Preparation and Characterization of Carboxymethylated and Cross-Linked Enset Starch as a Disintegrant in Tablets

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-134
Author(s):  
Yohannes Mengesha ◽  
Anteneh Belete ◽  
Tsige Gebre-Mariam
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Medium ◽  
Moisture Sorption ◽  
Modified Starch ◽  
Disintegration Time ◽  
Native Starch ◽  
Swelling Power ◽  
Sodium Starch Glycolate ◽  
Modified Starches ◽  
The Fourier Transform

Starch and modified starches have been commonly employed as excipient in pharmaceutical industry. The use of non-modified or “native” starch,  However, is mostly confined due to limitation in several physicochemical properties. Cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl starch which is also known as sodium starch glycolate is extensively used in fast dissolving tablets to disperse the drugs within short span of time. In this study, enset starch was carboxymethylated and subsequently cross-linked. Carboxymethyl enset starch (CMES) was obtained by reacting enset starch and monochloroacetic acid (MCA) in the presence of sodium hydroxide. CMESs having different degree of substitution (DS) were cross-linked at variousconcentrations (2.5, 5 and 10% w/w) of sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) to provide sodium starch glycolate of enset starch (SSG-E). The fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra confirmed the presence of carboxymethylated group in the modified starch granules with new band at 1608.52 cm-1. This dually modified enset starch (SSG-E) was evaluated as a potential disintegrant in paracetamol tablets in comparison with commercially available sodium starch glycolate, Disegel. Carboxymethylation was significantly influenced by reaction medium, reaction temperature and reaction time (p < 0.05). CMES with higher DS (0.437 ± 0.03) exhibited higher peak viscosity than CMES with lower DS (0.224 ± 0.01). Despite exhibiting greater swelling power, CMES showed significantly lower pasting viscosity compared to the native starch (p < 0.05). At 2.5% SHMP, the dually modified starch (SSG-E) exhibited significant increase in swelling but its rate of water-uptake was lower than that of Disegel. As the SHMP concentration wasincreased from 2.5 to 5%, the swelling power decreased significantly (p < 0.05). When the concentration was increased to 10% the swelling power increased significantly (p < 0.05). At 2.5% SHMP concentration SSG-E showed a viscosity comparable to that of CMES. As the concentration of SHMP increased to 5 and to 10% w/w, significant decrease in viscosity (p < 0.05) was observed. Compared to the native enset starch (NES), the solubility of SSG-E was more than 4-fold, but its viscosity was much lower than that of CMESs. The SSG-E exhibited lower moisture sorption than CMES but higher sorption than NES. SSG-E showed good flowability, superior swelling power and solubility than NES. The disintegration time (DT) of paracetamol tablets containing SSG-E as a disintegrant was comparable to those tablets with similar concentration of Disegel. At 4% SSG-E, paracetamol tablets exhibited DT less than 1 min. Keywords: carboxymethylation, degree of cross-linking, enset starch, paracetamol tablets, sodium starch glycolate 

scholarly journals Properties and Characterization of Starch as a Natural Binder: A Brief Overview

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-121
Author(s):  
N.A. Mohd ◽  
M.H.M. Amini ◽  
M.N. Masri
Keyword(s):  
Higher Plants ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Modified Starch ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Relative Crystallinity ◽  
Biological Origin ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Native Starch ◽  
Properties And Characterization

This paper was reviewed about the properties and characterization of starch as a natural binders. Starch is one of the most abundant organic compounds and applied as a binder. The efficiency of binder are affected by the characteristic and properties of starch. The characteristics of starch are determined by the biological origin. Starch is composed of D-glucose in polysaccharides and it was isolated from leaves, stems, tubers, seeds, and roots of higher plants where it serves as an energy reserve. This review concentrates the several types of characterization which are structural properties, morphology properties, viscosity and functional group of starch. The X-ray diffraction result shows that the relative crystallinity decreased for modified starch compared with native starch while scanning electron microscope shows the modified starch slightly has rough surface compared with native starch. Nowadays, the concern on eco-environmental issues is increasing and this review has shown that starch is eco-environmental friendly binder that can be used in various application.

scholarly journals Rheological and technological characterization of red rice modified starch and jaboticaba peel powder mixtures

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphael Lucas Jacinto Almeida ◽  
Tamires dos Santos Pereira ◽  
Renata Duarte Almeida ◽  
Ângela Maria Santiago ◽  
Wanda Izabel Monteiro de Lima Marsiglia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Industry ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Modified Starch ◽  
Red Rice ◽  
Powder Mixtures ◽  
Modified Starches ◽  
Positive Effect

