interfere with the formation of protecting film except in northwestern and northeastern regions where localized corrosion might occur. In conclusion, in almost all distribution system of the city is affected by calcium carbonate scale formation. The groundwater in the northwest and northeast resulted in localized corrosion because of relatively high contents of chlorides and sulphates.

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Available Cd content of salt-affected and normal soils of Halastra-Kalohori area

Global NEST Journal ◽

10.30955/gnj.000459 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 195-200

Keyword(s):

Exchange Capacity ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Sodium Absorption ◽

Rice Soil ◽

P Fertilization ◽

Mean Values ◽

Olsen P ◽

Sodium Absorption Ratio ◽

Almost All

A survey was conducted in order to evaluate the levels of available (DTPA extractable) Cd in salt affected and normal soils of Halastra−Kalohori area, located in N. Greece. In this area, phosphogypsum (PG) (a byproduct of P fertilizer industry, occasionally enriched with Cd) has been used as amendment for the salt affected soils, for at least 20 years until 2000. The area is about 6300 ha, and 4500 ha were cultivated with rice. Soil samples were collected from 632 points and four depths (0−25, 25−50, 50−75, 75−100 cm), during 2003 and 2004. All soil samples were analyzed for particle size distribution, pH in the paste, electrical conductivity of the saturation extract (ECe), water soluble Na, Ca and Mg, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and exchangeable Na. The sodium absorption ratio (SAR) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) were calculated. The 632 soils were characterized as salt affected (saline, saline−sodic, sodic) or normal, using the values of EC, SAR and ESP, and pH. In addition, the soil samples collected from the 0−25 and 25−50 cm depths were analyzed for DTPA extractable Cd and Olsen P. All soils were alkaline in reaction. In most of the cases, concentrations of DTPA extractable Cd in the 0−25 cm depth were higher than in the 25−50 cm depth and the mean values differed significantly (p < 0.001). For both depths, concentrations of DTPA extractable Cd were higher for salt affected than normal soils and the mean values within each depth differed significantly (p < 0.001). This could be attributed to the use of PG as soil amendment. In addition, a significant and positive relationship was obtained for DTPA extractable Cd and ECe (r = 0.31, p < 0.001). However, DTPA extractable Cd ranged at levels similar or lower to those reported in the literature for cultivated soils with high P fertilization, in almost all cases. This is something to be expected since 80 % of all soils were sufficient or over−fertilized with P (Olsen P > 15 mg kg−1). A significant and positive relationship, obtained for DTPA extractable Cd and Olsen P (r = 0.47, p < 0.001), supported the conclusion that the source of DTPA extractable Cd could also be traced to the long−term P fertilization. Concentrations of DTPA extractable Cd were significantly (p < 0.001) correlated with certain soil properties that affect Cd availability to plants, such as pH (r = −0.26), clay content (r = 0.22) and CEC (r = 0.26).

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Classification of groundwater suitability for irrigation purposes using a comprehensive approach based on the AHP and GIS techniques in North Kurdufan Province, Sudan

Applied Water Science ◽

10.1007/s13201-021-01443-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

Author(s):

Elsiddig Eldaw ◽

Tao Huang ◽

Adam Khalifa Mohamed ◽

Yahaya Mahama

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Spatial Distribution ◽

Groundwater Quality ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Research Effort ◽

Sodium Absorption ◽

Irrigation Water Quality ◽

Middle Income ◽

Sodium Absorption Ratio ◽

Deep Aquifers

AbstractDeterioration of groundwater quality due to drastic human interventions is rising at an alarming rate particularly in lower- and middle-income countries. Yet, limited research effort has been devoted to monitoring and ascertaining groundwater quality. The present study develops a comprehensive irrigation water quality index (IWQI) for rating water quality of shallow and deep aquifers in North Kurdufan province, Sudan. The new approach is developed to overcome the deficiencies of the existing irrigation indices and coming up with a unified decision for classifying water quality for irrigation purposes. Because of these indices like permeability index (PI), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), etc., depending on specific elements, entirely subjective, as well as the great variations in their results, particularly when classifying water quality. Thus, IWQI is created based on eight indices that are generally used to evaluate irrigation water quality, plus three physicochemical parameters have been proven an impact on water quality. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is applied to minimize the subjectivity at assign parameter weights under multiple criteria decision analysis tools (MCDA). The spatial distribution of IWQI agrees with the spatial distribution of the most parameters. The results of our approach reveal that the majority of samples are suitable for irrigation uses for both aquifers except few wells in the confined aquifer. Also, noted that there are very variations in the irrigation indices results for classifying water quality. The comparison result showed that the new index robust, fair calculations and has best classifying of water quality.