AbstractProperties of modified starch and its interaction with functional raw materials are of great interest to the food industry. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the rheological and technological characterization of starches modified by the action of the enzymes α-amylase and amyloglucosidase and their mixtures with jaboticaba peel powder. The parameters of firmness, gumminess, and final viscosity of starches paste increased, and the tendency to setback was reduced with the addition of jaboticaba peel powder. Starches and mixtures presented shear-thinning behavior. The addition of jaboticaba peel powder to starches increased water, oil, and milk absorption capacity, while syneresis remained stable over the storage period. The addition of jaboticaba peel powder had a positive effect on native and modified starches' rheological and technological properties, qualifying it as an alternative for developing new functional food products.

scholarly journals CHARACTERIZATION AND CONCENTRATION OPTIMIZATION OF HIBISCUS ROSA-SINENSIS L. MUCILAGE POWDER AS SUPERDISINTEGRANT

2021 ◽  
pp. 49-52
Author(s):  
IMAM PRABOWO ◽  
ISKANDARSYAH ◽  
RINA ADRIANY
Keyword(s):  
Optimum Concentration ◽  
Swelling Ratio ◽  
Disintegration Time ◽  
Traditional Medicines ◽  
Sodium Starch Glycolate ◽  
Powder Concentration ◽  
Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis ◽  
Compressibility Index ◽  
Fast Disintegrating Tablet

Objective: The main purpose of this study is to characterize Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. mucilage (MHR) powder as superdisintegrant and to decide the optimum concentration of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. Methods: Characterization was conducted in many tests such as organoleptic, swelling ratio, solubility, polysaccharide, viscosity, particle size distribution, flowability and compressibility index. Next, MHR powder was included in fast disintegrating tablet (FDT) domperidone formulation in several concentrations and compared with FDT domperidone formulation that using sodium starch glycolate as superdisintegrant. Results: The result of characterization of MHR powder were brownish powder, specific smell like traditional medicines, swelling ratio of 24, solubility of 0.426±0.034 mg/ml, positive polysaccharide, the viscosity of 491.33±119.44 cps (2% w/v), 4520.00±1224.42 cps (4% w/v), Dv(10) of 26.2 µm, Dv(50) of 157 µm, Dv(90) of 260 µm, Dv(100) of 380 µm, flowless, and average compressibility index of 26.75±1.79%. The optimum MHR powder concentration was 1% because the average disintegration time was 39.67±4.73 seconds and the average wetting time was 66.33±14.29 seconds. Those times were faster than domperidone FDT that used this superdisintegrant in other concentrations or sodium starch glycolate in the same concentration. Conclusion: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. mucilage powder can be used as superdisintegrant in FDT formulation with an optimum concentration of 1%.

scholarly journals Evaluation of super-disintegrant potential of acid-modified starch derived from Borassus aethiopum (Aracaceae) shoot in paracetamol tablet formulations

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-465
Author(s):  
Chukwuemeka P. Azubuike ◽  
Uloma N. Ubani-Ukoma ◽  
Abiola R. Afolabi ◽  
Ibilola M. Cardoso-Daodu
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Wet Granulation ◽  
Modified Starch ◽  
Disintegration Time ◽  
Sodium Starch Glycolate ◽  
Tablet Formulations ◽  
Ftir Spectrophotometry ◽  
Borassus Aethiopum ◽  
Expected Increase ◽  
Paracetamol Tablet

Purpose: To evaluate the super-disintegrant potentials of acid modified Borassus aethiopum starch (AMS) in comparison with native starch (NS) and commercial disintegrant sodium starch glycolate (SSG). Methods: Compatibility of AMS with paracetamol powder was evaluated using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometry. Seven batches of paracetamol granules and tablets were prepared by wet granulation. AMS and NS were employed as disintegrants at concentrations of 2.43, 4.86 and 9.72 %w/w, respectively while 4.86 %w/w SSG was used as standard disintegrant. All the batches of the granules were compressed under the same compression settings. The properties of the granules as well as those of the tablets were assessed. Results: AMS was compatible with paracetamol powder as no noticeable interaction was observed in FTIR study. The paracetamol tablets formulated using AMS as disintegrant demonstrated satisfactory friability, weight uniformity, hardness, and superior disintegration characteristics to the formulations containing NS and SSG as disintegrant. Even at a lower concentration (2.43 %w/w), AMS possessed better disintegrant property than NS and SSG. AMS and NS had dimensionless disintegrant quantity of 1.447 and 0.005, respectively. As expected, increase in AMS concentration showed a decrease in disintegration time. Conclusion: AMS could be a potential low-cost super-disintegrant in formulation of paracetamol tablets. Keywords: Acid modified starch, Borassus aethiopum, Disintegrant, Compatibility

scholarly journals Characterization of Native and Modified Starches by Potentiometric Titration