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MEASURING BANK EFFICIENCY: DEA APPLICATION

Technological and Economic Development of Economy ◽

10.3846/20294913.2014.984255 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

pp. 739-757 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Jelena Titko ◽

Jelena Stankevičienė ◽

Nataļja Lāce

Keyword(s):

Banking Sector ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Analytical Data ◽

Returns To Scale ◽

Mean Values ◽

Dea Model ◽

Two Samples ◽

Variables Selection ◽

Measuring Efficiency ◽

Selection For

The paper aims to improve the methodology of measuring efficiency of Latvian banks. Efficiency scores were calculated with application of non-parametric frontier technique Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Input-oriented DEA model under Variable Returns to Scale (VRS) assumption was used. Potential model variables were selected based on the intermediation and profitability approach. Fourteen alternative models with different inputs-outputs combinations were developed for the research purposes. To substantiate the variables selection for DEA model the received data was processed, using such methods, as correlation analysis, linear regression analysis, analysis of mean values, and two-samples Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The research results assisted the authors in providing general recommendations about the variables selection for DEA application in the Latvian banking sector. The present research contributes to the existing analytical data on bank performance in Latvia. The empirical findings provide a background for further studies, in particular, the efficiency of Latvian banks could be analysed in the extended time period.

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Corrosion study of metallic biomaterials in simulated body fluid

Metalurgija-Journal of Metallurgy ◽

10.30544/384 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 13-22 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Hamid Reza Asgari Bidhendi ◽

Majid Pouranvari

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Simulated Body Fluid ◽

Corrosion Behavior ◽

Body Fluid ◽

Pure Titanium ◽

Localized Corrosion ◽

Commercially Pure Titanium ◽

Corrosion Properties ◽

Cyclic Polarization ◽

Cp Ti

Titanium alloys and stainless steel 316L are still the most widely used biomaterials for implants despite emerging new materials for this application. There is still someambiguity in corrosion behavior of metals in simulated body fluid (SBF). This paper aims at investigating the corrosion behavior of commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti), Ti–6Al–4V and 316LVM stainless steel (316LVM) in SBF (Hank’s solution) at37 ºC using the cyclic polarization test. Corrosion behavior was described in terms of breakdown potential, the potential and rate ofcorrosion, localized corrosion resistance, andbreakdown repassivation. The effects of anodizing on CP-Ti samples and the passivation on the 316LVM were studied in detail. It was shown that CP-Ti exhibited superior corrosion properties compared to Ti–6Al–4V and 316LVM.

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Evaluation of environmental natural radioactivity levels in soil and ground water of Barkin Ladi, Plateau state, Nigeria

Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences ◽

10.11113/mjfas.v14n3.882 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 338-342

Author(s):

Habu Tela Abba ◽

Wan Muhammad Saridan Wan Hassan ◽

Muneer Aziz saleh

Keyword(s):