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Soto ◽  
Jose Urdaneta ◽  
Kelly Pernia
Keyword(s):  
Potentiometric Titration ◽  
Graft Copolymer ◽  
Itaconic Acid ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Chemical Oxidation ◽  
Native Starch ◽  
Modified Starches

The use of potentiometric titration for the analysis and characterization of native and modified starches is highlighted. The polyelectrolytic behavior of oxidized starches (thermal and thermal-chemical oxidation), a graft copolymer of itaconic acid (IA) onto starch, and starch esters (mono- and diester itaconate) was compared with the behavior of native starch, the homopolymer, and the acid employed as a graft monomer and substituent. Starch esters showed higher percentages of acidity, followed by graft copolymer of itaconic acid and finally oxidized starches. Analytical techniques and synthesis of modified starches were also described.

scholarly journals Functional and Amylographic Properties of Physically-Modified Sweet Potato Starch

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herlina Marta ◽  
Tensiska Tensiska
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Potato Starch ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Modified Starch ◽  
Density Peak ◽  
Native Starch ◽  
Modified Starches ◽  
Sweet Potato Starch ◽  
Lower Bulk Density ◽  
Swelling Volume

In general, native sweet potato starch has inferior characteristics such as it swells easily, does not gel firmly and low paste clarity. The characteristics of native sweet potato starch cause limitation in its utilization. This research aimed to study the effect of physically modified starch on the functional and amylographic properties of native sweet potato starch. The study used a descriptive method with 4 treatments and 2 replications: a) a native sweet potato starch, b) sweet potato modified starch by heat moisture treatment, c) sweet potato starch modified by annealing and d) sweet potato starch modified by pre-gelatinization. The results showed that all three treatments modified starches largely alter the functional and amylographic properties of native sweet potato starch. Heat moisture treated and annealed sweet potato had starches with decreased swelling volume, solubility, peak viscosity, and breakdown viscosity, increased pasting temperature and setback viscosity than its native starch. Pre-gelatinized sweet potato starch has lower bulk density, peak viscosity, breakdown viscosity, setback viscosity and increased swelling volume, solubility and water absorption capacity than its native starch. Key word: functional properties; amylographic properties; sweet potato starch; physically modified

Evaluation of Native and Pregelatinized Arrowroot (Maranta Arundinacea) Starches as Disintegrant in Tablet Formulation

2011 ◽  
Vol 197-198 ◽  
pp. 127-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vipaluk Patomchaiviwat ◽  
Piriyaprasarth Suchada ◽  
Koorattanasiri Popporn ◽  
Kanoknirumdom Supaporn ◽  
Rattanasiha Achara
Keyword(s):  
Corn Starch ◽  
Magnesium Stearate ◽  
Tablet Formulation ◽  
Direct Compression ◽  
Disintegration Time ◽  
Native Starch ◽  
Sodium Starch Glycolate ◽  
Tablet Formulations ◽  
Swelling Volume ◽  
Arrowroot Starch

The purpose of this study was to investigate the disintegrating properties of native arrowroot starch and pregelatinized arrowroot starch in comparison with corn starch and sodium starch glycolate (Explotab®). Tablets were prepared by direct compression. The tablet formulations contained dibasic calcium phosphate as filler and magnesium stearate as lubricant. Each starch at various concentrations between 2-10 % w/w was used in formulation as disintegrant. The swelling volume and weight of starches and disintegration time of tablets were evaluated. At 2% w/w concentration of starch, the pregelatinizaed starch provided disintegration time faster than the native starch (2.5 times). The disintegration time of 2% w/w pregelatinized arrowroot starch was comparable to Explotab and faster than that of native starch. The disintegration time of native starch at the concentration of 4, 6 and 10 %w/w was comparable to that of corn starch and Explotab®. Native arrowroot starch and pregelatinized arrowroot starch could be used as effective disintegrants in tablet formulation.

Preparation and evaluation of dual modified Ethiopian yam (Dioscorea abyssinica) starch for sustained release tablet formulations

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-50
Author(s):  
Yohaness Mulualem ◽  
Anteneh Belete ◽  
Tsige Gebre-Mariam
Keyword(s):  
Sustained Release ◽  
Moisture Sorption ◽  
Flow Property ◽  
Matrix Tablets ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Disintegration Time ◽  
Swelling Properties ◽  
Hausner Ratio ◽  
Modified Starches ◽  
Preparation And Evaluation

Starch has been intensively studied over decades due to the fact that native starches are diverse, biodegradable, amenable to modifications and have enormous applications. In this study, Dioscorea abyssinica starch has been chemically dual modified by cross-linking using sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) followed by acetylation with acetic anhydride (AA). The physicochemical and tablet forming properties of the modified starches were investigated to determine potential usages in sustained release (SR) applications. Moisture sorption and swelling properties of the native starch (NS) were improved by the dual modification. The reduction observed in viscosity values indicated the effectiveness of cross-linking in reducing swelling of the NS. On the basis of powder properties analysis, it was evident that acetylation improved the poor flow property of NS. The starch acetylated at starch:AA ratio of 1:2 was found to be free flowing with angles of repose of 23.02o and flow rate 10.54 g/sec. The Hausner ratio and Carr’s index also confirmed the same, 1.25 and 20.24, respectively. Tablets were prepared and evaluated for hardness, tensile strength, friability, and disintegration time. Results indicated that both cross-linking and acetylation processes improved tablet forming properties of the NS with more significant effect in the dual modified starches. Matrix tablets containing Ac-CLS-F, where cross-linked starch (CLS – at 15% SHMP) reacted in a 1:2 ratio with AA, loaded with 20, 30 and 40% theophylline released 80% of theophylline in about 10.62, 9.35, and 8.18 h, respectively. From the foregoing, it can be concluded that Ac-CLS-F could have a potential for use as a sustained release excipient.Keywords: Dioscorea abyssinica, cross-linking, acetylation, dual modification, sustained release

scholarly journals Effect of starch modification on physico-chemical, functional and structural characterization of cassava starch (Manihot esculenta Crantz)

Food Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 1265-1271
Author(s):  
K.A. Dolas ◽  
R.C. Ranveer ◽  
A.R. Tapre ◽  
A.S. Nandane ◽  
A.K. Sahoo
Keyword(s):  
Functional Properties ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Modified Starch ◽  
Enzymatic Modification ◽  
Manihot Esculenta Crantz ◽  
Water Binding ◽  
Native Starch ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Modified Starches

Starch extracted from cassava was subjected to chemical and enzymatic modification. Extracted native starch and modified starches were evaluated for proximate analysis and then assessed for different functional properties such as water-binding capacity, swelling power and solubility. Chemically and enzymatic modified starches recorded higher waterbinding capacity i.e. 89.69% and 96.10% respectively and higher solubility 80.33% and 79.66% respectively as compared to native starch having the water-binding capacity 70.63% and solubility 25.18%. Scanning electron microscopy revealed round to polygonal in shapes with smooth surface for native starch and spherical to oval shaped granules for chemically modified starch. Enzymatic modified starch showed relatively rough surface, pores and cracks on surface fissures. X-ray diffractograms showed typical ‘B’ for pattern native starch but in modified starches showed typical ‘A’ pattern comparatively reduced peak and covers a larger area. FT-IR Image of starch and modified starch showed the typical peaks for the starch backbone. The O-H (alcohol) stretching band in the region 3500–3000 cm-1 was found to be broadened and became less sharp, strong and broad in the spectra of the native and chemical modified starch, in comparison to that of the enzyme modified starch. Functional properties of starch such as water-binding capacity and solubility of starch granules increased by chemical and enzymatic modification.

scholarly journals Synthesis, Characterization of Chitosan-Aluminum Oxide Nanocomposite for Green Synthesis of Annulated Imidazopyrazol Thione Derivatives

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1160
Author(s):  
Abir S. Abdel-Naby ◽  
Sara Nabil ◽  
Sarah Aldulaijan ◽  
Ibtisam M. Ababutain ◽  
Azzah I. Alghamdi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Aluminum Oxide ◽  
Reaction Medium ◽  
Thiol Group ◽  
Docking Studies ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Organic Catalyst ◽  
Group 1

Chitosan-aluminum oxide nanocomposite was synthesized, characterized, and used as a green heterogeneous catalyst to synthesize novel imidazopyrazolylthione derivatives. Nanocomposite polymeric material was characterized by EDS-SEM and XRD. The powerful catalytic activity, and its base character of the nanocomposite, was used to synthesize imidazopyrazolylthione (1) in a good yield compared to traditional cyclocondensation synthesis. Using the nanocomposite catalyst, substitution of the thiol group (1) afforded the corresponding thiourea (2) and the corresponding ester (3). The efficiency of the nanocomposite over the traditional base organic catalyst, Et3N and NaOH, makes it an effective, economic, and reproducible nontoxic catalyst. Moreover, the heterogeneous nanocomposite polymeric film was easily isolated from the reaction medium, and recycled up to four times, without a significant loss of its catalytic activity. The newly synthesized derivatives were screened as antibacterial agents and showed high potency. Molecular docking was also performed for a more in-depth investigation. The results of the docking studies have demonstrated that the docked compounds have strong interaction energies with both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

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