Effective Dose ◽

Groundwater Resources ◽

Mean Value ◽

Gamma Dose ◽

Chemical Toxicity ◽

Mean Values ◽

Dose Rates ◽

Plasma Mass Spectrometry ◽

Plateau State ◽

Geochemical Investigation

Gamma spectrometry was used to measure gamma dose rate in air and to determine the activity concentration of naturally occurring radionuclides viz. 226Ra 232Th and 40K in soil samples collected across the geological formations of Barkin Ladi. Dose rates measured in-situ ranged from 5 nGy h−1 to 1265 nGy h−1 with a mean value of 325 nGy h−1. The activity concentrations of 226Ra ranged from 27 to 327 Bq kg−1, 34 to 457 Bq kg−1 for 232Th and 43 to 1055 Bq kg−1 for 40K. Their mean values are significantly higher than their corresponding global average values. Annual effective dose due to exposure to gamma dose is calculated at 0.34 mSv y−1. Mass concentrations of uranium (238U) and thorium (232Th) determined in groundwater samples using Inductive Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) ranged from 2.5 to 35 µg l−1 for 238U and 0.5 to 15 µg l−1 for 232Th. Ingestion effective dose varies between 10.5 and 142 mSv y−1 for 238U and between 0.34 and 10.2 mSv y−1 for 232Th. Mass concentration of three water samples exceed the toxicity limit of U in groundwater provided by WHO. The result revealed that human risk due to ingestion of groundwater is from chemical toxicity rather than radiological effects. The results of this work will be useful for radio-geochemical investigation and groundwater resources management.

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Hydrochemical assessment of water quality for irrigation: A case study of the wetland complex of Guerbes-Sanhadja, North-East of Algeria

Journal of Water and Land Development ◽

10.2478/jwld-2018-0041 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 43-52 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sihem Hedjal ◽

Derradji Zouini ◽

Abdelwaheb Benamara

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Quality Parameters ◽

Irrigated Agriculture ◽

Sodium Absorption ◽

Sodium Absorption Ratio ◽

North East ◽

The Status ◽

Wetland Complex ◽

Eastern Algeria ◽

Irrigation Quality

AbstractThe wetland complex of Guerbes-Sanhadja (north-eastern Algeria), has experienced in recent years a certain economic expansion, particularly agricultural, about 47% of the useful agricultural area marked by several varieties of crops ranging from market gardening to speculative crops, requiring large quantities of water for irrigation purposes, however the swampy areas are the main sources used for irrigation purposes in this practice. It is therefore necessary for this water to have physicochemical properties adapted to plants, in particular the absence of salinity. This study was done to evaluate the status of the swamps areas quality and its suitability for irrigated agriculture. To achieve this objective, water samples from ten swamps areas water were collected from Guerbes-Sanhadja in February and June of 2016. The water quality of these swamps was estimated from different water quality parameters such as pH and electrical conductivity (EC), the chemical parameters like Na+, K+, Ca2+, HCO3−, SO42−, Cl−, BOD5, NO3−, NO2−, NH4+ and PO43−. Based on the physico-chemical analyses, irrigation quality parameters like sodium absorption ratio (SAR), percent sodium (% Na), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), permeability index (PI), magnesium hazard (MH) were calculated. The results showed that the overall concentration of nitrate was very high. About 60 percent of the swampy areas had suitable water quality for chloride, and they had a concentration below the permissible limit for crop irrigation. From the Richards diagram, it is observed that most of the samples from the study area fall in the good to permissible classes for irrigation purpose.

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Non-Parametric Anova Methods Applied on Students' Performance Development in Course of Statistics

Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis ◽

10.11118/actaun202068010281 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 68 (1) ◽

pp. 281-289 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Martina Zámková ◽

Martin Prokop ◽

Radek Stolín

Keyword(s):

Statistical Methods ◽

Statistics Education ◽

Ordinal Scale ◽

Mean Values ◽

Travel And Tourism ◽

Equality Of Means ◽

Two Samples ◽

Performance Development ◽

Management Students ◽

Non Parametric

This study intends to use non-parametric statistical methods for comparison of mean values in assessing the changes of overall grades in basic statistics at the College of Polytechnics in Jihlava. The data covering students' grades were transferred to the ordinal scale and evaluated with the use of the corresponding non-parametric statistical methods, due to failing the data normality test. In order to identify statistically significant grade differences over the years 2006–2018, we have used the test of equality of means as well as the relevant analyses of variance, i.e. the Mann-Whitney U test to compare two samples, the Kruskal-Wallis test to compare multiple samples, and the post hoc analysis. All tests that were carried out confirm that on average, women and Finance and Management students tend to achieve better grades in statistics, as opposed to men, and Travel and Tourism students. Mean grades have rather fluctuated over the years. In the beginning (2006–2009) and in the end (2014–2017) of the observed period the grades have been significantly superior to the grades in the in-between stage (2010–2013). The identified fluctuation in grades shall lead to implementation of measures aimed at achieving an overall increase in statistics' education quality and students' grades.

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